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Social and spatial mobility have been subject to substantial recent sociological and policy debate. Complementing other recent work, in this paper we explore these patterns in relation to higher education. Making use of high‐quality data from the higher education statistics agency (HESA), we ran a set of multilevel models to test whether the local authority areas where young people grow up influence social and spatial mobility into a higher professional or managerial job on graduation. We found entry to these patterns reflect pre‐existing geographies of wealth and income, with more affluent rural and suburban areas in South‐East England having higher levels of entry to these occupations. Graduates clustered from major cities tended to be spatially immobile and those from peripheral areas further away from these cities show a higher density of long‐distance moves following graduation. We also explored the intersection between social and spatial mobility for graduates with the economic geography of Britain, showing that access to high‐class occupations is not necessarily associated with long‐distance moves across most British districts. Our evidence further suggests that the 'London effect', where working‐class students have higher school attainment than their peers elsewhere, may not continue through to graduate employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale and frequency of talent mobility in the world have increased sharply, and the competition for talent has intensified in various regions. This paper mainly studies the spatial mobility characteristics and influencing factors of China's highly educated talents. It found that China's higher education population mobility network has prominent uneven characteristics, the central and eastern regions of China, especially the eastern coastal regions, are the hotspots of the network. The higher education population flows frequently in large cities and regional central areas. The hierarchical structure follows a "north-south division," which is dominated by Beijing and Shanghai, respectively. Geographical distance has a specific hindering effect in this context. Furthermore, the similarity of culture, institutions, customs, and dialect facilitates the mobility of the higher education population. Cities with high economic levels, centralized educational resources, sound infrastructure, and aesthetically appealing environments are also likely to attract more talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of the connectivity of the regions of the South of Western Siberia based on the indicators of population spatial mobility—one type of interregional interactions. The types of subregional and interregional connected spaces, including conurbations, are described. The possibilities of using various data sources to study the spatial mobility of Russians are shown. The socioeconomic and infrastructural features of the regions of the South of Western Siberia are also described. Data on travel time between regional centers when traveling by car, bus, or train were analyzed. It was revealed that the time spent traveling between such cities is minimal by car. The transport connectivity of all cities with Novosibirsk is better than with each other, which indicates that the space of the South of Western Siberia is monocentric for this indicator. To determine the migration links of Siberian regions based on Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) data, the values of the coefficients of interregional migration links intensity were calculated in pairs between regions. Closer migration links between the regions of the Western Siberia's South show their connectivity, and the presence of several pairs of territories among them with more intense migration links indicates the polycentric nature of macroregional migration interactions. Based on sociological data obtained in telephone surveys with people in Tomsk oblast and Altai krai in 2021, spatial mobility is described using the case of occasional trips outside the region according to such parameters as intensity, direction, modes of transport used, and purpose of travel. It was revealed that the structure of priority directions of occasional mobility coincides with the directions of intensive migration movements. Among the vehicles used on occasional trips, passenger vehicles predominate; the key purposes of occasional mobility are social, recreational, and work. The analysis shows that spatial connectivity through the population mobility is ensured largely due to the desire to maintain social contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In old age, walking difficulty may reduce opportunities to reach valued activity destinations. Walking modifications, e.g., slower pace or using a walking aid, may enable individuals to continue going where they wish, and hence postpone the consequences of the onset of walking difficulties. We studied visited activity destinations (type, distance) among older people with varying degrees of walking limitations. Community-dwelling 75–85-year-old people living in Jyväskylä (N = 901) were asked to state whether they had no difficulty walking 2 km, had modified their walking, or had difficulty walking. On a digital map, participants located physical exercise, attractive, and regular destinations they had visited during the past month. Destination counts and median distance to destinations from home were computed. Participants with intact walking reported higher counts of physical exercise (IRR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.31, 1.61]) and attractive destinations (IRR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.10, 1.40]) than those with walking difficulty and also visited these destinations further away from home than the others (b = 0.46, 95% CI [0.20, 0.71]). Those with walking modifications reported higher counts of physical exercise destinations than those with walking difficulty (IRR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.09, 1.40]). Counts of regular destinations and distance traveled were not associated with walking limitations. Walking modifications may help people with walking difficulty reach destinations further away from home, potentially contributing to their sense of autonomy. For those with walking difficulty, a low count of destinations other than regular destinations, e.g., shops or healthcare facilities, may signal their abandonment of recreational activities and a decrease in their life space, potentially leading to reduced well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

we present a preliminary set of experimental studies that demonstrates device-aided echolocation enabling in blind and visually impaired individuals. The proposed device emits a click-like sound into the surrounding space and returning sound is perceived by participants to infer the surrounding environment. two sets of experiments were set up to evaluate the echolocation abilities of nine blind participants. The first setup was designed to identify four material types based on the sound reflection properties of materials, such as glass, metal, wood, and ceramics. The second setup was navigation through a basic maze with the device. experimental data demonstrate that the use of the proposed device enables active echolocation abilities in blind participants, particularly for material identification and spatial mobility. the proposed device can potentially be used to rehabilitate disabled blind and visually impaired individuals in terms of spatial mobility and orientation. Device helps rehabilitation of blind and visually impaired individuals Rehabilitation in terms of spatial mobility and orientation Enables active echolocation in blind and visually impaired individuals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we identify the spatial mobility of the populations of selected urban centres in Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary. In total, 1,616 interviews were conducted. Additionally also interviews with the employees responsible for crisis management were conducted. Based on the analyses, five different clusters were identified, with different patterns of inhabitants in terms of their spatial mobility in the event of war. The most significant factors influencing their mobility in crisis situations are country of residence, age, number of people in the household and sex. This research can help develop evacuation strategies at different levels of governance.

