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From roughly 1930 to 1950, newsreel theaters played important roles in urban and film cultures. These small (200- to 600-seat) theaters showed hour-long loops of news that patrons could drop into from morning to midnight. Some aspects of the newsreel theater experience extended the rituals of nickelodeon spectatorship of earlier decades, and others predated the post–World War II development of television news consumption. Newsreel theaters allowed patrons to pass the time watching motion picture news, and they became politically charged spaces offering ways for people to watch and react vocally to the news in public as members of groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I. INTRODUCTION Engraved into the United States Supreme Court Building are the words, 'Equal justice under law.' For indigent defendants, this maxim is far from true. Indigent defendants experience discrimination [...]

The Foreign Political Press in Nineteenth-Century London: Politics from a Distance. Edited by Constance Bantman and Ana Claudia Suriani da Silva. (London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. Pp. xi, 232. $114.00.) [...]

'KS4719' (Reg. no. CV‐28, PI 697260) is a winter canola cultivar (Brassica napus L.) that possesses superior winterhardiness, greater lodging resistance, and improved pod shattering. KS4719 first drew attention when a devastating cold snap in November 2014 caused much of the winter canola crop to winter kill. KS4719 winter survival scores were 15 and 121% greater than the check cultivars 'Sumner' and 'Wichita', respectively, at Kansas State University's lone surviving trial site in northern Oklahoma. In the National Winter Canola Variety Trial (NWCVT) testing, the winter survival score of KS4719 was equivalent to 'Torrington', the most winter hardy commercially available cultivar. Across two sites of the 2015–2016 Great Plains Canola Variety Trial (GPCVT), KS4719 showed significantly improved pod shatter compared with the check cultivars. Across 14 NWCVT sites in the U.S. Great Plains, grain yield did not differ from the check cultivars; however, KS4719 did yield 5 and 19% more than 'Surefire' and Torrington, respectively, the two most recent cultivar releases from the Kansas State University canola breeding program. Over five site‐years, KS4719 averaged 9% lodging, while Torrington averaged 19%. It is theorized that the improved lodging resistance of KS4719 comes from a stem and root system that is less prone to rotting in saturated soils. Greater winterhardiness is in part due to protection of the lower stem (rosette) throughout the winter months. Core Ideas: KS4719 winter canola is a new cultivar release from Kansas State University.KS4719 possesses exceptional winterhardiness.KS4719 is less prone to lodging in saturated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While generally understood as an individual-level effect, we argue that reinforcement effects—or the strengthening of existing party loyalties through media exposure—might also play a role in shaping aggregate-level outcomes. Looking across eight presidential elections from 1900 to 1928, this study provides evidence that partisan newspaper circulation was significantly linked to two-party vote share at the county level. Counties with higher circulation rates of Republican dailies had a smaller percentage of votes cast for the Democratic presidential candidate, while a weaker positive association was found between the circulation of Democratic leaning dailies and Democratic vote in non-Southern counties. Some variance in this effect was observed across elections, with some evidence suggesting a weaker association between circulation and vote share as newspapers moved away from overtly partisan content toward a more professional tone. Further, some of the relationships were reciprocal with votes influencing partisan circulation. Results suggest that greater attention be given to the role of the political media environment and how citizens engage with it when understanding macro-level political outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of heat stress coinciding with reproductive stages in winter canola was studied using walk‐in controlled environment chambers and field‐based tents. Six different cultivars (46W94, Edimax CL, Mercedes, Popular, DKW44‐10 and DKW46‐15) were used in both the experiments following a split‐plot design. Under controlled environment chambers, all six cultivars were exposed to HDT (day/night; 34/15°C), HNT (23/20°C), HDNT (34/20°C) and control (23/15°C) conditions for 14 days coinciding with flowering. Under field conditions, custom built 'heat tents' were used to impose heat stress starting seven days after 50% of flowering till maturity. The results demonstrated that HDT and HDNT induced significant impact on floral morphology, extreme levels of floral sterility and complete yield loss with two weeks of stress exposure during flowering. However, biomass, seed weight and oil concentration at maturity were either significantly increased or unchanged which demonstrated significant post‐stress phenotypic plasticity in canola to overcome damage caused by short episode of HDT and HDNT during flowering. The long duration heat stress under field conditions recorded significant decrease in yield parameters and oil concentration in the canola cultivars. Incorporating greater post‐stress phenotypic plasticity will help develop canola as an ideal alternative crop under future climates associated with enhanced frequency of short heat stress episodes coinciding with critical reproductive stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work presents In-plane