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Objective: We measured the perceived risk for developing gastric cancer and investigated how a range of socio-demographic, lifestyle, health, and psychological factors were associated with risk perception in a population-based sample in Korea., Methods: This study was based on the 2006 Korean National Cancer Screening Survey conducted by the National Cancer Center, in which trained interviewers met face-to-face with participants selected by a nationally representative random sampling. The participants included 1673 adults, aged 40 years or older, who had not previously been diagnosed with cancer. Simple and multiple ordinal regression were used to determine the associations between perceived risk and socio-demographic, lifestyle, health, and psychological factors., Results: Almost half of the subjects (48.3%) thought their chance of developing gastric cancer was lower than that of other men or women of the same age. A higher level of worry concerning gastric cancer was strongly associated with a higher perceived risk for gastric cancer development. Those who drink alcohol two or more days per week, and who are unmarried all perceived their risk as being higher. However, those without a previous gastric cancer screening, a personal history of gastric disease, or a good overall health status had a lower perceived risk for gastric cancer development., Conclusion: This study found comparative optimism about the risk for developing gastric cancer in a Korean population. It is necessary to increase people's ability to accurately perceive their risk for cancer., ((c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Objective: According to the psychiatric hypothesis, the symptoms of dyspepsia may be due to depression, anxiety or a somatization disorder. We investigated the frequency of psychiatric symptoms in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures with dyspepsia, either with or without pathological findings, and compared this with control subjects without dyspeptic symptoms., Methods: Ninety patients with dyspeptic symptoms and 90 control subjects participated in the study. Both the patients and the controls were asked to complete a questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics, the Turkish version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90). In order for us to determine whether the criteria for any of the conditions listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) were met, the patients were asked to take part in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV disorders., Results: Of the participants, 47.8% had a psychiatric disorder according to DSM-IV criteria, somatoform disorder (44.2%) being the most common. While 42.2% patients were determined to have a pathological finding using endoscopic evaluation, 57.8% had no findings. Together with the somatization and obsessive-compulsive disorder subscale scores, the total SCL-90 score and the mean trait anxiety score were statistically significantly higher in participants with no pathological findings. There were trends for anxiety (13.2% vs. 7.7%) and mood (2.6% vs. 0.0%) disorders to be more frequent in patients with pathological findings, while somatoform disorder+depressive disorder (17.3% vs. 5.2%) was more frequent in patients with no findings, although the differences were not statistically significant (Z=0.7, P>.05). The scores of state-trait anxiety, somatization, obsession-compulsion, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety and psychotism subscales, and the total SCL-90 score were statistically significantly higher in those participants without a pathological finding than in the controls., Conclusions: Regarding the high frequency of psychiatric disorders in patients with dyspeptic symptoms, we think that such patients should be evaluated by two separate departments, gastroenterology and psychiatry.

Objective: This study examined the association between gambling level and psychiatric and medical disorders in a nationally representative sample of older adults., Method: Data on 10,563 U.S. older adults (age 60 or older) were analyzed from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions., Results: A total 28.74% of older adults were lifetime recreational gamblers and 0.85% were lifetime disordered gamblers. Compared with older adults without a history of regular gambling, recreational gamblers had significantly elevated rates of alcohol (30.1% versus 12.8%), nicotine (16.9% versus 8.0%), mood (12.6% versus 11.0%), anxiety (15.0% versus 11.6%), and personality disorders (11.3% versus 7.3%) and obesity (25.6% versus 20.8%), but were less likely to have past-year diagnoses of arteriosclerosis (4.7% versus 6.0%) or cirrhosis (0.2% versus 0.4%). Disordered gamblers were significantly more likely than older adults without a history of regular gambling to have alcohol (53.2% versus 12.8%), nicotine (43.2% versus 8.0%), drug (4.6% versus 0.7%), mood (39.5% versus 11.0%), anxiety (34.5% versus 11.6%), and personality (43.0% versus 7.3%) disorders, and to have past-year diagnoses of arthritis (60.2% versus 44.3%) or angina (22.7% versus 8.8%). These results remained significant even after controlling for demographic, psychiatric, and behavioral risk factors., Conclusions: Lifetime recreational gamblers were more likely than nonregular gamblers to have psychiatric disorders but were less likely to have some medical conditions. Lifetime disordered gamblers had a range of lifetime psychiatric disorders and were more likely than nonregular gamblers to have past-year diagnoses of angina and arthritis.