Greater Cairo Region has grown into segments through successive cohesions. It has experienced a number of phenomena in its journey of development, such as the increasing trajectory of population declines in the old urban mass, the movement of upper classes to the suburbs, as well as the emergence of the pattern of gated communities. The cause of these phenomena resulted from a group of specific factors; (ageing families and ageing buildings, noise pollution, traffic congestion and bottlenecks, etc.). Political and economic factors were dominant in the emergence of these spatial patterns, in addition to the reduction or marginalization of social, urban and legislative factors. The growth and mobility of the upper classes in the region were consistent with the ring theory of upper-class growth and mobility at the beginning of the century until the early 1970s, and with both sectoral and multiple nuclei theory from the mid-1970s, where economic policies shifted to new economic reform programs, underpinned by correlated dynamic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of Censuses and surveys around the globe only measure 'migrations' crossing particular politico‐administrative boundaries, most commonly 'major' areas like states. These moves, in turn, are often assumed to be representative of all long‐distance or, in some settings, urban–urban moves. While important because such boundaries signal relevant policy environments, little research has tested these assumptions and, more broadly, the implications of examining mobility using an inter/intrastate classification schema versus other substantively‐relevant approaches. Because these examinations have been particularly absent in developing nations, we compare the dynamics and correlates of mobility across inter/intrastate, distance‐ and rural/urban‐based classification schemata in Mexico, a nation with heterogeneous mobility similar to other large middle‐income countries and overall good data availability. We use 2000, 2010 and 2020 Census long‐form data to examine the changing dynamics of mobility patterns and correlates across the classification schemata. While we find that interstate mobility does cover a large majority of long‐distance and many urban–urban moves, we find that the correlates of interstate movement vary considerably from urban–urban movement in particular. We also find that excluding intrametropolitan from other types of moves may be a sensible strategy to better characterize some processes, an issue of increasing relevance in a more urban world and where city‐regions span across major administrative areas. Given these findings, for a better understanding socioeconomic patterns and trends, we recommend that studies of internal migration avoid intra/interstate schema, consider separating intrametropolitan moves, and combine distance‐based and rural‐urban‐metropolitan approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweden had the most liberal lockdown policies in Europe during the Covid-19 pandemic. Relying on individual responsibility and behavioural nudges, their effectiveness was questioned from the perspective of others who responded with legal restrictions on behaviour. In this study, using mobile phone data, we therefore examine daily spatial mobilities in Stockholm to understand how they changed during the pandemic from their pre-pandemic baseline given this background. The analysis demonstrates: that mobilities did indeed change but with some variations according to (a) the residential social composition of places and (b) their locations within the city; that the changes were long lasting; and that the average fall in spatial mobility across the whole was not caused by everybody moving less but instead by more people joining the group of those who stayed close to home. It showed, furthermore, that there were seasonal differences in spatial behaviour as well as those associated with major religious or national festivals. The analysis indicates the value of mobile phone data for spatially fine-grained mobility research but also shows its weaknesses, namely the lack of personal information on important covariates such as age, gender, and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of regional sciences and migration studies, gravity and radiation models are typically used to estimate human spatial mobility of all kinds. These formal models are incorporated as part of regression models along with co-variates, to better represent regional specific aspects. Often, the correlations between dependent and independent variables are of non-linear type and follow complex spatial interactions and multicollinearity. To address some of the model-related obstacles and to arrive at better predictions, we introduce machine learning algorithm class XGBoost to the estimation of spatial interactions and provide useful statistics and visual representations for the model evaluation and the evaluation and interpretation of the independent variables. The methods suggested are used to study the case of the spatial mobility of high-school graduates to the enrolment in higher education institutions in Germany at the county-level. We show that machine learning techniques can deliver explainable results that compare to traditional regression modeling. In addition to typically high model fits, variable-based indicators such as the Shapley Additive Explanations value (SHAP) provide significant additional information on the differentiated and non-linear effect of the variable values. For instance, we provide evidence that the initial study location choice is not related to the quality of local labor-markets in general, as there are both, strong positive and strong negative effects of the local academic employment rates on the migration decision. When controlling for about 28 co-variates, the attractiveness of the study location itself is the most important single factor of influence, followed by the classical distance-related variables travel time (gravitation) and regional opportunities (radiation). We show that machine learning methods can be transparent, interpretable, and explainable, when employed with adequate domain-knowledge and flanked by additional calculations and visualizations related to the model evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a nation‐state and regional perspective, global talent flows have traditionally been South−North, and the discourse has focused on brain drain or brain gain. This research extends beyond the South−North spatial structure to investigate Taiwanese talent flows to China, examining why young Taiwanese talent is migrating to China for employment in the complex context of cross‐Strait relations, and how they accumulate capital through their own particular globalized situation and the relationship they construct between capital accumulation and spatial mobility. The fieldwork for the present research included in‐depth interviews conducted in 2018 with 35 young Taiwanese who had relocated to Beijing for work. Results found that Taiwanese talent does not always accumulate capital through spatial mobility, but rather they experience the offset of privilege and depreciation of embodied cultural capital in the place of immigration and continue to accumulate mixed forms of embodied cultural capital such as 'Chinese experience' which enable the constant mobility or stop in the future. This research describes the dynamics of spatial mobility of talents caused by the accumulation of embodied cultural capital in countering the globalized situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIn this paper we study the impact of firm relocations on commuting distance and the probability of married couples and cohabiting couples with children separating. We use Swedish register data for the period 2010–16 and select employees of relocating firms with one workplace and more than 10 employees. Focusing on this sample allows us to use plausibly exogenous variation in the commuting distance arising from the relocation. We extend the literature on the effect of commuting on relationship stability by reducing the possibility for unobserved time-variant factors to bias our estimates. While previous literature has focused on the difference between short- and long-distance commuting, we focus on changes in the commuting distance that are externally induced by firm management. We find a small but statistically significant negative effect of increased firm relocation distance on family stability. A 10 km change in commuting distance leads to a 0.09 percentage point higher probability of separation if the commuter remains with the firm for the next five years.

