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Aim: Stigmatization by healthcare workers poses a challenge to providing care to the mentally ill. Bedside teaching during undergraduate medical education offers students an opportunity to directly interact with patients with a range of psychiatric disorders and thereby gather reflective experience. The present study investigates if this supervised contact with mentally ill patients during a one-week clinical course on psychosomatic medicine leads to stigma reduction in medical students . The factors influencing stigmatization were also investigated.Method: This was a prospective, non-randomized, controlled interventional study done in the 2019/20 winter semester involving fourth-year medical students who attended a week-long practical block on psychosomatic medicine (intervention group). This group was compared to students who had attended a week-long practical block with a somatic focus during the same time period (control group). Stigmatization was measured before and immediately upon completion of the week using the MICA-4 scale. Data on age, sex, experience with the mentally ill, interest in psychiatry/psychosomatics, and sense of self-worth were also gathered prior to starting the practical block. Analysis of the sample of 143 students with a complete basic data set was carried out using mixed ANOVA, multiple linear regression and moderator analysis.Results: In the context of clinical teaching with psychiatric patients, the stigmatization of the mentally ill among medical students decreased significantly more in the intervention group compared to the students in the control group who received instruction on somatic topics (p =.019, eta 2p =.04). In addition, being female, having previous experience with the mentally ill and general interest in the subjects of psychiatry or psychosomatics at T0 associated with lower stigma. In contrast, stigmatization was increased at the beginning of the study in males and those with low self-esteem. A moderating effect of the factors on stigma reduction was not seen.Conclusion: Undergraduate clinical instruction that enables direct contact and reflective experiences with the mentally ill leads to a reduction in the stigmatizing attitudes held by medical students toward the mentally ill. This underscores the need to have practical clinical instruction using patients. Zielsetzung: Stigmatisierung durch Mitarbeitende im Gesundheitswesen ist eine Herausforderung in der Versorgung psychisch kranker Menschen. Der Unterricht am Krankenbett in der medizinischen Ausbildung bietet die Möglichkeit, durch direkten Kontakt reflektierte Erfahrungen im Umgang mit Kranken diverser psychosomatischer Krankheitsbilder zu machen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob der angeleitete Kontakt zu psychisch Kranken in einer einwöchigen klinischen Lehrveranstaltung der psychosomatischen Medizin bei Medizinstudierenden zu einer Reduktion der Stigmatisierung führt. Zusätzlich wurden Einflussfaktoren der Stigmatisierung untersucht.Methodik: Dies erfolgte anhand einer prospektiven, nicht-randomisierten, kontrollierten Interventionsstudie im Wintersemester 2019/20 bei Medizinstudierenden im 4. Studienjahr, die an einer Praxisblockwoche der psychosomatischen Medizin teilnahmen (Interventionsgruppe). Verglichen wurde diese mit Studierenden, die im gleichen Zeitfenster eine Praxisblockwoche mit somatischem Schwerpunkt absolvierten (Kontrollgruppe). Hierbei wurde Stigmatisierung vor Beginn und unmittelbar nach Ende der Woche mittels der MICA4-Skala erhoben. Zusätzlich wurden vor Beginn Alter, Geschlecht, Erfahrung mit psychisch Kranken, Interesse am Fachgebiet Psychiatrie/Psychosomatik sowie Selbstwertgefühl erfragt. Die Auswertung der Stichprobe von 143 Studierenden mit vollständigem Basis-Datensatz erfolgte mittels Mixed-ANOVA, multipler linearer Regression und Moderatoranalyse.Ergebnisse: Im Rahmen des klinischen Unterrichts mit psychisch Kranken in der Interventionsgruppe nahm die Stigmatisierung psychisch Kranker durch Medizinstudierende im Vergleich zu Unterricht in somatischen Fächern der Kontrollgruppe signifikant stärker ab (p =.019, eta 2p =.04). Zudem gingen zu T0 weibliches Geschlecht, Vorerfahrung mit psychisch Kranken sowie allgemeines Interesse an den Fächern Psychiatrie oder Psychosomatik mit einer niedrigeren Stigmatisierung einher. Hingegen war Stigmatisierung bei männlichem Geschlecht und geringem Selbstwertgefühl zu Beginn der Untersuchung erhöht. Ein moderierender Effekt der Faktoren auf die Reduktion der Stigmatisierung zeigte sich nicht.Schlussfolgerung: Klinischer Unterricht in der medizinischen Ausbildung, der direkten Kontakt und reflektierte Erfahrungen mit psychisch Kranken ermöglicht, führt bei den Studierenden zur Reduktion einer stigmatisierenden Haltung gegenüber psychisch Kranken. Dies unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit eines praxisnahen klinischen Unterrichts unter Einbezug von Patient*innen.

