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New federal regulations allow HIV-positive individuals to be live kidney donors; however, potential candidacy for donation is poorly understood given the increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with HIV infection. To better understand this risk, we compared the incidence of ESRD among 41 968 HIV-positive participants of North America AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design followed for a median of 5 years with the incidence of ESRD among comparable HIV-negative participants of National Health and Nutrition Examination III followed for a median of 14 years. We used risk associations from multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to derive cumulative incidence estimates for selected HIV-positive scenarios (no history of diabetes, hypertension, AIDS, or hepatitis C virus coinfection) and compared these estimates with those from similarly selected HIV-negative scenarios. For 40-year-old HIV-positive individuals with health characteristics that were similar to those of age-matched kidney donors, viral load <400 copies/mL, and CD4 + count ≥500 cells/μL, the 9-year cumulative incidence of ESRD was higher than that of their HIV-negative peers, yet still low: 2.5 versus 1.1 per 10 000 among white women, 3.0 versus 1.3 per 10 000 among white men, 13.2 versus 3.6 per 10 000 among black women, and 15.8 versus 4.4 per 10 000 among black men. HIV-positive individuals with no comorbidities and well-controlled disease may be considered low-risk kidney donor candidates., (© 2017 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to the activation and endothelial deposition of complement. We investigated whether exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to hypoxia and/or reoxygenation activates complement and decreases HUVEC-surface expression of the C3 regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55., Methods and Results: HUVECs were subjected to 0, 12, or 24 hours of hypoxia (O2 = 1%) and then reoxygenated for 3 hours (O2 = 21%) in the presence of 30% human serum. C3 deposition and HUVEC-surface expression of CD46 and CD55 were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry. C3 deposition on HUVECs subjected to 12 or 24 hours of hypoxia followed by 3 hours of reoxygenation was significantly greater than normoxic HUVECs. Inhibition of the classic but not the alternative complement pathway during reoxygenation attenuated C3 deposition. Western blot analysis of HUVEC lysates under reducing conditions demonstrated significantly increased iC3b deposition in hypoxic/reoxygenated HUVECs compared with normoxic HUVECs. FACS analysis confirmed iC3b deposition. HUVEC-surface expression of CD46 and CD55 increases after hypoxia and/or reoxygenation., Conclusions: We conclude that (1) hypoxia and reoxygenation of HUVECs significantly increases iC3b deposition on HUVECs, (2) C3 deposition after hypoxia and reoxygenation is largely mediated by the classic complement pathway, and (3) HUVEC-surface expression of CD46 and CD55 increases after hypoxia and reoxygenation. These data demonstrate that hypoxia and reoxygenation of human endothelial cells activates the classic complement pathway despite an increase in complement C3 regulatory proteins.