Introduction: Moving away can be motivated by a multitude of factors, just as the reasons for not moving away might be different. The individual’s social situation greatly determines the chance of turning their life situation around through moving away. Aims: We investigated the factors that affected the representatives of the three Roma groups researched here (Romungro, Vlach, Boyash) in their moving in the past and in their intentions to move in the future. Methods: A SEM model was developed (N = 570) to analyze the differences between previous movers and non-movers in well-being, socioeconomic status, and social network. We also investigated the effect of the above variables on the intention to move. Data were collected via the “snowball method”. Results: Out of the Vlachs, those who had moved in the past have significantly fewer confidant relatives (p = .021) and also know significantly fewer people pursuing high-prestige vocations (p = .003), moreover, the fewer people pursuing moderate-prestige vocations they know, the more they would like to move away from their present residence (p = .031). Regarding the Boyash, the more favorable their socio-economic situation, the more they would like to move away (p = .007); while regarding the Romungro, the low level of their mental wellbeing (p = .019) and the relatively high number of their confidant relatives constitutes (p = .017) the incentive to change their residence. Conclusions: The spatially mobile Roma who had moved before possess fewer confidant relatives and weak ties. The individual factors connect to the different Roma groups’ moving intentions to various extents.

Infant health problems are a persistent concern across the United States, disproportionally affecting socioeconomically vulnerable communities. We investigate how inequalities in infant health contribute to differences in interneighborhood commuting mobility and shape neighborhoods' embeddedness in the citywide structure of employment networks in Chicago over a 14-year period. We use the Census Bureau's Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics' Origin–Destination Employment Statistics to analyze commuting networks between 2002 and 2015. Results from longitudinal network analyses indicate two main patterns. First, after the Great Recession, a community's infant health problems began to significantly predict isolation from the citywide employment network. Second, pairwise dissimilarity in infant health problems predicts a lower likelihood of mobility ties between communities throughout the entire study period. The findings suggest that infant health problems present a fundamental barrier for communities in equally accessing the full range of jobs and opportunities across the city—compounding existing inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the impact of firm relocations on commuting distance and the probability of married couples and cohabiting couples with children separating. We use Swedish register data for the period 2010–16 and select employees of relocating firms with one workplace and more than 10 employees. Focusing on this sample allows us to use plausibly exogenous variation in the commuting distance arising from the relocation. We extend the literature on the effect of commuting on relationship stability by reducing the possibility for unobserved time-variant factors to bias our estimates. While previous literature has focused on the difference between short- and long-distance commuting, we focus on changes in the commuting distance that are externally induced by firm management. We find a small but statistically significant negative effect of increased firm relocation distance on family stability. A 10 km change in commuting distance leads to a 0.09 percentage point higher probability of separation if the commuter remains with the firm for the next five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young, skilled and educated Italians have been emigrating in record numbers: About 160,000 Italians moved abroad in 2018 alone. While much of recent research focused on the economic drivers of this spatial mobility, this article explores highly skilled Italians' mobile life projects from a gender perspective. Our study was guided by the following research questions: How do mobility and migration intersect with gender relations and career success in the lives of highly skilled Italians living abroad? What role does gender play in highly skilled Italians' decisions about moving and staying abroad? Our research, which drew on semistructured in-depth interviews conducted with 51 university graduates, was part of a larger study of the determinants and trends in the new migration of the highly skilled from Tuscany, a region in Italy. Using Strauss and Corbin's three-stage coding process to analyze the interviews, we identified four core themes of particular concern to participants when comparing Italy with the contexts they encountered abroad: gender-sensitive culture in the workplace, strategic and dialogic mobile life projects, impact of state and workplace policies and (subjective) age vis-à-vis temporariness. Our results both confirmed the findings of previous studies and prompted new questions in need of further investigation, such as experiences of gender (in)equality and their power to transform short-term mobility into mobile life projects or permanent migration, dual-career couples' spatial mobility, and the impact of mobility on normative beliefs about key life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the influence of spatial mobility on the risk of overeducation of French young workers. Mobilizing a survey following a cohort of young graduates entering the labour market from 2010 until 2013, our results reveal that interregional migration decreases the risk of (statistical and subjective) overeducation. We also evidence that migration to an economic centre (the Paris region) has an even stronger negative effect and that more educated workers benefit more from spatial mobility. These results are robust to controlling for self‐selection and the endogeneity of migration, as well as to various specifications of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative analysis of the spatial transformation of two different farm-size cattle systems, in Hungary and Slovenia, is presented in this paper. Concentration, mobility, and spatial autocorrelation measures are used to study spatial cattlestock distribution and their changes over time, as well as spatial cattle-stock clustering using data from two agricultural censuses. Results confirm the decline in cattle stock on large-size farms in Hungary and on small-size farms in Slovenia, with a relative increase in the importance of medium-size farms in both countries. The decline and spatial changes in cattle stock are greater in Hungary than in Slovenia. Hungarian cattle clusters are concentrated in flat areas with medium- and large-size largely commercial farms, whilst in Slovenia they predominate in mainly hilly grassland and partly cornsilage areas on small and some medium-size family farms. Such specific cattle clustering is linked to geographical and farm-size structural characteristics that can also be linked to agricultural-policy-measure-related support for cattle and dairy, associated with less-favoured or disadvantaged-area status linked to geographical and structural land and farm characteristics typical of Slovenian mountain and particularly hilly areas. These spatial changes in the cattle sector have socioeconomic, land use, and environmental implications in terms of ecological sustainability and rural livelihoods.

