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In Indonesia, Boesenbergia rotunda, also referred to as Temu kunci. According to earlier research, B. rotunda is a rich source of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Extensive research is required to examine the chemical profiles of indigenous plants and analyze medicinal properties from extracts of B. rotunda. Thus, a phytochemical investigation is conducted on the extracts of B. rotunda and two recognized flavonoids, pinostrobin (1) and pinocembrin (2), were isolated from extracts of B. rotunda utilizing a variety of chromatographic methods. The structures are determined using the FTIR, and HPLC, 1H and 13C NMR data and comparison with published literature. The Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity prediction of substances (pKCSM) online tool was also used in this work to estimate the pharmacokinetic and toxicity potencies of pinostrobin and pinocembrin. The pKCSM prediction indicates that pinocembrin and pinostrobin have good pharmacokinetic characteristics and lack the potential to be hepatotoxic or mutagenic substances. Both pinostrobin and pinocembrin have low level lethal dosage values (LD50) of 2000 mol/kg. However, more investigation is still required to validate these hypotheses.

Abstract Gaharu bouya oil obtained from distillation of the woods from Gonystylus genus has attracted essential oil industry interest. However, the information about gaharu bouya essential oil profile is limited. The presence of Gonystylus species is also critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, exploring the -omics profiles of Gonystylus bancanus, a native plant from Borneo Island, is important for Indonesia to conserve the population. This research investigated the metabolite profiling of G. bancanus oil, especially the volatile components of its essential oils. Distillations were performed in two technical ways: hydrodistillation on a laboratory scale and steam distillation on an industrial scale. According to LC–MS and GC–MS profiles, both essential oils displayed similar chemical compositions. This article also discusses the similarity of the chemical contents of gaharu bouya oil and agarwood oil from the gaharu superior type (Aquilaria) to support the value of the oil. This research also investigated the cytotoxicity of gaharu bouya oil against three cell lines: HeLa, MCF-7, and HT-29.

Abstract COVID-19 has been a major global health concern for the past three years, and currently we are still experiencing coronavirus patients in the following years. The virus, known as SARS-CoV-2, shares a similar genomic identity with previous viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To combat the pandemic, modern drugs discovery techniques such as in silico experiments for docking and virtual screening have been employed to design new drugs against COVID-19. However, the release of new drugs for human use requires two safety assessment steps consisting of preclinical and clinical trials. To bypass these steps, scientists are exploring the potential of repurposing existing drugs for COVID-19 treatment. This approach involves evaluating antiviral activity of drugs previously used for treating respiratory diseases against other enveloped viruses such as HPV, HSV, and HIV. The aim of this study is to review repurposing of existing drugs, traditional medicines, and active secondary metabolites from plant-based natural products that target specific protein enzymes related to SARS-CoV-2. The review also analyzes the chemical structure and activity relationship between selected active molecules, particularly flavonol groups, as ligands and proteins or active sites of SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Stachytarpheta jamaicensis is one of the folk medicines used for the treatment of diabetes in Ambon, Indonesia, but there are limited studies on the bioactivities of its constituents. This study aims to assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of four extracts of S. jamaicensis leaves extracted using several solvents. Bioassay guided fractionation on each extract establishes for exploring S. jamaicensis leaves active compounds. The antioxidant was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS methods, while the α-glucosidase inhibitory was carried out in vitro assay. The results showed that the methanol extract of S. jamaicensis leaves displays inhibition of DPPH, ABTS and α-glucosidase activity compared to other solvent extracts. Furthermore, 6β-hydroxyipolamiide was successfully isolated from the methanol extract of S. jamicensis leaves which was reported to have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 539.17 μg/mL. Based on the results, S. jamaicensis could be recommended as an antioxidant and antidiabetic agent.

