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Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome (DDMS) is a rare neurological disease with an unknown incidence. The manifestations of DDMS are variable, while typical symptoms are seizures, hemiparesis, and mental retardation. Here, we present a case involving a 19-year-old male patient who presents with headaches, mood changes, and a history of seizures during childhood. Based on the neuroimages, a diagnosis of DDMS was established. The application of sertraline hydrochloride as a therapeutic intervention has alleviated the symptoms. This case report illustrates the importance of understanding the clinical features of DDMS based on imaging.

Objective: Human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat associating 2 (HHLA2) is a new immune checkpoint in the B7 family, and the value of HHLA2 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is unknown. Methods: We retrospectively detected HHLA2 expression by immunohistochemistry in SCLC patients. Moreover, plasma biomarkers of SCLC were detected retrospectively. Results: Seventy-four percent of SCLC patients exhibited HHLA2 expression. HHLA2 staining was localised within the nucleus of SCLC cells, while no staining was detected in normal lung tissue specimens. The correlation between HHLA2 expression and clinical factors was also analysed. Limited stage (LS) SCLC was more common than extensive stage (ES) SCLC among patients with HHLA2 staining. SCLC patients without metastasis had higher HHLA2 expression than SCLC patients with metastasis. HHLA2 expression was more frequently detected in the group with a tumour size greater than 5 cm than in the group with a tumour size less than 5 cm. The proportion of patients with HHLA2-positive staining was greater in the stage III and IV SCLC groups than in the stage I and II SCLC groups. A high proportion of SCLC patients with HHLA2-positive staining had a survival time

Laser-induced removal of non-destructive substrates is a continuous pursuit for practical applications. Herein, a strategy of scanning cycle's large adjustment combined with laser energy density's fine tuning was established to achieve precise removal of FeCo-based wave-absorbing coatings. First and foremost, no coating residue was observed on the surface and cross-section of optimized sample E5 with a laser energy density of 61.1 J/cm2 (scanning cycles were seven). CIE LAB color analysis indicated that the surface of sample E5 had the highest coating's removal degree. Through numerical simulation and experimental examination, the oxide layer of the aluminum alloy did not present any damage such as cracking and peeling. In addition, the surface roughness remained unchanged, which verifies the possibility of laser removal towards non-destructive substrates. The multi-perspective evaluations of surface states illustrated that Barite (BaSO4), FeCo and other coating's characteristic substances had disappeared, ensuring the subsequent serviceability of the surface after removal. Furthermore, the vaporization removal mechanism of the wave-absorbing coatings was demonstrated by the plasma captured by a high-speed camera. Notably, the substrate's damage mechanism in laser removal was revealed. The remarkable different thermal expansion behavior of oxide layer and alloy induced extreme stress concentrations at the interface, which led to oxide layer's cracks and exfoliation. In summary, substrate's damage suppression can be achieved through simulation and experimental optimization. The presented research not only benefits the strategy design of laser removal for multilayer materials, but also expands the application potential of laser removal in non-destructive substrates.

Objective: Improve the quality of dried okra products. Methods: The rehydration ratio, shrinkage rate, vitamin C content, drying time and sensory score were used to analyze the effects of different pretreatment methods on the quality of dried okra products, and the coefficient of variation method was used for comprehensive weighted evaluation. Results: The results showed that blanching and ultrasonic pretreatment can significantly increase the rehydration ratio of the dried sample （P＜0.05）. The shrinkage rate was most affected by blanching. The vitamin C content of the pretreatment group was lower than that of the control group, and the ultrasound treatment group had the least loss. The blanching and ultrasonic pretreatment can shorten the drying time, and sensory scores of samples pretreated by ultrasound and color protection were significantly higher than those pretreated by blanching （P＜0.05）. The comprehensive evaluation by the coefficient of variation method showed that the quality of the okra pretreated by ultrasonic was the best, followed by the color protection treatment, and the blanching treatment had the lowest comprehensive score. When the ultrasonic pretreatment temperature was 20 ℃, the comprehensive score of the dried sample obtained was the highest, which was 0.907. Conclusion: The research showed that the ultrasonic pretreatment was a better pretreatment method with hot air drying of okra.