The use of big data in urban mobility research is growing dynamically. However, relatively few studies have been devoted to systematically review the results in this field. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to explore the general characteristics of the application of the big data approach in urban mobility research. For this purpose, the systematic literature review method was applied and the scientific Scopus database was accessed to collect publications relevant to the predefined criteria. Then the papers included in the sample were analysed using quantitative and qualitative techniques, focusing on the trends emerging from the years of publications in the database, the distribution of the papers by journal, the geographical distribution of case-study areas, the methods and data types employed, and their policy implications. This literature review demonstrates the diversity of big datadriven urban mobility research and provides lessons for geography and urban policy in Hungary.

Entry into parenthood is a major disruptive event to travel behavior, and gender gaps in mobility choices are often widened during parenthood. The exact timing of gender gap formation and their long-term effects on different subpopulations are less studied in the literature. Leveraging a longitudinal dataset from the 2018 WholeTraveler Study, this paper examines the effects of parenthood on a diverse set of short- to long-term outcomes related to the three hierarchical domains of mobility biography: mode choice, vehicle ownership, spatial mobility, and career decisions. The progress of the effects is evaluated over a sequential set of parenting stages and differentiated across three subpopulations. We find that individuals classified as "Have-it-alls", who start their careers, partner up, and have children concurrently and early, significantly increase their car uses two years prior to childbirth ("nesting period"), and they then relocate to less transit-accessible areas and consequently reduce their reliance on public transportation while they have children in the household. In contrast, individuals categorized as "Couples", who start careers and partnerships early but delay parenthood, and "Singles", who postpone partnership and parenthood, have less pronounced changes in travel behavior throughout the parenting stages. The cohort-level effects are found to be driven primarily by women, whose career development is on average more negatively impacted by parenting events than men, regardless of their life course trajectory. Early career decisions made by women upon entering parenthood contribute to gender gaps in mid- to longer-term mobility decisions, signifying the importance of early intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the availability of study opportunities is unequal across regions, entering the phase of post-secondary education is often accompanied by leaving (the parental) home. In these life-course transitions, social background plays a crucial role in the form of resources, e.g., to afford living independently while studying. We use a unique set of geospatial data by aggregating information on the municipality level flexibly within travel-time radii and link the data to the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) to examine whether socioeconomic and university infrastructure in the region can compensate for a lack of parental resources (i) in transitions to university and (ii) in the likelihood of staying in or leaving the home region to study. We analyse this across cohorts between 1986 and 2015. We find that the region makes a difference: a wide availability of universities in the region offsets social inequality in the transition to university. Yet, the increasing availability of alternative educational routes over time via vocational training and universities of applied sciences causes this moderating influence to decrease across cohorts. Our findings call for gearing the attention of policymakers towards the varying relevance of regional conditions over time and across social groups for individuals' life-course transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial mobility is an important means of tackling regional disparities and matching problems in education and labor markets, but it is also a source of individual social inequality as it is associated with higher socio-economic resources and returns; however, there is a paucity of research on the prevalence and predictors of spatial mobility among youth entering vocational education and training (VET). We examine the importance of (a) individual occupational orientations, (b) regional opportunity structures, and (c) social ties for the spatial mobility of youth in this early transition phase using longitudinal data from the German NEPS, which we combined with administrative geospatial data of German districts (NUTS-3). Our results show widespread spatial mobility among students entering the VET system: 16% are mobile within and 22% between regional labor markets. Multinomial logistic regression models show that, in addition to young people's occupational orientations (status aspirations; search duration) and social ties to friends, regional opportunity structures (general unattractiveness; person–environment mismatch) are crucial for youths' spatial mobility. This underscores the importance of spatial mobility given regional disparities to promote youths' access to VET and reduce regional mismatches in the VET market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis reported in this paper uses Google Mobility Reports to understand subnational trends in population spatial immobility/mobility in the United Kingdom during 2020 and 2021. Using multilevel modelling, it analyses how spatial mobility changed through time in response to the strictness of government lockdown and the annual seasonal cycle of public holidays, and between places in terms of their population composition as measured by the shares of the highly‐educationally qualified and the self‐employed. The results show that there are no consistent differences between the nations of the United Kingdom; that time spent at home increased with the severity of lockdown; that the share of highly qualified was also a good predictor of staying at home; and that there were major effects from public holidays. The analysis did not explain all the variation between places and dates; it is suggested that this is because of randomisation of the data by Google and unmodelled factors such as tiered restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Moving away can be motivated by a multitude of factors, just as the reasons for not moving away might be different. The individual’s social situation greatly determines the chance of turning their life situation around through moving away. Aims: We investigated the factors that affected the representatives of the three Roma groups researched here (Romungro, Vlach, Boyash) in their moving in the past and in their intentions