Abstract Gonystylus bancanus wood or ramin wood has been generally known as a source of agarwood (gaharu) bouya, a kind of agarwood inferior type, or under the exported trading name of aetoxylon oil. The massive exploitation of ramin wood is causing this plant's extinction and putting it on Appendix II CITES and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. To date, no scientific publication concerns the chemical exploration of G. bancanus wood and preserving this germplasm through its metabolite profiling. Therefore, research focused on chemical components profiling of G. bancanus is promised. This research is aimed to explore metabolomics and analyze the influence of solvent polarities on the partitioning of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. A range of solvents in different polarities was applied to provide comprehensive extraction of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. Moreover, a hydrodistillation was also carried out to extract the volatile compounds despite the non-volatile ones. LCMS and GCMS analyses were performed to identify volatile and non-volatile components in the extracts and essential oil. Multivariate data analysis was processed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. 142 metabolites were identified by LCMS analysis, while 89 metabolites were identified by GCMS analysis. Terpenoids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, and saccharides are some major compound classes available from LCMS data. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, especially 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and β-eudesmol, are the major volatile components identified from GCMS analysis. PCA of LCMS analysis demonstrated that PC1 discriminated two clusters: essential oil, dichloromethane, and n-hexane extracts were in the positive quadrant, while methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were in the negative quadrant. Three-dimensional analysis of GCMS data revealed that n-hexane extract was in the superior quadrant, and its composition can be significantly distinguished from other extracts and essential oil. G. bancanus wood comprises valuable metabolites, i.e., terpenoids, which benefit the essential oil industry. Comprehensive extraction by performing solvents in different polarities on G. bancanus wood could allow exploration of fully extracted metabolites, supported by the exhibition of identified metabolites from LCMS and GCMS analysis.

Mangifera rufocostata, a member of the Mangifera genus, is a source of secondary metabolites and has been used traditionally as antidiabetic agent. Therefore, this study aims to determine the total flavonoid contens (TFC), total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities of M. rufocostata stem bark extract. Antioxidant activity were evaluated by 2-2″-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. α-glucosidase inhibitory to prediction antidiabetic activity, and cytotoxic activity were studied against HT-29, HeLa, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The results showed that the methanol extract have the highest TFC, TPC, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the methanol extract has strong cytotoxicity againts HT-29 cancer cells. Based on LC-MS/MS, the methanol extract contain several major compounds such as mangiferin, quinic acid, gallic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl glycol.

Amidst a rapidly aging population, osteoporosis, a condition that causes weakened, fragile bones due to deteriorating bone structure, has become a significant public health concern in Indonesia. Prevention strategies focus on increasing calcium-rich food intake. Fish bones, typically discarded as waste, offer a valuable alternative for calcium due to their high content, similar to traditional supplements. However, calcium absorption from fish bone flour is limited, leading to potential deficiencies. Nanotechnology addresses this by reducing calcium particles to nanoscale, significantly improving bioavailability. This research explores the potential of naturally occurring nano-calcium derived from various fish bones. The particle size analysis of fish bone powder (FBP) revealed that all samples were in the nanometer range (393.30 and 744.93 nm). The Fourier Transform Infrared spectra confirmed the presence of amide peaks, such as amide I (1649-1662 cm−1), amide II (1548-1552 cm−1), amide III (1242-1244 cm−1), and phosphate (565–569 and 605 cm−1). The field emission scanning electron microscopy identified FBP as calcite. The Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed that snakehead FBP had the highest CaO content, while the X-Ray Diffraction spectra pattern determined that catfish FBP exhibited the highest crystallinity. The nutritional analysis indicated that catfish FBP contained more ash, lipids, calcium, and phosphorus, while snakehead FBP was richer in protein (53.25 ± 0.94 %). These results suggest that nanotechnology enhances the calcium content in fish bones, transforming what is typically considered waste into a valuable natural source of nano-calcium to address deficiencies and improve bone health.

Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) is one of the most commercially agricultural crops in the world. Indonesia is one of the top ten tobacco producing countries in the world since 1990’s. Based on literature studies, tobacco has the main secondary metabolites such as cembranoids and flavonoids. They have fine biological activities as antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-HIV, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, anti-termite, and cytotoxicity effects. Therefore, N. tabacum is potential for further investigation on natural products research. This review aims to provide scientific evidences related to structure activity relationship between secondary metabolites and biological activities of N. tabacum.