Heatwave Thermography as a new in-service qualification method of fasteners in aircraft fuselage panels. By performing feasibility tests on a serviceable part of an aircraft, the results of this work aim towards the application in an industrial environment like the aircraft hangar. A benchmark and comparison with Ultrasound Lock-in Thermography and Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry ranks this technology with respect to industrial applications. The inspection of fasteners in aluminium joints in the aviation industry is a time consuming and costly but mandatory task. Until today, the manual procedure with the bare eye does not allow the temporal tracking of a damaging behavior or the objective comparison between different inspections. A digital inspection method addresses both aspects while resulting in a significant inspection time reduction. The purpose of this work is to develop a digital and automated inspection method based on In-plane Heatwave Thermography and the analysis of the disturbances due to thermal irregularities in the plate-like structure. For this, a comparison study with Ultrasound Lock-in Thermography and Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry as well as a benchmarking of all three methods on one serviceable aircraft fuselage panel is performed. The presented data confirm the feasibility to detect and to qualify countersunk rivets and screws in aluminium aircraft fuselage panels with the discussed methods. The results suggest a fully automated inspection procedure which combines the different approaches and a study with more samples to establish thresholds indicating intact and damaged fasteners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter canola (Brassica napus L.) production has increased in the Great Plains as producers seek a rotational and alternative crop to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L). However, limited information is available if canola could be used for dual‐purpose without significantly affecting grain yield. The objectives of this study were to (a) investigate dual‐purpose potential and (b) impact of companion crops on growth, survival, biomass, and grain yield of canola. The study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at Garden City, KS. The experimental design of the study was a randomized complete block design with split‐plot arrangement. Main plot treatments were a factorial of canola cultivars (Griffin or Wichita) and companion crop treatments (none, spring triticale [× Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus], winter triticale, radish [Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin], and turnip [Brassica rapa var. rapa L.]), and the split‐plot treatments were single‐purpose (grain only) or dual‐purpose (grain and forage) management. Averaged across cultivars and years, grain yield was 70% greater when canola was used for single‐purpose (grain‐only) compared with dual‐purpose. Griffin grain yield tended to be relatively greater than Wichita in dual‐purpose use. Averaged across the two years, turnip as a companion crop decreased canola yield by 38% but resulted in greater forage accumulation. In conclusion, dual‐purpose canola has a grain yield penalty, but effects may vary by cultivar. Companion cropping did not benefit canola and in some cases negatively affected grain yield. When grain production is the primary objective, both companion cropping and forage use should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter canola (Brassica napus L.) is highly sensitive to increasing temperatures during the reproductive and pod‐filling stages. Although the impact of high day‐time temperature stress on yield and quality has been documented in canola, similar information under high night‐time temperature (HNT) stress is not available. Using six hybrids and four open‐pollinated cultivars, we observed a marked shift in peak flowering towards earlier, cooler hours of the morning under HNT. Averaged across two independent experiments, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was significantly decreased (3%), with a significant increase in thylakoid membrane damage (13%) in the leaves of susceptible cultivars under HNT stress. Similarly, the susceptible cultivars also recorded significant reduction in biomass (34%), pod number (22%), pod weight (37%) and total seed weight (40%) per plant while the same set of agronomic traits were not affected among the tolerant cultivars. Quantitative impact of heat stress was confirmed with increased sensitivity to HNT exposure from gametogenesis until maturity resulting in a significantly higher yield loss compared to stress exposure from post‐flowering till maturity. HNT significantly decreased oil concentration, but increased protein concentration and saturated fatty acid levels in seeds of the susceptible cultivars. However, HNT had no impact on the unsaturated fatty acids in both hybrids and the open‐pollinated cultivars. Breeding targets based on fatty acid composition for enhancing canola seed quality may not be easily amenable due to the inconsistency documented with the compositional changes under heat stress. In summary, our findings conclude that canola hybrids are better suited to regions experiencing heat stress, compared to open‐pollinated cultivars, indicating the possibility of a complete shift to hybrid canola cultivation under predicted hotter climates in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the paper "Labor Reporting and Its Critics in the CIO Years," by Philip Glende on topics including the history of labor reporting, the active opposition of daily newspapers to labor, and the creation of public perception of labor.