Menschen, die mit Übergewicht oder Adipositas leben und pflegerische oder medizinische Betreuung benötigen sind im Gesundheitswesen Diskriminierung, Stigmatisierung und Vorurteilen ausgesetzt. Die Ziele dieser Arbeit bestehen darin, existierende Formen von diskriminierendem Verhalten gegenüber diesen Patient*innen aufzuzeigen und Lösungsvorschläge für angemessene und professionelle Pflege darzulegen. People living with overweight or obesity who need nursing or medical care are ex-posed to discrimination, stigmatization, and prejudice by healthcare professionals. The aims of this paper are to identify existing forms of discriminatory behavior towards these patients and to propose solutions for appropriate and professional care.

Research has historically constructed youths who are involved in sex work as victims of trafficking, exploitation, poverty, and substance abuse. These perceptions often cast the sex worker as deviant and in need of ‘care’ and ‘protection.’ Rarely seen are accounts that provide different perspectives and positioning of youth engaged in sex work. This article explores the lived experiences of Jack, a young gay cis-male who identifies as Indigenous Australian. Despite being a highly successful sex worker, his involvement in such a stigmatised occupation means that he must navigate the social and cultural perceptions of ‘deviant’ and ‘dirty’ work. This qualitative study explores the ways in which Jack negotiates his work, his communities, and the capitalisation of his sexuality. Drawing on Indigenous Standpoint Theory and wellbeing theory, Jack’s choice of sex work is explored through the intersections of sexuality and culture, with the consequences of Jack’s social and emotional wellbeing emerging as his narrative unfolds.

This introduction to the thematic issue on housing and territorial stigma provides concise overviews of the concepts of stigma, housing stigma, and territorial (or neighborhood) stigma, while tracing back current research on these topics to the pioneering work of Erving Goffman and Loic Wacquant. In doing this, we place particular attention on social responses to, and coping strategies with, stigma, especially various forms of stigma resistance. Finally, in brief summaries of all articles in the thematic issue, we emphasize their shared themes and concerns.

In the United States, residents of mobile homes and mobile home communities are faced with cultural stigmatization regarding their places of living. While common, the “trailer trash” stigma, an example of both housing and neighborhood/territorial stigma, has been understudied in contemporary research. Through a range of discursive strategies, many subgroups within this larger population manage to successfully distance themselves from the stigma and thereby render it inconsequential (Kusenbach, 2009). But what about those residents—typically white, poor, and occasionally lacking in stability—who do not have the necessary resources to accomplish this? This article examines three typical responses by low-income mobile home residents—here called resisting, downplaying, and perpetuating—leading to different outcomes regarding residents’ sense of community belonging. The article is based on the analysis of over 150 qualitative interviews with mobile home park residents conducted in West Central Florida between 2005 and 2010.

Urban research assigns immigrant enclaves an ambiguous role. While such areas are seen as rich in beneficial ethno-religious infrastructures and networks, they also tend to be located in deprived and stigmatised inner-city neighbourhoods. Research on neighbourhood attainment provides evidence for both, a desire to attain mainstream middle-class neighbourhoods, which grows the more immigrants and their descendants establish themselves in society, but also a continuing attraction of residing close to co-ethnics. To tease apart this ambiguity, we study how the life satisfaction of immigrants and their descendants depends on the characteristics of the neighbourhood they live in, and pay special attention to heterogeneity along generation, country of origin orientation and income. We use classic measures of neighbourhood quality vis-à-vis newly collected data on the spatial density of ethno-religious minority associations, places of worship and grocers. We link these data to the geocoded German Socio-Economic Panel to predict life satisfaction among immigrants and their descendants. To strengthen a causal interpretation of our results, we employ specifications that address self-selection into neighbourhoods and unobserved confounding. Contra the assumptions of standard assimilation models, we document that ethno-religious infrastructures contribute to increased life satisfaction primarily among the second generation, and there especially among sending-country oriented individuals. This suggests a continuing importance of origin-culture infrastructures for some groups. Furthermore, we find little evidence that overall neighbourhood quality, or the mere share of co-ethnics in a neighbourhood, increases life satisfaction either among immigrants or their descendants.