to move in the future. Methods: A SEM model was developed (N = 570) to analyze the differences between previous movers and non-movers in well-being, socioeconomic status, and social network. We also investigated the effect of the above variables on the intention to move. Data were collected via the “snowball method”. Results: Out of the Vlachs, those who had moved in the past have significantly fewer confidant relatives (p = .021) and also know significantly fewer people pursuing high-prestige vocations (p = .003), moreover, the fewer people pursuing moderate-prestige vocations they know, the more they would like to move away from their present residence (p = .031). Regarding the Boyash, the more favorable their socio-economic situation, the more they would like to move away (p = .007); while regarding the Romungro, the low level of their mental wellbeing (p = .019) and the relatively high number of their confidant relatives constitutes (p = .017) the incentive to change their residence. Conclusions: The spatially mobile Roma who had moved before possess fewer confidant relatives and weak ties. The individual factors connect to the different Roma groups’ moving intentions to various extents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial makes the case for revisiting class in the context of forced migration. We argue that this is necessary to better grasp the inherent diversity of forced migrants. Forced-migration research has increasingly considered aspects of differentiation, such as race or gender. Yet, scholarly work on social class in this field remains scarce. We argue that forced migrants are wrongly homogenised as 'poor' or 'class-less', and show how class-related capitals and their transferability and convertibility remain important determinants of their spatial and social (im)mobility. We develop this angle by first giving an overview of the class concepts developed by Marx, Weber, and Bourdieu, and the ways the authors of this special issue employed these concepts. Building our arguments on the contributions to this special issue that engage in empirical analyses in diverse settings, we display how social class and the different forms of capital available to forced migrants influence their perception and capacity for spatial mobility. Moreover, we discuss how class at a given moment shapes forced migrants' future social mobility in new settings. We conclude by highlighting the considerable variation in socio-economic backgrounds of forced migrants and discussing the effects of the categorisation as 'refugee'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connectivity between and within places is one of the cornerstones of geography. However, the data and methodologies used to capture connectivity are limited due to the difficulty in gathering and analysing detailed observations in time and space. Mobile phone data potentially offer a rich and unprecedented source of data, which is exhaustive in time and space following movements and communication activities of individuals. This approach to study the connectivity patterns of societies is still rather unexplored in economic geography. However, a substantial body of work in related fields provides methodological and theoretical foundations, which warrant an in-depth review to make it applicable in economic geography. This paper reviews and discusses the state-of-the-art in the analysis of mobile phone and positioning data, with a focus on call detail records. It identifies methodological challenges, elaborates on key findings for geography, and provides an outline for future research on the geography of connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explore social bonding strategies of 35 older Americans who in‐migrated to nonmetropolitan areas in the United States upon their retirement. The qualitative research covered Leelanau County in Michigan and Transylvania County in North Carolina as examples of important but less studied retirement destinations compared to the elderly's residential mobility to the Sun Belt region. The main research problem addressed was to what extent older in‐migrants create and develop social bonds in their new places of residence, how and with whom. The analysis showed that the interviewees connect with others mostly through volunteering and community engagement, practices related to hobbies and leisure, as well as by joining local churches and religious groups. Their social relationships, however, are often limited to other 'transplants', and raise concerns about support needed when their health deteriorates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job-related spatial mobility (JRSM) includes different types of movement situations (long-distance commuting, overnighting, recent relocation, long-distance relationship and multi-mobile) regarding employment and family life and it has implications both for labour market relations and for embarking on parenthood. This article aims to determine how spatial mobility at work can influence childless workers decision on having children in the context of the Great Recession, based on data collected on the occasion of the 'Job Mobilities and Family Lives in Europe' panel survey. Conducted in 2007 and 2010–2012, it comprised a sample of 1735 respondents in France, Germany, Spain and Switzerland. The subsample of 257 childless people was analysed using multivariable logistic regression. The findings suggest that initially a switch from non-JRSM to JRSM intensifies the importance attached to occupational reasons for not wanting children, although to a greater extent in Germany and Spain than in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial mobility is an important means of tackling regional disparities and matching problems in education and labor markets, but it is also a source of individual social inequality as it is associated with higher socio-economic resources and returns; however, there is a paucity of research on the prevalence and predictors of spatial mobility among youth entering vocational education and training (VET). We examine the importance of (a) individual occupational orientations, (b) regional opportunity structures, and (c) social ties for the spatial mobility of youth in this early transition phase using longitudinal data from the German NEPS, which we combined with administrative geospatial data of German districts (NUTS-3). Our results show widespread spatial mobility among students entering the VET system: 16% are mobile within and 22% between regional labor markets. Multinomial logistic regression models show that, in addition to young people’s occupational orientations (status aspirations; search duration) and social ties to friends, regional opportunity structures (general unattractiveness; person–environment mismatch) are crucial for youths’ spatial mobility. This underscores the importance of spatial mobility given regional disparities to promote youths’ access to VET and reduce regional mismatches in the VET market.