Featured Application: This work contributes to the development of a monitoring system for the remote detection, localization and quantification of melting ice. Acoustic emission measurements enable the remote monitoring in an environment where the region of interest is neither optically nor physically accessible. The kerosene tank of civil aircraft is one example where the aforementioned accessibility is only achieved with high costs and extensive labor. This is why inter alia aircraft operators that perform the daily maintenance of civil aircraft are interested in such an inspection method. Here the detection of ice inside the fuel tanks increases the operational efficiency as well as the safety for the ground personnel. Aircraft operators being faced with water accumulation in fuel tanks on a daily basis and are looking for reliable detection systems to determine the remaining amount of accumulated ice during maintenance after flight. Using such a technology, an increase in the safety and efficiency of the aircraft operation would be possible in this highly competitive market. This article presents the use of the Acoustic Emission Technique (AE) for the reliable and non-invasive monitoring of the melting of ice in fuel tanks. This technology is in principle based on the fact that a phase transition comes frequently along with stress relaxation that can be used for monitoring the process. Therefore, the melting of water can, in essence, be monitored with AE without accessing the ice directly. The analysis of the AE signals has been carried out in the time domain since it was the melting of ice needed to be monitored as a function of temperature rise time. The insights presented in this paper can possibly lead to new technologies for ice detection, especially in remote areas that are not easily accessible with other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canola (Brassica napus L. cv. 'Canola') production has both economic and agronomic advantages. The objectives of this review were to summarize the key management factors determining crop productivity and to propose plausible pathways to narrow the gap between actual and potential yield. A synthesis study was conducted on data available from performance trials and by reviewing >100 reports in peerreviewed journals, extension publications, and websites. The main outcomes obtained from this synthesis suggested that canola attainable yield could be 4 Mg ha-1 with a potential maximum yield of 7 Mg ha-1. However, actual average yields in North America region were ~1.7 Mg ha-1 for the period 2000 to 2014. Available inseason water, water distribution at critical stages, and nutrient supply (soil plus fertilizer) all contribute to a significant portion of canola yield. Other management factors such as seeding rate, rotation, and cultivar selection substantially affect plant performance. Tillage might have an economic and environmental effect, but overall, the outcome of the meta-analysis did not show significant effect on yield. The review suggests that water supply, balanced nutrition, early planting (for both winter and spring types) in shallow depth (10-19 mm), high seeding rate (6 kg ha-1), and diverse rotation (canola every 3 or 4 yr) are among the best management practices to increase yields. Future lines of research should focus on improving planting operations that diminish early-season heterogeneity, finetuning optimal seeding rates based on modern varieties at varying yield environments, and searching for compatible hybrids to replant without heterogeneity at harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reassessesThe People's Choiceby Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet, one of the foundations of communication and voting behavior research. As with most classics, which are often cited but seldom read, we believe this book has much to teach contemporary social scientists. We return to the original context of the research and use voting data from the period with three broad goals: (a) to find ideas and lessons from this work that generally have been overlooked, (b) to suggest new ways of applying these ideas, and (c) to encourage scholars to engage more with this seminal work to understand ideas that are often overlooked when a complex piece of research is reduced to a brief discussion or passing citation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the sensory and material history of the "Chicago Tribune" newspaper. It presents the newspaper's history as an industrially produced material object and cites the commitment of the Tribune Company to industrial innovation in newspaper production. It also discusses the creation and implementation of a supply chain strategy by the company in the 1940s.

In the early twentieth century, American newspapers enjoyed high circulations while presenting readers with diverse and plentiful content. After 1920, radio broadcasting made even more information available for public consumption, giving audience members an abundant range of media choices. During a time of plenty for readers and listeners, companies in the business of media struggled with the opposite problem: scarcity. As the amount of media content proliferated, the practical ability to disseminate it was determined by the access to scarce resources, and this was true for both radio broadcasting and newspaper publishing. In many respects, the history of the American mass media in the early twentieth century might best be told as a tale of two scarcities, one—the electromagnetic spectrum—defined by absolute limits and the other—the newsprint—defined by access to markets for a particular material, the supply of which often fluctuated in availability and price. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article analyzes the history of the newspaper industry and attributes the current crisis to managerial short-run decisions from 1985 to 2004. It attributes reduced local market growth to declining circulation and maximized advertising prices. Reasons cited for the decline in circulation include clustering or buying newspapers within the same region to cut costs and reduce competition, lower quality newspapers because of lack of investment in the newsroom and rising costs of advertising.