The article focuses on the scientific discourse on the origin of AIDS and the distribution of the disease and the HI virus between the United States (US) and Haiti. After the syndrome later called AIDS had first been described in 1981, several risk groups were named by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the US, among them recent Haitian immigrants to the US. As the scientific world developed theories on the origin of the new disease – and, after its discovery, the HI virus – members of the scientific community deemed a spread from Haiti to the US possible. Others considered a distribution vice versa more likely, namely that the disease might have moved from the US to Haiti. This study analyses the scientific discourse in mostly medical publications released between the years 1982 and 2016. They include research papers, letters to the editor in medical journals, anthologies or monographs, and publications of the CDC. It addresses not only the way the disease’s origin was discussed, but also the underlying – and resulting – narratives of stigma and blame. The article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the elements shaping discourses in the scientific world when facing a newly emerging infectious disease, and the social implications these discourses have., Historical Social Research. Supplement No. 33 (2021): Epidemics and Pandemics – the Historical Perspective. Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1988, Issues per volume: 1, Volumes per year: 1

This paper investigates the extent of the presence of lesbians in Germany between the end of the Weimar Republic and the sedimentation of Nazism, notably focusing on the dialectical perception between negation and (in)visibility that characterizes the stigmatization process undergone by the lesbian prisoners in KZ Ravensbrück, the only concentration camp entirely for women. During the “Golden Twenties”, the absence of female homosexuality in law was incongruous with the real presence of lesbianism within Weimar society, culture, and art. Following Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, while female homosexuality remained uncriminalized, lesbians began being persecuted in “unorthodox” ways and interned in concentration camps. Lesbians were detained on the grounds that they were considered asozial (“anti-social”). Consequently, lesbianism was contextualized within a new (forgotten) environment in which the role of women was manipulated by a patriarchal system aimed at standardizing, normalizing, and repressing the “lives unworthy of life”, most of which still remain invisible.

The aim of the study.Finding out the attitude of the respondents to HIV-infected / AIDS patients, their awareness of the ways of HIV infection. Methods.A survey of teachers and students of Kyiv City Medical College was conducted (educational institution of 1–2 levels of accreditation). The total number of students, who participated in the study, was 150 people aged 17 to 25 years. The survey involved 62 teachers aged 30 to 65 years. In order to find out the level of stigmatization of people living with HIV, a questionnaire has been developed that contains questions, related to various aspects of HIV infection and the lives of HIV-infected people. Results.The study showed a high willingness to stigmatize and discriminate against people living with HIV / AIDS by teachers and medical school workers. The problem of reasonable stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV is the low level of knowledge about the epidemic. This is especially true for work. A tolerant attitude towards HIV-infected people from work and lectures at medical college is directly related to the awareness of these problems. The high level of stigma and discrimination against HIV-infected students and teachers in medical schools is reflected in the willingness to refuse medical care to people living with HIV. The state's information policy in the field of combating stigma and discrimination against HIV-infected people is imperfect and insufficient. Сonclusions.The study shows the imperfection of the existing system of medical education in the field of upbringing of tolerant attitude to vulnerable groups, in particular to HIV-infected. In this area, the existing system of medical education needs to be improved and modernized. The aggravation of the problem of stigmatization and discrimination of HIV-infected people, the ineffectiveness of outdated methods requires the search for new approaches to its solution.

Background: Persons with schizophrenia are vulnerable regarding human rights violations. Aims: The aim of this research is to systematically analyse judgements by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) involving persons with schizophrenia. Methods: A systematic search of judgements by the ECtHR, using the search term ‘schizophrenia’. Descriptive statistics and a qualitative thematic analysis were performed. Results: A total of n = 105 judgements were included, originating in n = 29 countries. Article 5 (Right to liberty and security) of the European Convention on Human Rights was ruled by the ECtHR to have been violated in 45.7% of judgements, Article 3 (Prohibition of torture) in 20.0% and Article 8 (Right to respect for private and family life) in 19.0%. Relevant themes were inadequate access to mental health care, especially in prisons and during police operations, involuntary confinement, detention and ill-treatment as a risk factor for psychosis, the right to family life versus the rights of others, extradition/expulsion and protection of other persons’ human rights against violent behaviour by persons with schizophrenia. Discussion: Persons with schizophrenia often do not receive adequate treatment and are especially vulnerable in prisons, where ill-treatment can be an additional risk factor. They can have both offender and victim status. The judgements suggest that the ECtHR has a balanced view on involuntary confinement. National legislation and internal hospital guidelines should be written in a manner to help minimise human rights violations against persons with schizophrenia., publishedVersion