Since the availability of study opportunities is unequal across regions, entering the phase of post-secondary education is often accompanied by leaving (the parental) home. In these life-course transitions, social background plays a crucial role in the form of resources, e.g., to afford living independently while studying. We use a unique set of geospatial data by aggregating information on the municipality level flexibly within travel-time radii and link the data to the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) to examine whether socioeconomic and university infrastructure in the region can compensate for a lack of parental resources (i) in transitions to university and (ii) in the likelihood of staying in or leaving the home region to study. We analyse this across cohorts between 1986 and 2015. We find that the region makes a difference: a wide availability of universities in the region offsets social inequality in the transition to university. Yet, the increasing availability of alternative educational routes over time via vocational training and universities of applied sciences causes this moderating influence to decrease across cohorts. Our findings call for gearing the attention of policymakers towards the varying relevance of regional conditions over time and across social groups for individuals’ life-course transitions.

Spatial mobility is considered a valuable resource for social mobility. Yet, we still have an insufficient understanding of the extent to which and under what conditions geographical movement across national borders represents an asset for social advancement. Addressing this research gap, we offer a theoretical contribution to the fields of transnationalism, migration/mobility, and social geography. We focus on 86 cross-border migrant entrepreneurs who live in Barcelona (Spain), Cúcuta (Colombia), and Zurich (Switzerland), and combine geographical and mental maps, biographical interviews, ethnographic observations, and participatory Minga workshops. Our results show significant inequality in opportunity among the studied entrepreneurs and reveal different geographies of risk and uncertainty for their cross-border mobilities. We theoretically propose that the ability to use spatial mobility as a resource for social mobility depends largely on three intersecting factors: the entrepreneur's social position, his or her location in geographical space, and his or her strategies. Moreover, we have formulated the concept of spatial mobility capital to define the necessary conditions for spatial mobility to become a valuable resource for social advancement: individuals must be in control of their spatial mobilities, such mobilities need to match their socio-economic needs and personal aspirations, and they must be able to move safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid spread of COVID-19 in the United States initiated shelter-in-place policies that significantly impacted human mobility and daily routines starting in March 2020. Prior literature has examined the differences in lockdown policy efficacy and compliance with government orders16, as well as the effect of mobility changes on case counts712. However, less attention has been placed on the connection between mobility and socio-demographics after the onset of COVID-19 within a city's borders. This paper focused on how human mobility patterns in New York City during the first three months of the pandemic differed based on socio-demographic factors like age, household income, and method of transportation to work. A secondary analysis determined if the four measurements of mobility used, namely distance traveled from home, home dwell time, non-home dwell time, and percentage time home, yielded significantly different findings. A mobility ratio representing the change in mobility between the first two weeks of February and April 2020 was created using aggregated and anonymized cellphone mobility data from SafeGraph. A Global Moran's Index was calculated for each mobility ratio to test for the presence of spatial autocorrelation, and then two spatial lag models were applied to account for the existence of autocorrelation. That there existed significant differences in mobility patterns based on socio-demographics reinforced the need for physical distancing policies that acknowledge the demographic diversity present not only between but also within cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social mobility research mainly investigates directional change in socio-economic circumstance. This article contributes to the strand of social mobility research that examines subjective experiences of economic movement. It analyses social mobility as a set of relationally, temporally and spatially embedded social practices, subjectively experienced and interpreted. The interactive nexus between social and spatial mobility is a fruitful line of inquiry, and the experiences of international migrants are distinctly suited for developing this analysis. Drawing on a qualitative study of migrants' mobilities, both social and spatial, post-arrival in Australia, we argue that social mobility is experienced as sets of contingent social practices. These in/variably co-exist with aspirations for a sense of belonging and connectedness, a sense of security and other non-economic needs and desires and are also always adjusted over time. In addition, migrants' status as legal, cultural or social Others shapes the experience of social mobility in distinctive ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobility is on the move. Not least due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as symptoms of socio ecological crisis, the present mobility systems are increasingly questioned and contested all around the world. In this context, the special issue aims to illuminate the role that socioculture plays in mobility transitions, thereby questioning technocentric views on mobility transitions. It focuses on the following overall questions: How is future mobility portrayed and constructed in current discourses? Which role do or can different kinds of actors play in transitions toward sustainable mobility systems? How are urban mobility cultures changing? Which kinds of new practices and mobility patterns emerge? Do future mobilities re-enforce existing sociotechnical regimes and social inequities or create new ones? In the first part of this introductory article, we give an overview of existing conceptions of sociocultural dimensions of spatial mobility. Furthermore, by drawing on Pitrim Sorokin’s understanding of socioculture, we elaborate a framework that allows us to classify the different contributions to this special issue and to relate them to each other. In the second part of this introductory article, we briefly introduce and discuss the various contributions.