Road space rationing policies reduced traffic volume by half in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games, which in turn decreased the mean surface temperature by up to 2.4 °C, according to statistical analysis of remotely sensed thermal observations.

BACKGROUND Monitoring of p, p'-DDE in breast milk was a significant way to evaluate the p, p'-DDE accumulation level in human beings within a short-term and calculate daily intake for infants. Although the investigation of classic organic chlorine pesticides in Beijing breast milk showed that p, p'-DDE was detected with the highest residue level. The study on the accumulating rate of p, p'-DDE, indicated a dynamic and long-term change, in Beijing females this was neglected and scarce. OBJECTIVES To detect p, p'-DDE in breast milks from two consecutive lactations, estimate the excreted speed during each lactation along with the impact of delivery times on residue level of p, p'-DDE in mothers, and estimate its annual accumulating rate in Beijing residents. METHODS During 2009-2019, breast milk samples were collected from 43 mothers during their first lactation and 18 of them during their two consecutive lactations. The concentration of p, p'-DDE in breast milk was determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS The analytical results showed that the p, p'-DDE in breast milk decreased continuously during each lactation. Age and the number of childbirths were the influencing factors of the concentration of p, p'-DDE in breast milk. The concentration of p, p'-DDE increased with the age of mothers and decreased with the number of childbirths. In addition, the average excretion speed of p, p'-DDE in breast milk from 18 twice-birth mothers decreased from 18.9μg/kg lipids per month within the first lactation to 16.8μg/kg lipids per month within the second lactation. The estimated value of the annual enrichment rate of p, p'-DDE in the interval between two births of the mother was positive, from 10.9μg/kg lipids per year to 14.9μg/kg lipid per year during the consecutive deliveries. Daily intake of p, p'-DDE was from 29.8ng/day/kg.b.w. to 40.8ng/day/kg.b.w.. CONCLUSIONS The depurated dose of p, p'-DDE in mothers within a month of lactation was equal to the accumulating dose in a year. The estimated daily intake of p, p'-DDE was far lower than the suggested value of WHO. The Beijing female was in a low exposure risk environment.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based snow depth is mapped as the difference between snow-on and snow-off digital surface models (DSMs), which are derived using the structure from motion (SfM) technique with ground control points (GCPs). In this study, we evaluated the impacts of the quality and deployment of GCPs on the accuracy of snow depth estimates. For 15 GCPs in our study area, we surveyed each of their coordinates using an ordinary global positioning system (GPS) and a differential GPS, producing two sets of GCP measurements (hereinafter, the low-accuracy and high-accuracy sets). The two sets of GCP measurements were then incorporated into SfM processing of UAV images by following two deployment strategies to create snow-off and snow-on DSMs and then to retrieve snow depth. In Strategy A, the same GCP measurements in each set were used to create both the snow-on and snow-off DSMs. In Strategy B, each set of GCP measurements was divided into two sub-groups, one sub-group for creating snow-on DSMs and the other sub-group for snow-off DSMs. The accuracy of snow depth estimates was evaluated in comparison to concurrent in-situ snow depth measurements. The results showed that Strategy A, using both the low-accuracy and high-accuracy sets, generated accurate snow depth estimates, while in Strategy B, only the high-accuracy set could generate reliable snow depth estimates. The results demonstrated that the deployment of GCPs had a significant influence on UAV-based SfM snow depth retrieval. When accurate GCP measurements cannot be guaranteed (e.g., in mountainous regions), Strategy A is the optimal option for producing reliable snow depth estimates. When highly accurate GCP measurements are available (e.g., collected by differential GPS in open space), both deployment strategies can produce accurate snow depth estimates.