Objective Suicidal behavior is stigmatized, and suicide attempt survivors often keep their experiences secret. Although secrecy can protect from discrimination, research from related fields suggests that both the experience of stigma and secrecy can contribute to suicidality. Although suicide attempt survivors are at high risk for reattempt, research investigating the link between suicide stigma and suicidality among this group is rare. Method A community sample of 159 suicide attempt survivors participated in an online survey in the US. We used multiple linear regression models to test the association between anticipated suicide stigma and current suicidality, as well as a path model to test the mediating effect of secrecy. Results After controlling for age, sex, number of lifetime suicide attempts, and time since the most recent suicide attempt, anticipated suicide stigma was significantly associated with increased suicidality. In a controlled path model, this link was partially mediated by increased secrecy. Conclusion These results provide initial support that anticipated suicide stigma, and secrecy can contribute to suicidality among suicide attempt survivors. Therefore, programs to support suicide attempt survivors in coping with suicide stigma and secrecy, as well as interventions to reduce harmful aspects of public suicide stigma, could contribute to suicide prevention., publishedVersion

International audience; PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) is a relatively new drug-based HIV prevention technique and an important means to lower the HIV risk of gay men who are especially vulnerable to HIV. From the perspective of biopolitics, PrEP inscribes itself in a larger trend of medicalization and the rise of pharmapower. This article reconstructs and evaluates contemporary literature on biopolitical theory as it applies to PrEP, by bringing it in a dialogue with a mapping of the political debate on PrEP. As PrEP changes sexual norms and subjectification, for example condom use and its meaning for gay subjectivity, it is highly contested. The article shows that the debate on PrEP can be best described with the concepts 'sexual-somatic ethics' and 'democratic biopolitics', which I develop based on the biopolitical approach of Nikolas Rose and Paul Rabinow. In contrast, interpretations of PrEP which are following governmentality studies or Italian Theory amount to either farfetched or trivial positions on PrEP, when seen in light of the political debate. Furthermore, the article is a contribution to the scholarship on gay subjectivity, highlighting how homophobia and homonormativity haunts gay sex even in liberal environments, and how PrEP can serve as an entry point for the destigmatization of gay sexuality and transformation of gay subjectivity. ‘Biopolitical democratization’ entails making explicit how medical technology and health care relates to sexual subjectification and ethics, to strengthen the voice of (potential) PrEP users in health politics, and to renegotiate the profit and power of Big Pharma.

Background: Many sex workers suffer from mental health problems, but do not seek help. Aim: To examine stigma-related and non stigma-related barriers to care and perceived need for treatment among female sex workers in Switzerland. Methods: Mental health service use, barriers to care, perceived need and presence of illness, symptoms, and psychiatric diagnoses were assessed among 60 female sex workers in Z��rich, Switzerland. Outcomes: Mental health service use was defined as use of psychiatric medication, psychotherapy, or substance use services for at least 1 month during the past 6 months. Results: Adjusting for symptom levels, mental health service use was predicted by lower stigma-related, not by structural, barriers as well as by more perceived need for treatment and higher age. Clinical Implications: Sex workers with mental health problems would benefit from non-stigmatizing mental health care as well as from interventions to reduce public and self-stigma associated with mental illness and sex work. Strengths and Limitations: Limitations are the cross-sectional data, limited sample size, and recruitment from an information center for sex workers. Conclusion: Interventions that aim to increase mental health service use among sex workers should take stigma variables into account., publishedVersion

Research suggests Australian childless women are at risk of pronatalism-driven social exclusion. This exploratory, mixed methods, cross-sectional study described and explored the social exclusion of Australian childless women aged 25 to 44 years, and asked: what are the nature and extent of social exclusion of childless women; and do the nature and extent of exclusion vary for different types of childless women? A total of 776 childless female Australian residents aged 25 to 44 years completed a self-administered questionnaire. Quantitative data were collected on childlessness types, indicators of exclusion and perceived stigmatisation and exclusion due to being childless. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, One Way ANOVAs and Kruskal Wallis Analysis of Ranks. Qualitative data on childless women’s experiences were inductively thematically analysed. Findings suggest societal-level pronatalism drives exclusion of Australian childless women. While exclusion occurs in all domains of life, childless women experience more exclusion, and perceive more exclusion due to being childless, in the social and civic domains than the service and economic domains. Circumstantially and involuntarily childless women, followed by voluntarily childless women, perceive more exclusion due to being childless than undecided and future childed women. Experiences are influenced by the nature of women’s ‘deviance’ from pronatalism. (author's abstract)