Background: Calcium hydroxide is the gold standard medicament for root canal treatment. Enterococcus faecalis, the primary cause of intraradicular persistent endodontic infection, is often identified even after endodontic treatment. Thymoquinone, an active ingredient of Nigella sativa, has an antimicrobial effect on both gram-negative and positive bacteria, including E. faecalis. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of calcium hydroxide combined with Nigella sativa extract and determine the best ratio for the combined material. Methods: This is an experimental study comprised of six groups (n = 4 per group) based on the material and its ratio, namely; (1) calcium hydroxide; (2) Nigella sativa extract; and groups of the combination of calcium hydroxide and Nigella sativa extract with a ratio (3) 70:30, (4) 50:50, (5) 30:70, (6) 10:90. The inhibitory effect against E. faecalis was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method in Muller–Hinton agar. Observation of the inhibitory zone was performed on the first, third, and seventh days. The collected data were analysed by a one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test. Results: Calcium hydroxide has the highest inhibitory effect, and the combination of Nigella sativa extract with calcium hydroxide ratio 50:50 was second. The inhibitory zone of these two groups was significantly higher than in any other group (p

The nutritional content of mushrooms depends on the type of substrate in the growing medium. Lignocellulose is one of the substrates used for fungal growth media. In this study, the effect of adding dried reeds (Imperata cylindrical (L.) Beauv) on Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) sawdust-based media was investigated for wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula-Judae) fruiting body. Reeds have been added to Sengon sawdust as wood ear mushroom cultivated medium with variations of S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4 (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of reeds, respectively). S0 was designed as the negative control and S4 as the positive control. The evaluation was carried out against the C/N ratio, yield, biological efficiency (BE), nutritional content, and antioxidant activity of fruiting body mushrooms after 10, 20, and 30 days planted. The highest C/N ratio and BE were obtained from the S1 medium. The lowest moisture content was obtained from the S0 medium. The lowest fat content was obtained from the S4 medium. The best result of nutritional analysis includes the following; the highest total carbohydrate, ash, crude fiber, and crude protein content was obtained from S3, S4, S3, and S0. Furthermore, the best result of antioxidant activity against ABTS and DPPH was obtained at methanol extract of fruiting body mushrooms from S1 medium, compared with ascorbic acid as the positive control. This study has shown that adding reeds to the cultivated medium influences the growth, nutritional content, and antioxidant activity of wood ear mushrooms.

The national history textbook is one of the most controversial textbooks. In books, historical events are presented in the form of narratives that can be used as lessons for the present and future challenges. Narratives can be studied from the point of view of critical discourse analysis that provides awareness. A literature study method with a close reading technique is used to understand the narrative pattern in the textbook. The textbooks in this analysis are textbooks published between 1975-2003. These books represent textbooks from the 1975 curriculum to the 1994 curriculum, supplement to GBPP 1999. The results of the analysis show that this textbook shows a role narrative pattern using a concentric chronological approach, using the principles of accommodative history writing, highlighting aspects of heroism, and using an event approach in the flow of food. The weakness of this textbook is that there are attempts to build an unbalanced role narrative. The narrative of the role of the regime in power at that time was presented with an exaggerated cult tendency. Buku teks sejarah nasional adalah salah satu buku teks yang paling sering mengundang kontroversi. Pada buku teks, setiap kejadian sejarah disajikan sebagai narasi sejarah yang menjadi materi pembelajaran untuk kehidupan masa sekarang dan menghadapi tantangan di masa depan. Sajian narasi dalam analisis buku dapat ditelaah menggunakan pespektif model analisis wacana kritis dengan mengedepankan aspek kesadaran sejarah. Untuk memahami pola narasi dalam buku teks digunakan metode studi literatur dengan teknik close reading. Buku teks dalam analisis ini merupakan buku teks yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1975-2003. Buku-buku tersebut mewakili buku teks dari kurikulum 1975 sampai dengan kurikulum 1994, suplemen GBPP 1999. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa buku teks ini menunjukkan pola narasi peran dengan menggunakan pendekatan kronologis konsentris, menggunakan prinsip penulisan sejarah akomodatif, menonjolkan aspek heroism, dan menggunakan pendekatan peristiwa dalam alur sajiannya. Kelemahan buku teks ini adalah terdapat upaya membangun narasi peran yang tidak seimbang. Narasi peran bagi rezim yang sedang berkuasa pada saat itu ditampilkan dengan tendensi pengkultusan yang berlebihan.