Visibility determination is a key requirement in a wide range of national and urban applications, such as national security, landscape management, and urban design. Mobile LiDAR point clouds can depict the urban built environment with a high level of details and accuracy. However, few three-dimensional visibility approaches have been developed for the street-level point-cloud data. Accordingly, an approach based on mobile LiDAR point clouds has been developed to map the three-dimensional visibility at the street level. The method consists of five steps: voxelization of point-cloud data, construction of lines-of-sight, construction of sectors of sight, construction of three-dimensional visible space, and calculation of volume index. The proposed approach is able to automatically measure the volume of visible space and openness at any viewpoint along a street. This approach has been applied to three study areas. The results indicated that the proposed approach enables accurate simulation of visible space as well as high-resolution (1 m × 1 m) mapping of the visible volume index. The proposed approach can make a contribution to the improvement of urban planning and design processes that aim at developing more sustainable built environments.

BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are classic persistent organic pollutants in the hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and atmosphere, which have a harmful effect on human health by exchanging and migrating among various environmental media. Breast milk is an ideal biometric to monitor the exposure risk of mothers and infants to PAHs. Earlier research indicated that the residue levels of PAHs in breast milk from Beijing were higher in the world. OBJECTIVES To understand the changes in the residue levels of PAHs in breast milk in the region, the exposure of infants, and the trends and characteristics of the exposure risk of breastfeeding mothers and infants. METHODS For 30 first-delivery women in Beijing, a breast milk sample per month within 180 days postpartum period was collected. The PAHs and fat content of breast milk were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and monitored to study the time tendency of PAHs and estimate the exposure risk of infants to PAHs. RESULTS The dominant pollutants were acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene. The average concentration of Σ15PAHs in 180 samples was 348μg/kg lipid, which was lower than the value reported in 2005. Compared to the early reported residue level, the BaP-equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations decreased, which were 7.89μg/kg lipid for seven carcinogenic compounds, and 8.53μg/kg lipid for 15 PAHs. For breastfeeding infants in Beijing, the mean acceptable daily intakes (EDIs) of Σ15PAHs and Σ7PAHs through breast milk were 1.51μg/day/kg b.w. and 0.19μg/day/kg b.w., respectively, which was lower than those in 2005. However, it was higher than the exposure of infants in some countries such as Czech, America, Turkey during breastfeeding, and lower than the latest research results of Lanzhou and other heavy industrial cities in China. Throughout the lactation period, the total concentration of PAHs in breast milk did not decrease significantly, but winter heating may increase the emission of PAHs in the atmosphere, making the total concentration of 15 PAHs in breast milk samples significantly higher than that in summer, autumn, and spring. CONCLUSIONS Bivariate correlations analytical results show that the concentration of Σ15PAHs is not associated with age, BMI and lipid content. Limited by sample size, those results should be confirmed with perfect experiment design and sufficient samples in future studies.

In the present work, a filling and laser shock peening (LSP) method is put forward and applied to a thin-walled pipe. Specimens were experimentally and numerically investigated to identify the residual stress field and fatigue properties of a pipe with and without LSP treatment. The numerical simulation indicated that the residual compressive stress first increased and subsequently dropped as the laser power density increased, and the extent of influence of the stretching wave, reflected from the lower surface on the unloaded area, increased with the spot diameter, causing surface tensile stress in the unloaded area. By filling the pipe with the guided-wave material, the residual stress field of the pipe that was treated with LSP was optimized, and the influence of the stress wave reflection on the residual stress field was effectively decreased. The surface residual stress of the filled guided wave material was −326 MPa, improving it by 57.6% compared with the pipe not filled with guided wave materials. The fatigue life of the pipe with the filled waveguide material that was treated by LSP was extended by 48.9%, compared with the untreated pipe.

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains challenging due to its complexity and slow kinetics. In particular, Pt-based catalysts which possess outstanding ORR activity are limited in application with high cost and ease of poisoning. In recent years, nitrogen-doped graphene has been widely studied as a potential ORR catalyst for replacing Pt. However, the vague understanding of the reaction mechanism and active sites limits the potential ORR activity of nitrogen-doped graphene materials. Herein, density functional theory is used to study the reaction mechanism and active sites of nitrogen-doped graphene for ORR at the atomic level, focusing on explaining the important role of nitrogen species on ORR. The results reveal that graphitic N (GrN) doping is beneficial to improve the ORR performance of graphene, and dual-GrN-doped graphene can demonstrate the highest catalytic properties with the lowest barriers of ORR. These results provide a theoretical guide for designing catalysts with ideal ORR property, which puts forward a new approach to conceive brilliant catalysts related to energy conversion and environmental catalysis.