Studies in conflict population have repeatedly documented that the number of traumatic event types experienced (trauma load) increases the risk to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a dose-dependent manner. Misconceptions about survivors' experiences and actions during the war, as well as mental health symptoms frequently lead to stigmatization by their own families and the community, which might render them even more vulnerable for PTSD development and prevent successful recovery. We therefore investigated whether stigmatization affects trauma-related psychopathology beyond the well-known effect of trauma load. The study sample comprised N = 1131 survivors of the rebel war led by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in Northern Uganda, including a large proportion of formerly abducted individuals and child soldiers. We investigated how the experience of stigmatization affects PTSD risk and the likelihood of spontaneous remission, taking trauma load into account. Further, the association of stigmatization with treatment outcome was determined in a subsample of N = 284 individuals with PTSD who received trauma-focused psychotherapy. More than one third of the total sample, and almost two-thirds of the therapy subsample, reported experiences of stigmatization. The main reasons for stigmatization were related to an association with a rebel group (e.g., being called a rebel), followed by mental health problems/PTSD symptoms and HIV/AIDS. Stigmatization was strongly associated with a higher prevalence of lifetime and current PTSD, a diminished probability of spontaneous remission and higher PTSD symptoms before and after trauma-focused psychotherapy, beyond the effect of trauma load. In sum, our results support the assumption that stigmatization aggravates trauma-related psychopathology and impede symptom improvement. In post-conflict regions, community and family interventions which aim at reducing stigmatization and discrimination might therefore complement individual psychotherapy in order to allow survivors to recover and reintegrate into society.

Using a laboratory experiment, we present first evidence that social image concerns causally reduce the take-up of an individually beneficial transfer. Our design manipulates the informativeness of the take-up decision by varying whether transfer eligibility is based on ability or luck, and how the transfer is financed. We find that subjects avoid the inference both of being low-skilled (ability stigma) and of being willing to live of others (free-rider stigma). Using a placebo treatment, we exclude other explanations for the observed stigma effects. Although stigma reduces take-up, elicitation of political preferences reveals that only a minority of "taxpayers" vote for the public transfer. November 2016 (revised July 2018)

For decades, the ideal of a two-child family has been predominant in Germany. Nevertheless, there are people who deviate from this mainstream, taking the informed decision not to have any children at all, to have only one child or, alternatively, to have three or more children. Such differences in the number of children have long been examined, however, cultural concepts of having either lots of or no children at all, have rarely been included. The data collected in the survey “Familienleitbilder” reveals that in young adults in reproductive age, existing cultural conceptions provide new insights into the phenomenon of deviation from the norm, deviators being subject to social stigmatization. Moreover, in case of families with four and more children, a high degree of intrinsic motivation outshines all economic and structural aspects. In childless people - even more than in comparison to other groups - a discrepancy with respect to the majority becomes apparent, potentially suggesting a pressure to justify oneself to society or even to comply with the mainstream. In contrast to the advocated thesis in literature, childlessness is indeed commonly regarded as “normal”, however, rarely as desirable in terms of an ideal. Furthermore, despite the dominant two-child-norm, other family milieus have been established. Zusammenfassung Seit Jahrzehnten dominiert in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland das Leitbild der Zweikindfamilie. Dennoch gibt es Menschen, die von diesem Mainstream abweichen: Sie entscheiden sich bewusst gegen Kinder, für ein Einzelkind oder aber für drei oder mehr Kinder. Solche Paritätsunterschiede werden seit langem untersucht, jedoch selten unter Einbezug kultureller Vorstellungen zum Leben ohne oder mit vielen Kindern. Anhand der Daten des Leitbildsurveys wird für junge Erwachsene im reproduktiven Alter gezeigt, dass kulturelle Idealvorstellungen einen zusätzlichen Erkenntnisgewinn zur Normabweichung liefern und dass Abweichler eine soziale Stigmatisierung wahrnehmen. Zudem überstrahlt bei der Kinderwunschparität von vier und mehr Kindern die hohe intrinsische Motivation alle ökonomischen und strukturellen Aspekte. Bei Kinderlosen zeichnet sich – im Vergleich zu den anderen Normabweichlern am stärksten – eine wahrgenommene Diskrepanz zur Mehrheitsgesellschaft ab. Sie weist möglicherweise auf sozialen Druck hin, sich zu rechtfertigen oder sogar der Norm zu entsprechen. Entgegen der in der Literatur vertretenen These der „Kultur von Kinderlosigkeit“ besteht die verbreitete Ansicht, dass Kinderlosigkeit zwar „normal“ sei, jedoch selten erstrebenswert im Sinne eines Ideals. Außerdem haben sich trotz der dominanten Zweikindnorm weitere Familienmilieus etabliert., JFR - Journal of Family Research, Vol 28 No 3 (2016)