Successful winter canola (Brassica napus L.) production creates diversity and provides crop rotation alternatives for producers. Stand establishment and winter survival are among the main determinants of success in winter canola production. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of environment, crop management, genetics and their interactions on canola stand establishment, survival, yield, and oil and protein content. Two datasets were analyzed: results from the National Winter Canola Variety Trials conducted from 2003 to 2012 and data from experiments conducted for 3 yr (2010-2012) in Manhattan, KS, to assess the impact of planting date, tillage, and cultivar on canola yield and survival. Canola has the potential to yield up to 7 Mg ha-1; however, actual yields were usually in the range of 0 to 4 Mg ha-1. The average oil content of canola seeds was 40%, but the potential extended to 47%. Environment, defined as a combination of year and location, was responsible for the majority of variation in yield, oil content, stand establishment, and survival of winter canola. Planting in mid to late August and early September benefited yield most of the time compared with planting late in September or October in the Great Plains and Midwestern United States. Only with extremely early or late planting did tillage improve winter survival and yield compared with no-till. Crown height of canola was greater in no-till treatments compared with conventional tillage treatments, but a significant relationship was not observed between crown height and winter survival or yield. Cultivars differed significantly in yield, survival, and crown height, but no cultivars were consistently superior in no-till conditions or with plantings outside of the recommended time frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity information will be very valuable for future rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) improvement. The genetic diversity and relationships among 92 rapeseed accessions, including 44 from China, 22 from Europe, 16 from the United States, and 10 from Canada, were assessed by 60 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 22 expressed sequence tag (EST)-simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. In total, 618 RAPD and 117 EST-SSR polymorphic fragments were detected. The average number of polymorphic fragments found by each RAPD primer was 10.3 ranging from 3 to 17 and that detected by each pair of EST-SSR primer was 5.3 ranging from 4 to 7. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis revealed that these 92 accessions could be classified into three major clusters. Cluster I consisted of accessions mainly from China, which belong to the semi-winter type. Cluster II contained accessions from Europe and the United States, which belong to the winter type. Cluster III was a semi-winter and spring type mixture group, which contained accessions mainly from China and Canada. The principal component analysis and population structure analysis revealed similar results to the cluster analysis. Analysis of molecular variance result based on four geographic groups indicated that genetic variation was 8.24% among populations of geographic regions and 91.76% within geographic regions. Rapeseed accessions from the United Stated have the greatest genetic distance from accessions of other geographic origins, especially those from China. United States rapeseed could be important germplasm resources for enriching the genetic background of Chinese rapeseed and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes Paul Lazarsfeld's 1941 book, Radio and the Printed Page, arguing for the book's enduring significance in communication and media studies. In the book, Lazarsfeld rejected the then-influential technological determinist model that Hadley Cantril and Gordon Allport had developed through studying the new medium of radio. In contrast to Cantril and Allport, Lazarsfeld found through studying Americans' listening and reading habits that radio's effects on society were not totalizing, and he discovered that radio not only did not diminish the importance of reading printed texts, but that it in fact may have encouraged the practice. The book established Lazarsfeld's scholarly reputation in the United States and formed the basis for his later and widely influential research. Long ignored in the intellectual history of media studies, Radio and the Printed Page is in fact a foundational work, one that contains the clear beginnings of the social constructivist ideas that Lazarsfeld would later articulate in The People's Choice and Personal Influence. Ultimately, the work presented a theory understanding media effects as significant but not totalizing, analyzed how people made meaning of media content through everyday social life, and demonstrated the continuing relevance of print in a world increasingly linked together by newer forms of media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benchmark testing of existing seat designs reveals poor performance in low-speed rear impacts. The neck injury criterion (NIC) exceeds the limiting value of 15 for almost all seats without a whiplash protection system. As only few new car models offer this, a system for retrofit installation was developed and tested. The Retrofit Anti Whiplash System, AWS, consists of a yielding device which is fitted to the seat rails and allows the whole seat to rotate and move backwards. This reduces thorax acceleration and thus the NIC value. As the force required to actuate the device depends on the position of the seat, the system offers optimum protection for large and small occupants. Tests with the rear impact dummy BioRID show a noticeable reduction in NIC compared to the standard seat. Loadings to the neck at a rear impact speed change of a Delta v of 15 km/h (9.3 mph) with AWS are in the same magnitude as at 9 km/h (5.6 mph) without AWS. MADYMO simulations with real crash pulses have been performed, and the potential benefit of AWS is estimated on the basis of these results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents information on a study that examined a proposed single-switch topology that ensures safe reverse and forward recovery through an improved gate drive arrangement. Switch topologies; Device testing circuit; Experimental results.

Investigates the specificity and extent of crosslink formation within an oligomeric duplex as a function of 5-(omega-(omega-haloacylamido)alkyl)-2'-deoxyuridine under conditions approximating the physiologic environment. Site and extent of crosslinking; Regiospecificity of alkylation.