• The study investigates the relationships between the spatial distribution of personal networks and spatial mobility. • The general trend revealed: individuals with spatially more dispersed networks have greater spatial mobility. • The typology: dispersed networks - high mobility, dispersed networks - low mobility, concentrated networks - low mobility. • The typology is explained by gender, the composition of networks, and the use of ICTs. Knowledge about the relationship between the spatial organisation of personal social networks and physical mobility is important for understanding spatial problems and social inequalities that are inseparable from spatial and social structures. To provide further insights into these relationships, this study investigates the link between the spatial distribution of individuals' social networks and spatial mobility. We collected data from a group of 'highly skilled' individuals with a smartphone application and combined quantitative surveys. In general, individuals with dispersed networks tend to have more spatial mobility. Our typological approach reveals three distinctive types: (A) dispersed networks and high mobility, (B) dispersed networks and low mobility, and (C) concentrated networks and low mobility. This typology is explained by gender, the composition of the network, and the use of mobile phones and social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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After the Great Recession, unemployment rose quickly. During 2013-2014, Croatia registered unemployment rates above 17%, which were way over the EU 28 average. Today, Croatia experiences bottlenecks on the labour market: job vacancies are increasingly lacking suitably skilled candidates. Thus, the Croatian labour market adapts poorly to both recession and the booming economy; in other words, the Croatian labour market has a low resilience. An economy with a high labour market resilience can benefit from a booming economy, while an economy in the opposite situation faces wage inflation and loss of competitiveness. This article aims to analyse and discuss the role of labour mobility in reducing labour market bottlenecks and thereby increasing labour market resilience in Croatia.

Mapping the daily spatial mobility of university students in an urban environment is the focus of this paper. It uses the city of České Budějovice in the Czech Republic as a case study, employing three different research tools – travel diaries, GPS loggers and Smartphone applications. We focus our attention on the analysis of spatial patterns of mobility using basic mobility indicators (distance, number of daily trips, time spent mobility), travel behaviours (use of transport modes) and the detection of time-space bundles (spaces of concentration of particular time-space trajectories) within the city. We identified four main time-space bundles. Then we compare the three main research methods according to their tracking accuracy and informative value. The Smartphone applications (using the A-GPS technology) provided the best results for the spatial mobility of respondents, although the travel diaries method is still unique due to the extent of some socio-demographic and transport characteristics.

The purpose of this article is to present the authors' own software for predicting changes in the density and directions of traffic flows and to compare overall results of research on transport accessibility with the results returned in the study of transport accessibility conducted with the software (isochronic accessibility). Developed for research purposes, the authors' application is based on Dijkstra's algorithm, which is classified as one of the greedy ones and does not always return optimum results, even though it is considered to be generally accurate. In the course of the research, it was stated that the implementation of Dijkstra's algorithm in the RoadLoad tool is suitable for studying and prognosing phenomena, under the assumption that there aredetailed data on the point of departure and destination for each trip. The tool enables us to research a spatial (cumulated values of network load) as well as time-spatial (network load at virtually any time) dimension of the phenomenon. It cannot be applied, however, withouttheknowledge of the transport behavior characteristics ofthe users of the road system.

Introduction. Mobility, and less so immobility, has been always in the focus of socio-cultural analysis of Mongolian societies given their nomadic way of live and the interconnectedness of its various communities scattered all over Eurasia particular in the apogee of the Mongol Empire during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Yet, what are the concrete manifestations and the limits of mobility, how can we measure them? Goal. This article will briefly readdress some well and perhaps lesser known topics of the medieval Mongolian world generally related to mobility in a wider sense before fuller attention is given to the epistemological arenas of culture transfer and long-distance trade. In the first part the dialectics of mobility is discussed as socio-cultural mobility, e.g. carrier making, loyalty, integration by difference, models of inclusive ethnicity and exclusive descent (the ‘Chinggisid Principle’), invention of genealogies, marriage alliances, and religious tolerance (until Islamisation). The second part deals with spatial mobility particularly in terms of tribute relations and military service, culture transfer and travelling ideas, movement control and population transfer, the flow of goods and peoples.