Drawing on longitudinal qualitative research in Brazil involving participant observation and narrative interviews with young homeless persons, and semi-structured interviews with middle class residents, local businesses, and patrolling police officers, three overlapping yet contradictory dimensions of inclusion and exclusion are developed. First the hegemonic exclusionary discourse that tends to produce stigmatizing labels on poor people in general, and boys and young men on the street in particular, is mapped out. Second, socio-spatial exclusionary mechanisms involving architectural measures, surveillance cameras and violent policing, guarding the neighbourhood from stigmatised ‘others’ are examined. Third, the less recognised but equally important inclusionary mechanisms, facilitating street life and enabling a sense of belonging among young homeless people are explored. A simplistic and unidimensional conceptualisation of social exclusion is critiqued while demonstrating the multifaceted, intertwined, and contradictory character of homeless people’s social relationships with middle class residents, businesses, and police. Furthermore, the exclusion/inclusion dualism that is vivid in the existing literature is questioned. It is suggested that a nuanced picture is vital to increasing our understanding of the everyday lives of homeless populations and that further investigation and theorization of their exclusion as well as inclusion is needed. © 2016 by the author; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY).

The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a detailed examination of the business failure phenomenon and to contribute to this important stream of research by formally investigating how business failure affects the subsequent lives of entrepreneurs. Building on an attributional perspective, diverse literature streams, and multiple methodological approaches, I seek to provide some new insights on this emerging stream of literature. Entrepreneurs’ lives after business failure can be studied as a process consisting of multiple stages uniting a great variety of phenomena ultimately resulting in affective, cognitive and behavioral outcomes for failed entrepreneurs. This thesis attempts to reflect and account for this process by exploring three selected phenomena determining entrepreneurs’ lives after business failure in depth. More specifically, I will explore and analyze selected immediate effects (i.e. the social costs and potential stigma associated with business failure), intermediate effects (i.e. the way entrepreneurs make sense of and explain their previous entrepreneurial endeavor), and finally long-term effects (i.e. how the sensemaking efforts of failed entrepreneurs could signal their future decision making and behavior). Overall, this dissertation provides a balanced and comprehensive picture of entrepreneurs’ lives after business failure. The results presented may represent an important step in the theory building process to better understand entrepreneurs’ reactions in response to the failure of their business. I am confident that the contributions of this dissertation pave the way for further empirical studies investigating the diverse effects of business failure on entrepreneurs’ subsequent lives. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a detailed examination of the business failure phenomenon and to contribute to this important stream of research by formally investigating how business failure affects the subsequent lives of entrepreneurs. Building on an attributional perspective, diverse literature streams, and multiple methodological approaches, I seek to provide some new insights on this emerging stream of literature. Entrepreneurs’ lives after business failure can be studied as a process consisting of multiple stages uniting a great variety of phenomena ultimately resulting in affective, cognitive and behavioral outcomes for failed entrepreneurs. This thesis attempts to reflect and account for this process by exploring three selected phenomena determining entrepreneurs’ lives after business failure in depth. More specifically, I will explore and analyze selected immediate effects (i.e. the social costs and potential stigma associated with business failure), intermediate effects (i.e. the way entrepreneurs make sense of and explain their previous entrepreneurial endeavor), and finally long-term effects (i.e. how the sensemaking efforts of failed entrepreneurs could signal their future decision making and behavior). Overall, this dissertation provides a balanced and comprehensive picture of entrepreneurs’ lives after business failure. The results presented may represent an important step in the theory building process to better understand entrepreneurs’ reactions in response to the failure of their business. I am confident that the contributions of this dissertation pave the way for further empirical studies investigating the diverse effects of business failure on entrepreneurs’ subsequent lives.