Variations in snow cover resulting from global warming inevitably affect alpine vegetation growth on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), but our knowledge of such influences is still limited. Here, we investigated the relationship between snow cover and alpine vegetation during 2003–2020 on the TP using the satellite-derived vegetation green-up date (GUD) and metrics of snow cover phenology, namely the snow cover onset date (SCOD), snow cover end date (SCED), snow cover duration (SCD), and snowmelt onset date (SMOD). In this study, we first analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in the GUD and the snow cover phenology metrics on the TP. Pearson’s correlation, gray relation analysis, and linear regression were then employed to determine the impact of snow cover phenology on the GUD. Overall, with the SCOD, SCED, and SMOD delayed by one day, the GUD was advanced by 0.07 and 0.03 days and was postponed by 0.32 days, respectively, and a one-day extension of the SCD resulted in a 0.04-day advance in the GUD. In addition, the roles of vegetation type, topography, and climate factors (temperature and precipitation) in modulating the relationships between snow cover phenology and the GUD were evaluated. The GUD of alpine steppes was negatively correlated with the SCOD and SCED, contrary to that of the other vegetation types. The GUD of alpine steppes was also more sensitive to snow cover phenology than that of other vegetation types. The increase in elevation generally enhanced the sensitivity of the GUD to snow cover phenology. The GUD showed a stronger negative sensitivity to the SCD in warmer areas and a stronger positive sensitivity to the SMOD in wetter areas. Our findings revealed the essential impact of variation in snow cover phenology on the GUD and indicated the complex interference of environmental factors in the relationship between snow cover and vegetation growth.

The vegetation green-up date (GUD) of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is highly sensitive to climate change. Accurate estimation of GUD is essential for understanding the dynamics and stability of terrestrial ecosystems and their interactions with climate. The GUD is usually determined from a time-series of vegetation indices (VIs). The adoption of different VIs and GUD extraction methods can lead to different GUDs. However, our knowledge of the uncertainty in these GUDs on TP is still limited. In this study, we evaluated the performance of different VIs and GUD extraction methods on TP from 2003 to 2020. The GUDs were determined from six Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived VIs: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), normalized difference infrared index (NDII), phenology index (PI), normalized difference phenology index (NDPI), and normalized difference greenness index (NDGI). Four extraction methods (βmax, CCRmax, G20, and RCmax) were applied individually to each VI to determine GUD. The GUDs obtained from all VIs showed similar patterns of early green-up in the eastern and late green-up in the western plateau, and similar trend of GUD advancement in the eastern and postponement in the western plateau. The accuracy of the derived GUDs was evaluated by comparison with ground-observed GUDs from 19 agrometeorological stations. Our results show that two snow-free VIs, NDGI and NDPI, had better performance in GUD extraction than the snow-calibrated conventional VIs, NDVI and EVI. Among all the VIs, NDGI gave the highest GUD accuracy when combined with the four extraction methods. Based on NDGI, the GUD extracted by the CCRmax method was found to have the highest consistency (r = 0.62, p < 0.01, RMSE = 11 days, bias = −3.84 days) with ground observations. The NDGI also showed the highest accuracy for preseason snow-covered site-years (r = 0.71, p < 0.01, RMSE = 10.69 days, bias = −4.05 days), indicating its optimal resistance to snow cover influence. In comparison, NDII and PI hardly captured GUD. NDII was seriously affected by preseason snow cover, as indicated by the negative correlation coefficient (r = −0.34, p < 0.1), high RMSE and bias (RMSE = 50.23 days, bias = −24.25 days).