Objectives: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) has an heterogenous clinical pattern, with variable organ involvement and degrees of severity. Like in other rheumatic diseases, the self-questionnaires have been used to evaluate SSc globally. The aim of the study is as to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) in patients with either diffuse or limited SSc, and to examine the impact of pain on the QoL scores., Methods: Patients with SSc, either diffuse or limited SSc, were included in a cross-sectional study. The QoL was evaluated with the short-form 36 (SF-36) and the functional repercussion with the SSc-modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (S-HAQ)., Results: A total of 89 patients (67 with diffuse and 22 with limited SSc) were included. The SF-36 score values were lower in SSc patients than those reported in the general population. The physical component scores (PCS) of the SF-36 was significantly worse in diffuse compared with limited SSc (P < 0.05). The PCS was significantly negatively related to the number of clinical manifestations (ANOVA, P < 0.0001). The mental component score (MCS) was not influenced by the type of SSc or the number of clinical manifestations presented by the patient. The QoL of SSc patients was highly correlated with pain (R = 0.69) and disability (R = 0.70). Interestingly, the QoL of SSc patients was only slightly correlated with cutaneous (R = 0.42) and pulmonary involvement (R = 0.57)., Conclusion: The QoL of patients with SSc is strongly influenced by the type of SSc, the burden of clinical manifestations, the functional disability and by the pain, whatever its cause. The treatment of pain should be considered as priority to improve the QoL of SSc patients.

Background: Gastrojejunal strictures following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) present with dysphagia, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosis is made by endoscopy and/or radiographic studies. Therapeutic options include endoscopic dilation and surgical revision., Methods: Of 369 LRYGBP performed, 19 patients developed anastomotic stricture (5.1%). One additional patient was referred from another facility. Pneumatic balloons were used for initial dilation in all patients. Savary-Gilliard bougies were used for some of the subsequent dilations., Results: Flexible endoscopy was diagnostic in all 20 patients allowing dilation in 18 (90%). Two patients did not undergo endoscopic dilation because of anastomotic obstruction and ulcer. The median time to stricture development was 32 days (range: 17-85). Most patients (78%) required more than two dilations. The complication rate was 1.6% (one case of microperforation). At a mean follow-up of 21 months, all patients were symptom-free., Conclusions: Gastrojejunostomy stricture following LRYGBP is associated with substantial morbidity and patient dissatisfaction. Based on our experience, we propose a clinical grading system and present our strategy for managing gastrojejunal strictures.

The aim of the study was to investigate the financial circumstances of a group of temporary employees and whether personal financial strain is related to an increased risk of ill-health. The study group consisted of 778 on-call employees. The response rate to a mailed questionnaire was 56 percent. Twenty percent of respondents stated that they had experienced economic difficulties of some kind. More than 50 percent regarded their form of employment as an impediment to obtaining a loan, and approximately 40 percent regarded it as a barrier to acquiring a housing contract. The study group is strongly polarized with regard to personal financial matters. There is a clear connection between poverty and health. Individuals who were both worried about their personal finances and objectively poor had far lower levels of psychological well-being (as measured by GHQ-12), more stomach, back, and neck complaints, more headaches, and greater tiredness and listlessness. Sleep disturbances acted as a mediating variable between financial pressure and stomach problems.