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is the most cultivated mushroom which its growth performance and nutritional composition depend on substrate types. Thus, this study investigated the effect of coconut coir on minerals and vitamins B contents in the oyster mushroom cultivation medium. The composition of coconut coir and Sengon’s sawdust as growth medium were variated at ratios of 4:0 (F1), 3:1 (F2), 2:2 (F3), 1:3 (F4), 0:4 (F5) (w/w). Furthermore, the mineral and vitamin B contents of the harvested oyster mushrooms were analyzed by ICPMS and LCMS, respectively. The highest minerals contents of potassium 26,909 mg/kg, 1,136 mg/kg of phosphorus, 313 mg/kg of magnesium, 4,346 mg/kg of calcium, 15.4 mg/kg for zinc, 2.07 mg/kg of copper, 0.623 mg/kg of Selenium were identified at F1, whereas the highest manganese was at F2 (15.3 mg/kg). Potassium was the highest mineral content in oyster mushrooms in all growth media, and low toxic minerals content of cadmium was detected between 0.015-0.058 mg/kg in all variant substrates. Lead (0.525 mg/kg) and mercury (0.012 mg/kg) was only detected at F1, while arsenic was detected at F4 (0.002 mg/kg) and F5 (0.029 mg/kg). LCMS analysis showed that vitamin B1 (Thiamine), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine) and B12 (cyanocobalamin) were detected in all growth media, while vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) was only detected at F5. These results indicated that the P. ostreatus cultivation on coconut coir become valuable nutritional resources to alleviate malnutrition and help dispose of coconut coir in an environment-friendly manner.

Muntingia calabura (Muntingiaceae) merupakan Jamaican cherry yang dikenal di Indonesia sebagai Kersen atau Talok. Metabolit sekunder sebagai konstituen kimia telah diisolasi dari daun, batang dan akar M. calabura. Flavonoid merupakan konstituen utama penyusun metabolit sekunder dari tanaman ini. Kelompok flavonoid telah dilaporkan memiliki efek farmakologi yang baik. Beberapa literatur melaporkan bioaktivitas M. calabura sebagai antioksidan, antidiabetes, antimikroba, antikanker, anti-inflamasi dan lain-lain. Review ini bertujuan memberikan fakta ilmiah terkait sinergitas metabolit sekunder dan bioaktivitas M. calabura yang diperlukan untuk penelitian kimia bahan alam lebih lanjut. The secondary metabolites of Muntingia calabura and its bioactivity. Muntingia calabura (Mutingiaceae) was recognized as Jamaican cherry called as Kersen or Talok in Indonesia. The chemical constituents have been isolated from leave, stem and root of M. calabura. The main chemical constituent of the secondary metabolite is flavonoid. The flavonoid group has been reported as a good source in pharmacological aspect. Most of literatures reported that M. calabura has a good bioactivity as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and others. This review aims to provide the scientific evidences related to the synergism of secondary metabolites and the bioactivities of M. calabura for further research on natural products.

Postpartum treatments have been used by local women in Indonesia for some time now. One commonly used postpartum treatment is the consumption of a traditional herbal medicine called PHM-1 during the first 40 days after childbirth. In addition, a second medicine known as PHM-2 is taken for days 41-80. However, sufficient scientific evidence about the benefits of this postpartum herbal medicine does not exist. In this study, the antibacterial abilities of PHM-1 and PHM-2 therefore was evaluated and showed positive potential for both. Low IC50 values were obtained against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Ralstonia pickettii, and Staphylococcus epidermidis and compared with chloramphenicol as a positive control. The antibacterial activity of both PHM-1 and PHM-2 against R. pickettii had the highest inhibitory activity as evidenced by the lowest IC50 values of 11.16 and 6.26 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, an in vivo acute toxicity test showed that PHM-1 produced a low LD50 value of 3.28 g/kg BW for both of male and female mice. These results support the use of both PHM-1 and PHM-2 as antibacterial treatments for postpartum women.