Radar altimetry is now commonly used to provide long-term monitoring of inland water levels in complement to or for replacing disappearing in situ networks of gauge stations. Recent improvements in tracking and acquisition modes improved the quality the water retrievals. The newly implemented Open Loop mode is likely to increase the number of monitored water bodies owing to the use of an a priori elevation, especially in hilly and mountainous areas. The novelty of this study is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performances of the past and current radar altimetry missions according to their acquisition (Low Resolution Mode or Synthetic Aperture Radar) and tracking (close or open loop) modes, and acquisition frequency (Ku or Ka) in a mountainous area where tracking losses of the signal are likely to occur, as well as of the recently launched ICESat-2 and GEDI lidar missions. To do so, we evaluate the quality of water level retrievals from most radar altimetry missions launched after 1995 over eight lakes in Switzerland, using the recently developed ALtimetry Time Series software, to compare the performances of the new tracking and acquisition modes and also the impact of the frequency used. The combination of the Open Loop tracking mode with the Synthetic Aperture Radar acquisition mode on SENTINEL-3A and B missions outperforms the classical Low Resolution Mode of the other missions with a lake observability greater than 95%, an almost constant bias of (−0.17 ± 0.04) m, a RMSE generally lower than 0.07 m and a R most of the times higher than 0.85 when compared to in situ gauge records. To increase the number of lakes that can be monitored and the temporal sampling of the water level retrievals, data acquired by lidar altimetry missions were also considered. Very accurate results were also obtained with ICESat-2 data with RMSE lower than 0.06 and R higher than 0.95 when compared to in situ water levels. An almost constant bias (0.42 ± 0.03) m was also observed. More contrasted results were obtained using GEDI. As these data were available on a shorter time period, more analyses are necessary to determine their potential for retrieving water levels.

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) and are used primarily as an additive FR in thermal insulation building materials, upholstery textiles, and electronics. HBCDs not only pollute the ecological environment, but also harm the health of human beings through the food chain. The study on the environmental fate and biomagnification of HBCDs diastereomers and enantiomers in food chains is an important foundation for risk assessment and effective pollution control. The characteristics of HBCDs, the selective accumulation, biomagnification and transformation of HBCDs diastereomers and their enantiomers in food chain are reviewed in this paper. The influence factors of the selective accumulation and transformation were most likely ascribed to the combined effect of several aspects, including the living and feeding habits, trophic level of organisms, and the selective absorption, metabolism and bioisomerization of HBCDs. Recent research results indicate that the accumulation, transformation and biomagnifications behavior of HBCDs diastereomers and their enantiomers in the ecological system is not a single process, but the result of multiple factors of biological and environmental processes. Further studies will focus on the selective environmental behavior of HBCDs diastereomers and enantiomers in the freshwater and terrestrial food chains and the control influence factors of the selective environmental behavior during food chains transfer, which will provide a scientific basis for the assessment of environmental risks.

Hitherto, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been reported with the highest residue level and the highest detection rate in human beings. Breast milk is the earliest biological medium used to research OCPs in humans and provides an effective way to study the exposure pathway of OCPs for humans, factors affecting OCPs concentration in breast milk, infant breastfeeding intake of OCPs, and OCPs excretion in humans. The conclusions of research in the last 20 years are as follows. First, the concentration of OCPs in breast milk continues to show a downward trend in world. p, p'-DDE, β-HCH and HCB are dominated OCPs in breast milk. In general, the residue levels of total OCPs in breast milk of developing countries show that in coastal areas and tropical regions they are higher than in developed countries, inland areas, and other regions, respectively. Second, concentration of OCPs in breast milk is affected primarily by age, delivery times and eating habits, and will not decrease during the breastfeeding period with waved drain mode. Finally, acceptable daily intake (ADI) of OCPs for infants is usually lower than the recommended value of WHO/FAO during the breastfeeding period. For infants of tropical regions where some OCPs are still used, the ADIs are obviously higher than the values recommended by WHO/FAO. In the future, the research of OCPs in breast milk will focus on these aspects. First, research on analytical or detecting methods of OCPs in breast milk will be carried out, the standardization of analytical methods will be promoted to expand the applied range of research data and improve the reliability and evaluation of the exposure risk for OCPs of humans, especially infants living in OCPs polluted areas. Second, research about the effect of OCPs on early development and future health of those infants, the excretion and accumulation rules of dominated OCPs in the human body such as metabolite DDE, β-HCH and HCB with multiple emission source, and statistical epidemiological studies using statistical method to reveal the relationship between OCPs in breast milk and disease of adult diseases will also be carried out.