Introduction: The classification of functional dyspepsia into meaningful subgroups remains an important goal. The aim of this investigation was to determine correlations between dyspeptic symptoms with gastric physiology and psychologic distress., Methods: Consecutive patients with functional dyspepsia were evaluated with electrogastrography (EGG), drink test, and solid phase gastric emptying. Subjects also completed the Nepean Dyspepsia Index, Psychologic General Well-Being Index, SCL-90R, and SF-36., Results: Eighty-one patients were evaluated. Gastric emptying was performed in 29 of 81 patients and was abnormal in 21%, but no correlation existed between symptoms and T1/2 or TLAG. EGG was abnormal in 42% and drink test was abnormal in 40% of patients. Both were significantly associated with nausea but not with other symptoms. Significant correlations existed with 10 of 15 assessed symptoms and various subscales of the SCL-90R. Somatization was associated with abdominal burning, chest pain, abdominal pressure, abdominal discomfort, bad breath, chest burning, excessive fullness, bloating, abdominal pain, and regurgitation. Anxiety was associated with abdominal burning, chest pain, abdominal pressure, and abdominal discomfort. Anger-hostility was associated with abdominal burning and abdominal pressure. Increased interpersonal sensitivity was associated with abdominal burning and chest burning. SCL-90R Global Symptom Score was associated with abdominal burning, chest pain, abdominal discomfort, and bad breath., Conclusions: Abnormal gastric physiology as measured in this study was not associated with symptoms other than nausea. Significant associations existed between measures of psychiatric distress and digestive symptoms. Symptoms in functional dyspepsia had greater associations with psychologic distress than with commonly employed tests of gastric physiology.

Stretching the stomach wall in young healthy subjects causes an increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and in blood pressure, the gastrovascular reflex. We compared healthy elderly subjects with healthy young subjects to find out whether the gastrovascular reflex attenuates in normal ageing and we studied whether there was a difference in autonomic function or gastric compliance that could explain this possible attenuation. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity, finger blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded during stepwise isobaric gastric distension using a barostat in eight healthy young (6 men and 2 women, 27 +/- 3.2 years, mean +/-s.e.m.) and eight healthy elderly subjects (7 men and 1 woman, 76 +/- 1.5 years). Changes in cardiac output and total peripheral arterial resistance were calculated from the blood pressure signal. The baseline mean arterial pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity were higher in the elderly group (both P < 0.05) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity increase during the cold pressor test was lower in the elderly group (P = 0.005). During stepwise gastric distension, the elderly subjects showed an attenuated increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity compared to the young subjects (P < 0.01). The older group tended to show a higher increase in mean arterial pressure (P = 0.08), heart rate (P = 0.06) and total peripheral arterial resistance (P = 0.09) The cardiac output rose slightly in both groups without significant difference between groups. The fundic compliance did not differ between groups. We conclude that stepwise gastric distension caused an increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity in both groups, but the increase in the elderly was attenuated.

Despite the prevalence of dyspepsia, nonhuman models for study of gastric hyperalgesia are limited. We thus characterized responses to gastric distension (GD) in the absence of and after two different gastric insults. A balloon was surgically placed into the stomach, and electromyographic responses to GD were recorded from the acromiotrapezius muscle at various times after balloon placement. Rats received either 20% acetic acid (HAc) or saline injections into the stomach wall or 0.1% iodoacetamide (IA) in drinking water. Responses to GD were monotonic with increasing distending pressure (10-80 mmHg) and were reproducible from days 3-14 after balloon implantation. Both HAc injection and IA ingestion led to increased responses to GD (i.e., gastric hyperalgesia), which, in the case of HAc, persisted for 60 days after HAc treatment. HAc injection produced ulcers in all treated animals; IA ingestion produced no lesions. Myeloperoxidase activity significantly increased after HAc but not saline injection or IA ingestion. In the awake, unrestrained rat, visceromotor responses to GD are quantifiable, reliable, and reproducible. Significantly enhanced responses to GD were apparent in two models of gastric insult, both of which may be useful for the study of the mechanisms of gastric hyperalgesia.

The ibuprofen complex of diruthenium(II,III) was prepared and characterized by electronic (UV-Vis) and vibrational (FTIR) spectroscopies and thermogravimetry. The copper(II)-ibuprofenato complex was prepared by a different route from that described in the literature. Both complexes were tested in vivo for anti-inflammatory activity. Oral administration of the two complexes inhibited development of carrageenin-induced edema in rats, this inhibition being similar to that observed for oral administration of the parent drug (free ibuprofen). However, gastric irritation was lower as compared to that of ibuprofen. Diruthenium-ibuprofenato exhibited a protective effect at light intensity ulceration while the copper-ibuprofenato complex was more effective in the protection of severe intensity ulceration.