Cassia alata or locally known as Ketepeng Cina (Indonesia) and Gelenggang (Malaysia) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases, especially skin diseases. In addition, C. alata has been reported to have potential anti allergic, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antifungal. Metabolite compounds that have been isolated from C. alata include flavones, flavonols, flavonoids glycosides, alatinon, alanonal and β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside. The compounds have been isolated mainly from the leaves. Further identification is needed to discover the secondary metabolites from other parts of the plant such as seed, flower and bark which are reported to have potent antibacterial and antifungal activity. Therefore, this article highlights the secondary metabolites and biological activity of this plant which has been shown to have pharmacological properties against selected diseases.

Over the past few decades, complementary medicine therapy using medicinal plants have been developed in healthcare. Phytochemical studies about medicinal plants have been conducted to verify their potency as medicinal remedies in modern therapeutics. Dipterocarpus littoralis commonly known as Meranti Jawa in Indonesia is traditionally used to treat diseases such as diarrhea, diabetic and malaria. This study aimed to isolate bioactive compounds from D. littoralis using bioguided fractionation method. The bioactivity measured were antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiplasmodial activity. Alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase assays were applied to estimate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of D. littoralis. The antioxidant activities were determined by using the free radical scavenging assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2″-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Analysis of total flavonoid and phenolic contents were expressed as Quercetin Equivalent (QE) and Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE), respectively. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity test of methanol extract of D. littoralis was also conducted against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. Purification of the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of D. littoralis resulted in an oligostilbenes namely α-viniferin (1). The structure of the α-viniferin was characterized by comprehensive spectral analysis including IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and in comparison with the literature data. Compound 1 showed an alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 256.17 and 212.79 μg/mL, respectively. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity test against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 at a concentration of 100 μg/mL revealed a strong antiplasmodial inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 2.76 μg/mL. Our findings indicated that α-viniferin (1) which is isolated from D. littoralis extract could be regarded as potential antidiabetic and antiplasmodial resources in the future.

This study aimed to isolate polyprenylated benzophenones from the rootbark of Garcinia celebica and assess their activities in vitro and in silico. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods. The cytotoxicity was evaluated against HeLa, MCF-7, A549, and B16 cancer cell lines. The antiplasmodial activity was performed against the chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. Molecular docking was analyzed on alpha-estrogen receptor (3ERT) and P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (1CET). The prediction of ADMET for the compounds was also studied. For the first time, (-)-cycloxanthochymol, isoxanthochymol, and xanthochymol were isolated from the root bark of Garcinia celebica. The antioxidant and cytotoxicity evaluation showed that all benzophenones exhibited antioxidant activity compared to gallic acid and quercetin as positive controls and also exhibited strong activity against HeLa, MCF-7, A549, and B16 cell lines compared to cisplatin as the positive control. The antiplasmodial evaluation showed that isoxanthochymol exhibited activity against the chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum strain 3D7. In addition, the in silico molecular docking study supported in vitro activities. The ADMET analysis also indicated the isolated benzophenones are potential oral drug candidates.

Antioxidant activities of Syzygium polyanthum Wight leaves extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and hexane) were evaluated by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate) and ABTS (2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) methods. The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity of DPPH assay among extracts with IC50 value of 55.2 mg/ml. In addition, methanol extract also showed the highest antioxidant activity of ABTS assay among extracts with IC50 value of 17.41 mg/ml. It indicated that methanol extract of S. polyanthum Wight leaves potential for antioxidant.

Many plants of the family of Araceae possess significant benefit as medicinal plants. Anthurium hookerii is herbaceous genus of the family of Araceae. A. hookerii leaves were extracted with five dissimilarity solvents (methanolic, water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and dichloromethane). The extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical, total phenolic contents, and antibacterial potential. The presences of tannins and saponins were found in all crude extracts. The steroid was only found in dichloromethane extract, whereas flavonoid was obtained in methanol and water extracts. Besides; methanol, ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane extracts showed triterpenoid contents. Alkaloid presences in ethyl acetate, methanolic, dichloromethane, and water extracts. The total phenol content was examined by Follin-Ciocalteu assay, which varied from 9.52-76.56 mg/g GAE. The highest total phenolic was found in methanol extract. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging ability that showed the scavenging activity with range 7.24-66.11%, which the methanoilic extract have the excellent antioxidant potential (IC50 232.90 µg/ml). Antibacterial activity of leaves extracts of A. hookerii was screened based on disc diffusion method. Water extract showed the wide spectrum antibacterial potential. Klebsiella sp., Bacillus subtilis, Pripioni agnes, and Strepticoccus mutans with maximum diameter of inhibition zone 10.30, 14.20, 9.60, and 15.10 mm, respectively.