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção dos portadores de hanseníase acerca do estigma e preconceito que vivenciam em unidades prisionais. Método: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, caráter descritivo e exploratório. Foram participantes cinco homens e duas mulheres encarceradas. Dados coletados através do Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras (TALP) e entrevista semiestruturada e tratados por Análise de Conteúdo, proposta por Bardin. Resultados: Com o uso do TALP, emergiram as categorias Tratamento, Preconceito, Sintomas e Sentimentos. Das entrevistas emergiram as seguintes categorias: A hanseníase sob a ótica dos portadores e as relações familiares; O estigma da hanseníase, o impacto do diagnóstico e seus sentimentos; e Negando a hanseníase e recorrendo à fé divina para enfrentar a doença. Conclusão: Sentimentos negativos, preconceito e estigma fizeram-se presentes nos discursos dos sujeitos. A investigação e o acompanhamento de portadores de hanseníase tornam-se indispensáveis para as ações de enfermagem e para os espaços de cuidados no que se refere aos aspectos sociais e representativos da hanseníase.

The year 2013 marks the 50th anniversary of the publication Erving Goffman's landmark work, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Through this edited volume, we commemorate the continuing contribution of Goffman's work on stigma to social psychology. As Goffman originally used the term, stigma implies some sort of negative deviance, or in his words, ‘an undesired differentness from what we had anticipated.’ Since Goffman’s pioneering treatise, there have been thousands of articles published on different aspects of stigma. The accelerating volume of articles is testimony to the growing importance of stigma research, with almost three out of four of the stigma-related publications in the research literature appearing in the last 10 years. In this volume, a collection of up-and-coming and seasoned stigma researchers provide both theoretical insights and new empirical findings. The volume should be of interest to both established researchers and advanced students seeking to learn more about the depth and breadth of stigma research. This book was originally published as a special issue of Basic and Applied Social Psychology.

The year 2013 marks the 50th anniversary of the publication Erving Goffman's landmark work, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Through this edited volume, we commemorate the continuing contribution of Goffman's work on stigma to social psychology. As Goffman originally used the term, stigma implies some sort of negative deviance, or in his words, ‘an undesired differentness from what we had anticipated.’ Since Goffman’s pioneering treatise, there have been thousands of articles published on different aspects of stigma. The accelerating volume of articles is testimony to the growing importance of stigma research, with almost three out of four of the stigma-related publications in the research literature appearing in the last 10 years. In this volume, a collection of up-and-coming and seasoned stigma researchers provide both theoretical insights and new empirical findings. The volume should be of interest to both established researchers and advanced students seeking to learn more about the depth and breadth of stigma research.This book was originally published as a special issue of Basic and Applied Social Psychology.

The year 2013 marks the 50th anniversary of the publication Erving Goffman's landmark work, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Through this edited volume, we commemorate the continuing contribution of Goffman's work on stigma to social psychology. As Goffman originally used the term, stigma implies some sort of negative deviance, or in his words, ‘an undesired differentness from what we had anticipated.’ Since Goffman’s pioneering treatise, there have been thousands of articles published on different aspects of stigma. The accelerating volume of articles is testimony to the growing importance of stigma research, with almost three out of four of the stigma-related publications in the research literature appearing in the last 10 years. In this volume, a collection of up-and-coming and seasoned stigma researchers provide both theoretical insights and new empirical findings. The volume should be of interest to both established researchers and advanced students seeking to learn more about the depth and breadth of stigma research. This book was originally published as a special issue of Basic and Applied Social Psychology.

Objetivo: Apreender as representações sociais da hanseníase para o ex-doente do Hospital Colônia Getúlio Vargas, Bayeux/PB. Método: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa e representacional. Resultados: O habitus foi definido através do tempo longo e o tempo vivido na construção de comportamentos situacionais e das diversidades. O contexto asilar é revelado através do tempo. Na esfera da religiosidade, o seu adoecimento é compreendido como uma herança de um castigo divino. O contato com a sociedade como aspecto caritativo não diminuiu o sentimento de excluído pelo preconceito e estigma que permeia o portador de hanseníase. Conclusão: Podemos inferir que, ao recontar sua vida, os sujeitos vivenciaram uma condição quase-experimental, rememorando histórias marcantes naquele contexto. Descritores: Hanseníase; Representações sociais; Pesquisa metodológica em enfermagem.&nbsp