Objective: To investigate "Sense of Coherence" (SOC) and its relation to perceived health, different stages of disease, and different psychosocial factors in a population-based study., Design: Postal survey of a population-based sample, the MONICA study (1994)., Setting: Norrbotten and Västerbotten, the two northernmost counties in Sweden, with a total population of 510000 inhabitants., Subjects: 837 men and 882 women in three mutually-exclusive groups: stomach trouble of many years' standing, identified disease (stroke, cardiac infarction, diabetes, anti-hypertension treatment) and no reported disease., Main Outcome Measures: SOC scores in relation to sociodemographic variables and perceived health., Results: We found a relationship between low SOC scores and poor perceived health, low social support and low emotional support on a population level. When comparing persons with stomach trouble with those without disease, or with established diseases, we found similar relationships between low mean SOC scores in all strata for both women and men. "Perceived health", however, was only significantly correlated for women, and women had an overall stronger relationship., Conclusions: In a study in northern Sweden, female patients with stomach trouble comprise a vulnerable group. The concept of SOC introduces a new dimension for perceiving health and disease. In clinical practice, care providers can identify and elaborate on the relationship between SOC scores and sociodemographic data.

The authors determined the clinical yield, endoscopic time, and patient tolerance of routine upper endoscopy beyond the duodenal bulb. From May through October 1994, all patients undergoing routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were recruited for study. Each procedure was timed from start to finish by the endoscopy nurse, and, in addition, the time of the postbulbar examination was recorded. The endoscopy nurse assessed the patient's comfort level when the endoscope was advanced into the duodenal bulb and again at the postbulbar region. A total of 250 EGDs were performed. There were 152 males and 98 females, with a mean age of 57.1 (range, 23-91) years. Indications for the procedure were as follows: gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms 82, epigastric pain 64, dysphagia 46, Barrett's surveillance 25, anemia 23, other research study 16, and other 61. The mean time for the procedure was 11 min and 54 s, whereas the mean time for the postbulbar examination was 46.6 s. Patients tolerated endoscope insertion well both before and during examination of the postbulbar duodenum. The only postbulbar finding that affected clinical management was a postbulbar ulcer in a patient without other ulcers who was positive for Helicobacter pylori. Although routine endoscopic examination beyond the duodenal bulb involves minimal time and is well tolerated by patients, the yield of pathologic findings is low (3.6%) and the yield of findings that alter clinical management even lower (0.4%). In patients without prior GI surgery undergoing routine EGD for indications other than suspected small bowel pathology or active upper GI bleeding, examination of the postbulbar duodenum can be considered an elective part of the procedure.

The importance of dental problems in comparison with general health problems and psychological problems was judged by 642 adolescents. The methods used were paired comparison and direct ranking of nine stimuli. Adolescents were quite consistent in their choices. The agreement within the group was statistically significant. Adolescents judged dental problems as less important than general health problems and as more important than psychological problems. The correlation between the methods of paired comparison and direct ranking was high. The results were compared retrospectively with findings from a study of 51 older subjects. Adolescents and adults did not differ much from each other except for the ordering of the nine problems. Adults ranked dental problems as the least important.

Development of somatic symptoms and associations with psychosocial risk factors were investigated in a longitudinal study of Norwegian children aged 4-10 years. Complaints of stomach-ache only were associated with emotionally well-adapted children, and mothers with low education and high emotional support. Children complaining of headache only behaved well as preschoolers, showed a tendency towards high achievement motivation at school and their mothers were employed outside the home. Children with the co-occurrence syndrome seemed to constitute a separate entity. They differed from the others as the syndrome was associated with previous behavioural and emotional problems, current emotional disturbances and mothers with less support. Family demographic stability, further child health problems and school factors were not associated with the co-occurrence syndrome.