This study utilizes ICESat Release 33 GLA14 data to analyse water level variation of Xinjiang's lakes and reservoirs from 2003 to 2009. By using Landsat images, lakes and reservoirs with area larger than 1 km2 are numerically delineated with a software tool. Based on ICESat observations, we analyse the characteristics of water level variation in different geographic environments, as well as investigate the reasons for the variation. Results indicate that climatic warming contributes to rising water levels in lakes in mountainous areas, especially for lakes that are recharged by snow and glacial melting. For lakes in oases, the water levels are affected jointly by human activity and climate change, while the water levels of reservoirs are mainly affected by human activity. Comparing the annual average rates of water levels, those of lakes are higher than those of reservoirs in oasis areas. The main reasons for the decreasing water levels in desert regions are the reduction of recharged runoff and high evaporation. By analysing the variation of water levels and water volume in different geologic environments, it is found that water level and volume increased in mountainous regions, and decreased in oasis regions and desert regions. Finding also demonstrate that decreasing volume is greater than increasing volume, which results in decreasing total volume of Xinjiang lakes and reservoirs.

9 kinds of organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDT) and 7 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180) were the target compounds of national ground water quality investigation. Until now, the low sensitivity of Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Selected Ion Monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) technique have been applied to monitor the quality of ground water, however, these analysis methods are unable to monitor trace and ultra-trace the persistent organic pollutants targeted in ground water. In this paper, a high sensitivity analysis method of the target compounds in groundwater by solid phase disk extraction coupled with Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS) is described. The detection limits for the target compounds were 0.10-0.20 ng/L, the recovery with standards were 61.9%-93.3% and RSD (n=5) were 2.41%-20.0%. The method was applied for detection of the target compounds in groundwater using samples from two different areas of China. The analytical results show that no PCBs were detected in any of the samples, but two water samples may be contaminated with a new γ-hexachlorocyclohexane emission source according to the detection of α-hexachlorocyclohexane and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane and their residual concentration ratios.

As an important component of urban vegetation, street trees play an important role in maintenance of environmental quality, aesthetic beauty of urban landscape, and social service for inhabitants. Acquiring accurate and up-to-date inventory information for street trees is required for urban horticultural planning, and municipal urban forest management. This paper presents a new Voxel-based Marked Neighborhood Searching (VMNS) method for efficiently identifying street trees and deriving their morphological parameters from Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) point cloud data. The VMNS method consists of six technical components: voxelization, calculating values of voxels, searching and marking neighborhoods, extracting potential trees, deriving morphological parameters, and eliminating pole-like objects other than trees. The method is validated and evaluated through two case studies. The evaluation results show that the completeness and correctness of our method for street tree detection are over 98%. The derived morphological parameters, including tree height, crown diameter, diameter at breast height (DBH), and crown base height (CBH), are in a good agreement with the field measurements. Our method provides an effective tool for extracting various morphological parameters for individual street trees from MLS point cloud data.

We analyzed 27 established and new simple and therefore perhaps portable satellite phycocyanin pigment reflectance algorithms for estimating cyanobacterial values in a temperate 8.9 km2 reservoir in southwest Ohio using coincident hyperspectral aircraft imagery and dense coincident water surface observations collected from 44 sites within 1 h of image acquisition. The algorithms were adapted to real Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), synthetic WorldView-2, Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, MODIS and Sentinel-3/MERIS/OLCI imagery resulting in 184 variants and corresponding image products. Image products were compared to the cyanobacterial coincident surface observation measurements to identify groups of promising algorithms for operational algal bloom monitoring. Several of the algorithms were found useful for estimating phycocyanin values with each sensor type except MODIS in this small lake. In situ phycocyanin measurements correlated strongly (r2 = 0.757) with cyanobacterial sum of total biovolume (CSTB) allowing us to estimate both phycocyanin values and CSTB for all of the satellites considered except MODIS in this situation.

C16H11CuN3O8, tetragonal, I41/a (no. 88), a = 17.1139(2) Å, c = 25.5803(5) Å, V = 7492.1 Å3, Z = 16, Rgt(F) = 0.0409, wRref(F2) = 0.1261, T = 296 K.