Both migrations and attitudes towards them have deep historical roots. To pronounce the present migration and the economic crisis triggered by derivative bankers in the fall of 2008 as “new without historical precedent” overlooks the impact of patterns of the past on the present and prevents an understanding being reached of continuities and comparisons. It is not migrants who are “uprooted”, as some would have it, but historical memory is deliberately being uprooted. This essay starts by addressing the multiple problems of present-day debates about migration and historicising the perspectives. It critiques the anti-immigrant ascriptions, labels and ideologies. It goes on to present the data and discuss the geographies of migrant trajectories in the context of translocal, transregional, transnational and global connectivity. An integrative Transcultural Societal Studies approach will be proposed. The essay will then deal with migrant agency, that is the actions of migrants, criticising “victimization” approaches and argue that Otherness is a resource as well as a framework for exploitation. Remittances will serve as an example of the intersection between migrant agency and states’ needs. The conclusion will briefly place the present in the context of global inequalities, of the economic aspect and of anti-immigrantism, as well as the ideological national-essentialist aspect. Sowohl die Migration als auch die Einstellungen dazu sind historisch tief verwurzelt. Wenn die aktuellen Wanderungsbewegungen und die von Derivatehändlern im Herbst 2008 verursachte Wirtschaftskrise als „neu und historisch beispiellos“ bezeichnet werden, wird über die Auswirkungen von Mustern der Vergangenheit auf die Gegenwart hinweggesehen und somit verhindert, dass Erkenntnisse über Kontinuitäten und Vergleiche gewonnen werden. Nicht die Migranten werden „entwurzelt“, wie bisweilen behauptet wird, sondern dem historischen Gedächtnis werden gezielt seine Wurzeln entzogen. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht zunächst auf die verschiedenen Probleme der heutigen Migrationsdebatten und die Historisierung der Perspektiven ein. Die einwandererfeindlichen Zuschreibungen, Stigmata und Ideologien werden kritisiert. Sodann werden die Daten präsentiert und die geographischen Dimensionen der Migrantenwege im Kontext der translokalen, transregionalen, transnationalen und globalen Vernetzung besprochen. Ein integrativer Ansatz im Sinne transkultureller Gesellschaftswissenschaften wird vorgeschlagen. Schließlich geht der Beitrag auf das Handeln (agency) von Migranten ein, wobei die „Viktimisierungs”-Ansätze kritisiert werden und argumentiert wird, dass Andersartigkeit eine Ressource ist, aber auch eine Angriffsfläche für Ausbeutung bietet. Geldüberweisungen werden als Beispiel für die Schnittpunkte zwischen dem Handeln von Migranten und staatlichen Bedürfnissen angeführt. In der Schlussfolgerung wird die Gegenwart kurz in den Kontext der globalen Ungleichheiten, des wirtschaftlichen Aspekts und der Einwandererfeindlichkeit sowie des ideologischen national-essentialistischen Aspekts gesetzt.

Vor dem Hintergrund der durch sozialpsychologische Forschung zu erwartenden Relevanz von Stereotypen in der Steuerung von Vertriebsmitarbeitern und einer bestehenden Forschungslücke im Marketing, führen die dieser Dissertation zugrundeliegenden, drei empirischen Studien das Konstrukt Stereotype in die Forschung zur Vertriebssteuerung ein. Die erste Studie etabliert mittels eines mehrebenen-kovarianz-strukturanalytischen Ansatzes eine empirische Verbindung zwischen Identifikation mit funktionalen Gruppen in Organisationen und Stereotypen zwischen diesen Gruppen. Die zweite Studie beschäftigt sich im Kern mit Maßnahmen, die von der Unternehmensführung implementiert werden können, um intra-organisationale Stereotype von Vertriebsmitarbeitern zu reduzieren. Die dritte Studie untersucht Einflussfaktoren und Konsequenzen von Meta-Stereotypen von Vertriebsmitarbeitern in der Interaktion mit Kunden.

"Methodological nationalism restricts the focus on transnational migrants in Europe, in particular in the Upper-Rhine border area (France-Germany-Switzerland). Three main limitations can be underlined: to start with, the ignorance of nationalism in contemporary social science research, including in migration and border studies; moreover, the naturalization of the nation- state that contributes to shape numerous social science biases; finally, territorial limitations that constrain research topics (Wimmer and Glick Schiller 2002). To overcome those issues, this research combines three methodological perspectives: first, a socio-historical analysis of transnational migrants in the Rhineland area, in order to comprehend past and contemporary dynamics; second, a socio-political approach that stresses the migrants’ “ways of being” (Glick Schiller 2005), including their activism and rhetoric, e.g. direct observations and interviews in multiple sites; third, a pluri-scalar approach that implies several levels of analysis, e.g. local, regional, cross-border, transnational and supra-national. The analysis of transnational migrants’ public action in the Rhineland Valley suggests a triple hypothesis: those transnational migrants’ activists elaborate a public discourse against a specific political and social stigmatization (Becker [1963] 1997); they also institutionalize and reinforce social movements with highly trained lawyers that defend their interests at the highest European jurisdictional level; they create empirically an original form of transnational quasi-trade unions." [author's abstract]