The impact of statutory Sunday retail restrictions on the transport behaviours of people living in the Polish post-socialist city of Lodz is investigated in this article. One carrier of information on journeys undertaken in the city is data from induction loops – a part of the city’s Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The second source of data is a two-stage questionnaire survey (concerning trading and non-trading Sundays) of the city’s inhabitants, aimed at defining any changes in their transport behaviours with reference to the introduction of retail restrictions. The research was conducted to assess the way in which the new statutory restrictions affect transport behaviour discharged after the political transformation. The results of the research conducted on the transport behaviours of Lodz residents indicate that the majority of their transport behaviours clearly depend on whether a given Sunday is a trading or non-trading day. The traffic load of the urban road network (perceived as the manifestation of residents’ spatial mobility) is characterised by a distinct changeability due to the legislative restrictions related to Sunday trading. There is both a time (daily and hourly) differentiation of traffic flows and a spatial changeability of the load in the urban space, when a comparative analysis is conducted of the results of observations made in the weeks preceding trading and non-trading Sundays. The study also demonstrates that the time previously devoted to Sunday shopping is currently spent not only at home, but also allocated to new (and until now unperformed) activities that often require travelling.

The subject of the publication is a review of the book “Wierni królowie. Szwedzi i Finowie na uchodźctwie w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku” [Faithful Kings. Swedes and Finns in Exile in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the First Half of the 17th Century] written by Wojciech Krawczuk. In his monograph, the author characterised a medium–sized collectivity made up of Swedes and Finns fleeing their country as a result of the dynastic war between Sigismund III and his uncle Charles of Södermanland. A considerable part of the group settled in the Commonwealth and the kings (Sigismund III, as well as his sons) felt attachment to those people, which manifested itself in taking special care over them. The community, especially noblemen, was of great political importance, reaching in the Crown even senatorial positions. The article presents new calculations of the diaspora connected with the results of the dynastic war. The calculations demonstrate that in the years 1600–1620 there were jointly c. 583 male refugees. Some of them spent abroad merely a few years and returned home; consequently, the number of the refugees was systematically falling (Figure 2 & 3). The social structure of people who left Sweden was presented in the form of Figure 1. It turned out that the nobility made up merely a quarter of the refugees, but it was almost 23% of all noblemen of the kingdom.

Mobility is on the move. Not least due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as symptoms of socio ecological crisis, the present mobility systems are increasingly questioned and contested all around the world. In this context, the special issue aims to illuminate the role that socioculture plays in mobility transitions, thereby questioning technocentric views on mobility transitions. It focuses on the following overall questions: How is future mobility portrayed and constructed in current discourses? Which role do or can different kinds of actors play in transitions toward sustainable mobility systems? How are urban mobility cultures changing? Which kinds of new practices and mobility patterns emerge? Do future mobilities re-enforce existing sociotechnical regimes and social inequities or create new ones? In the first part of this introductory article, we give an overview of existing conceptions of sociocultural dimensions of spatial mobility. Furthermore, by drawing on Pitrim Sorokin's understanding of socioculture, we elaborate a framework that allows us to classify the different contributions to this special issue and to relate them to each other. In the second part of this introductory article, we briefly introduce and discuss the various contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years international migrations have been the primary focus of spatial mobility research, whereas internal migrations – occurring within one state – have aroused significantly less interest. However, the latter are not only an important complement to the former, but they also seem to have a much greater impact on the domestic affairs of the state. For example, internal migrations engage the resources (intellectual, cultural, social) of much wider cohorts of people who therefore become, with varying degrees of significance, agents of social changes. This article presents an analysis of the spatial mobility of two generations monitored during a 45-year-long longitudinal research project. Its broad time perspective makes it possible to analyse not only the net changes with regard to the place of residence, a typical focus of migration studies, but also gross changes (migration flows). The aim of this article is to determine the scale and the social embeddedness of the migration flows in both generations. It is assumed that, due to differences in generational biographies and resources, as well as changes in the quality of life in rural areas compared to urban areas, migrations in both generations, even though occurring at the same stages of life, are different. As a result, the resources contributed by migrants to their new places of residence also carry a different quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second homes and weekend commuting are frequently used strategies for covering large distances between the place of work and residence. The literature posits a positive association between work-related spatial mobility, social mobility, and career achievement. However, so far, surprisingly little attention has been paid explicitly to the relationship between weekend commuting (i.e. work-related residential multilocality) and social and career mobility. Therefore, we examine whether and how starting a weekend commuting episode is associated with wage changes. For the statistical framework, we apply fixed effects panel regressions to data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Overall, the results show that weekend commuting is positively associated with wage gains. However, more detailed analysis that controls for selectivity on wage growth and differentiates by sex and geographical region reveals pronounced differences with regard to the size and timing of the effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines changes in tourism and main factors determining them in the years 2010 - 2020. The conducted research concerns not only polish society but also the generally applicable theoretical background of the spatial mobility phenomenon as well as explanation and typology of tourism. The main part of this article provides the thorough overview of important trends exhibited by Poles in the second decade of the XXI century such as tourism dynamics, differentiation in durations of mobilities and its barriers, most frequently visited foreign destinations which used to be among others Germany, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria or Czech Republic. The crucial factor of tourism transformations identified in this paper is Covid-19 pandemic which definitely imposed a significant impact especially on its above mentioned aspects. Then a socio-demographic profile of polish tourists taking into consideration place of residence and its classification between urban area (the population of residents included) versus rural areas, education levels divided into primary or lower secondary, basic vocational, secondary, higher education and assessment of one's own financial situation between bad, average or good is discussed. In the conclusion you will find possible forecasts for the nearest future of tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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