Patients with functional dyspepsia were assigned at random to cognitive psychotherapy (10 sessions of 50 min duration, n = 50) or to a control group (no treatment, n = 50). Before treatment all patients were assessed on psychological, somatic and lifestyle factors. If allocated to the therapy group all patients were also asked to define the main problems they wanted to discuss in therapy ('target complaints'). The patients were evaluated at the end of therapy (after 4 months) and at 1 yr follow-up. Outcome measures were dyspeptic symptoms, scores on 'target complaints' and psychological parameters. Both groups showed improvement in dyspeptic and psychological parameters after 1 yr. The improvement in the control group was attributed to a non- specific effect of increased interest and attention. The therapy group showed greater reduction than the control group on dyspeptic symptoms [days of epigastric pain (p = 0.050), nausea (p = 0.024), heartburn (p = 0.021), diarrhoea (p = 0.002) and constipation (p = 0.047)]; and on scores on 'target complaints' (p = 0.001).

The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) was applied in a Dutch primary care population who had nonspecific abdominal complaints. The study was conducted to test applicability and feasibility of the SIP as an outcome measurement in primary care research on patients with minor illness. The study was performed in five family practice settings. Included in the study were all patients aged 18 to 75 years who visited their family doctor during a 7 week period with nonspecific abdominal complaints. Feasibility was tested by interviewing patients at their homes within a time limit of 24 hours after the consultation with their family doctor. To test applicability, dysfunction in patients with nonspecific abdominal complaints was compared with dysfunction in an open population and in a population with low back pain. Results revealed that highly prevalent dysfunctional behavior in patients with nonspecific abdominal complaints differed from highly prevalent dysfunction in a reference group of patients with low back pain and in an open population. The SIP data confirmed the characteristics of nonspecific abdominal complaints as multiconditional illness. The data obtained were recognizably related to the nature of nonspecific abdominal complaints, emphasizing the applicability of the SIP.

Gastroenterologists frequently encounter patients who report vague epigastric discomforts or sensations of fullness, bloating, and distention in the upper abdomen. The discomfort is neither burning in character nor severe in intensity; there is no nocturnal pain. The epigastric location of discomfort and lack of radiation may help to exclude biliary tract and pancreatic diseases. Nausea may be present, but there is little or no vomiting. After these patients ingest liquids or solid foods, the symptoms of easy filling or early satiety and increasing discomfort and nausea are almost always present. The patient may only report "indigestion," but a specific chief complaint, such as pain, discomfort, nausea, or bloating may be elicited with further inquiries. Solid foods usually provoke more symptoms than do liquids. Symptoms of early satiety, nausea, bloating, and abdominal discomfort may culminate in the vomiting of undigested food. These vague upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have been termed "dyspepsia." When peptic diseases of the stomach are excluded, the symptom complex has been called "nonulcer" dyspepsia, a vague syndrome with symptoms attributed to stomach dysfunction. Nonulcer dyspepsia has been reviewed recently. Such symptoms, commonly attributed to a "functional" disorder, are very common in clinical practice, with an incidence of 30% of patients. In this review, we will discuss an approach to the evaluation and treatment of patients with symptoms of nausea, early satiety, bloating, and vague epigastric discomfort--dyspeptic symptoms associated with functional stomach disorders. We will review the anatomy and motility of the stomach and suggest potential neuromuscular malfunctions of the stomach that may result in epigastric symptoms. The potential role of stress and other brain-gut interactions, which may underlie these symptoms, will also be reviewed.

Data are presented on headaches and stomachaches in a sample of 189 3-year-old children obtained as part of community based study. These data provide a partial replication of an earlier study on a separate sample of children [Zuckerman, B., Stevenson, J. and Bailey, V. (1987). Stomachaches and headaches in a community sample of preschool children. Pediatrics, 79, 677-682]. The results supported the previous findings of a link between family factors and recurrent stomachache, and a less strong association with headaches. The conclusions reinforce the notion that these two somatic symptoms should be considered separately in preschool children.

Multiple unit-activity in the anterior cingulate cortex of rats indicated that during immobilization-stress some units increased responding, and others decreased their response rates. Changes in unit-behavior were also found when a stimulus was presented that previously had been paired with the restraint treatment. Pretreatment with chlordiazepoxide prevented the stress-induced increases in unit-activity, whereas, suppressed units were not affected by the drug treatment. Injections of chlordiazepoxide also attenuated the gastric pathology which was found following low-level electrical stimulation of the area of the units which had been identified to respond to restraint-stress.