Sonneratia, a genus of mangroves from family Lythraceae, is reported for number of high biological activity including antimicrobial. Sonneratia ovata Backer is one of the species which traditionally used by Indonesian people for the treatment of some diseases. In this research, the investigation about biological activity of S. ovata Backer as anti-microbial has been performed. The methanol extract of S. ovata Backer is highly potential as antimicrobial against gram positive bacteria, S. aureus, with IC50 value of 7.7 μg/ml which is higher than of Ampicillin as positive control with IC50 value of 37.8 μg/ml. Furthermore, stigmasterol one of the major compound of S. ovata Backer has been isolated from the methanol extract of the stem bark of S. ovata Backer. Therefore, S. ovata Backer is proven to have high activity as antimicrobial, and highly potential to be a new source of antimicrobial agent.

Garcinia husor is one of the folk medicines in Maluku-Indonesia. This species has been used for the treatmet of Malaria disease. The phytochemical contents and antiplasmodial activity not reported yet. In this study we evaluated the quantitative phytochemicals, in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of stem bark ethyl acetate extract. In vitro assay was done using P. falciparum 3D7 strain sensitive of chloroquine. For in vivo analysis, four groups of M. musculus were infected by P. berghei and their parasitemia levels were for 7 days of treatment with ethyl acetate extract; hematological and biochemical parameter were analyzed at the end of experiment. The result showed ethyl acetate extract with the TPC (169.47 mg GAE/100 g ±0.61) and TPC (167.37 mg QE/100 g ±1.05) was active against P. falciparum 3D7 strain (IC50 value of 0.31±0.43 μg/ml). The animal treated with extract showed suppression of parasitemia to 87.57±1.41% compared with the P. berghei infected-mice (negative control), ED50 value of 22.30 mg/kg BW. The dose of extract in 200 mg/kg BW was reduce parasitemia of infected mice with P. berghei more potential. The ethyl acetate of the stem bark G. husor with has antiplasmodial properties and future investigation are necessary to elucidate its mechanism of action.

Moringa oleifera have been evaluated for its antioxidant activity. M. oleifera leaves were extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and n-hexane. The antioxidant activity of extracts were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay and an improved 2,2’-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulphonate] (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay in vitro. Trolox was used as standard with IC50 5.89 μg/mL in DPPH assay and 3.06 μg/mL in ABTS assay. The methanol extract showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 49.30 μg/mL in DPPH assay and 11.73 μg/mL in ABTS assay. This study provided that M. oleifera leaves possess antioxidant.

New Prenylated stilbene derivatives, 3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxy-stilbene acid (1) and 5,4'-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-prenyl-stilbene (2) had been isolated from methanol extract of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Pigeon pea), a member of family fabaceae. The aim of this present work was to evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging. Isolation of compounds was achieved by extraction (maceration) and chromatographic technique. The structures of the compounds were determined based on UV, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra and also by comparing with the previously reported data. Antioxidant activities (IC50) of 1 and 2 were 413.68 μg/mL and 271.53 μg/mL, respectively.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between the values of Pancasila in shaping a sense of citizenship in teenagers. Teenagers are the future residents of a nation that is expected to embody the values of Pancasila in public life. These values are inculcated through education at school, and could result in the creation of a sense of citizenship in teenagers. This study uses quantitative methods involving 297 high school students from the country, religious-affiliated schools and boarding school in West Java. Pearson correlation test showed a positive correlation and significant at all values of Pancasila and a sense of citizenship, which is the first principle, the second principle, third, fourth, and fifth. Thus, the higher the values of Pancasila individual then come high sense of citizenship. In particular, the strongest relationships arise from values of social justice and citizenship. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v1i12016p012