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Human milk is universally regarded as the gold standard to fulfill nutrition needs of infants. Lactoferrin (LF) is a major multiple bioactive glycoprotein in human milk but little is presented in infant formula. LF can resist digestion in the infant gastrointestinal tract and is absorbed into the bloodstream in an intact form to perform physiological functions. Evidence suggest that LF prevents pathogen infection, promotes immune system development, intestinal development, brain development and bone health, as well as ameliorates iron deficiency anemia. However, more clinical studies of LF need to be further elucidated to determine an appropriate dosage for application in infant formula. LF is sensitive to denaturation induced by processing of infant formula such as heat treatments and spay drying. Thus, further studies should be focus on maximizing the retention of LF activity in the infant formula process. This review summarizes the structural features of LF. Then the digestion, absorption and metabolism of LF in infants are discussed, followed by the function of LF for infants. Further, we summarize LF in infant formula and effects of processing of infant formula on bioactivities of LF, as well as future perspectives of LF research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CeO2 and CeCoO composite oxide catalysts with bimodal mesopore structures were prepared by hard-template method and used for ethanol complete oxidation in air. The physicochemicalphysicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, H2-TPR, and O2-TPD. The Co species can be dissolved into CeO2 lattice to form Ce–O–Co solid solution, which promotes reactive oxygen species to be formed on the prepared CeCoO oxide catalysts surface. The bimodal mesopore structures can be obtained by the used hard-template method, and the pore structures of the prepared CeCoO oxide catalysts can be affected by the introduction of Co species. The synergistic effects from bimodal mesopore structures and reactive oxygen species can effectively boost ethanol complete oxidation to final product CO2. The CeCo2 catalyst with Ce/Co mole ratio of 2.0 exhibites superior ethanol complete oxidation activity and service stability, the ethanol oxidation conversion and final oxidation product CO2 selectivity reached 99.8 % and 99.2 % at 200 °C, respectively. This work indicates that the bimodal mesoporous CeCoO solid solution composite oxide catalyst is a promising candidate for OVOCs oxidation elimination from air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this article, aiming at the problems of stochastic disturbance and iron losses for the position tracking of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), a finite‐time adaptive fuzzy command filter control (CFC) method is proposed. First, the fuzzy control method is applied to dispose of the stochastic nonlinear function in the motor model. Second, the problem of "explosion of complexity" in backstepping control is solved by using CFC technology, and the compensation signal is introduced to eliminate filtering error. Moreover, the finite‐time control method is applied to the stochastic nonlinear system of PMSMs to improve the convergence speed of the system, tracking accuracy, and anti‐interference ability. At last, the simulation results are given to verify the method can achieve fast tracking of the desired signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. To explore the clinical characteristics of Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) patients in China, especially the risk factors associated with the dynamic changes of corneal endothelial cell (CEC) density and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness during the course of the disease. Methods. In this retrospective cohort study, patients consequently suffering from PSS were recruited. Patients data including gender, age of onset, frequency of attack, and disease duration. We performed detailed ophthalmology examinations including intraocular pressure (IOP), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), assessing RNFL thickness, and determined CEC density in the outpatient department. The unaffected eyes served as control. Results. We recruited 121 patients (eyes, n = 125), including 69 (57.0%) males and 52 (43.0%) females with Posner-Schlossman syndrome. The age of first-onset was 33.81 ± 13.63 years old. The majority of these patients were aged 20-50 years (80.2%). The peak IOP was 47.67 ± 13.31 mmHg in the affected eyes. The frequency of PSS attack was 2.7 ± 3.7 times per year. The disease duration was 9.5 ± 10.4 years. Among all patients, there were 27 (22.31%) patients with a history of digestive disorders, 25 (20.66%) patients with a history of allergies, and 24 (19.83%) patients with a history of infectious disease. In the affected eyes, CEC density (2532.94 ± 490.83 /mm2 vs. 2777.13 ± 356.87 /mm2, p < 0.001), the RNFL thickness of four quadrants (superior 105.46 ± 29.86 μm vs. 121.33 ± 17.30 μm, p < 0.001 ; temporal 74.58 ± 22.21 μm vs. 81.94 ± 18.20 μm, p = 0.009 ; inferior 110.50 ± 33.42 μm vs. 128.29 ± 14.39 μm, p < 0.001 ; nasal 54.85 ± 14.48 μm vs. 63.49 ± 15.40 μm, p < 0.001) and central papillary (87.11 ± 21.18 μm vs. 99.18 ± 7.97 μm, p < 0.001) were significantly reduced compared to the fellow eyes. The disease duration and recurrent frequency were significantly associated with CEC density (p < 0.001 and p = 0.029) and the disease duration was significantly associated with RNFL thickness (p = 0.002). Conclusions. In this study, CEC loss and RNFL thinning were present in the affected eyes. Our results indicated that disease duration and recurrent frequency played an important role in the progression of PSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation and temperature hardness are important for electronic devices operating in harsh environments such as modern medical equipment, outer space, and nuclear energy industries. In this work, we report radiation and temperature-hardened flexible ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 epitaxial films that were grown on flexible inorganic mica substrates via van der Waals heteroepitaxy and can be further used for building high-performance electronic devices. We systematically investigated the effect of 60Co-gamma radiation and temperature on the ferroelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 films and their flexibility as well. Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 films exhibit a radiation and temperature tolerance of up to 20 Mrad and 175 °C, respectively. In particular, the 20 Mrad-irradiated Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 film has an excellent retention even after 105 s with extrapolate retention time longer than 10 years and polarization fatigue up to 1010 cycles as well as moderate flexibility and bending stability after bending 105 cycles. Furthermore, we identified that the degradation of macroscopic ferroelectric properties of irradiated Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 films originates from the ferroelectric domain pinning effect induced by the ionization effect. Our work demonstrates that flexible ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 films are promising for developing novel flexible electronic devices for applications in harsh environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a finite-time adaptive fuzzy dynamic surface control (DSC) method is proposed for the position tracking control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) stochastic nonlinear system with input constraint and load disturbance. First, the stochastic disturbance of PMSMs is considered in operation, and the fuzzy control method is applied to cope with the stochastic nonlinear function in the motor model. Second, the DSC technique is applied to avoid the "explosion of complexity" in the backstepping design. Moreover, the finite-time control is applied to the stochastic nonlinear system of PMSMs to improve the convergence speed of the system, tracking accuracy, and anti-interference ability. Conclusive, simulation results are given to verify the method that can achieve fast tracking of the desired signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual differences in the preference-for-harmony (PfH)—the tendency to prefer stimuli that represent “good gestalts”—have been found to be relatively consistent across domains of aesthetic judgment. In the present study, we built upon these findings by showing that PfH for color combinations is strongly associated with PfH for isolated musical chords. We also showed that ratings of the harmoniousness of chords are best predicted not by their objective harmonicity—the extent to which their constituent partials resemble a harmonic series—but rather, by their freedom from spectral interference and their familiarity. Additional analyses confirmed that individual differences in PfH are specifically pertinent to aesthetic judgments and not a product of a generalized desire to avoid ambiguity in cognitive processing (i.e., a need for closure). In summary, the results of the study suggest that PfH represents a relatively unique cross-modal influence on aesthetic responses, one that meaningfully contributes to preferences for musical chords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pars plana vitrectomy plays an important role in treating serious ophthalmic diseases, which requires subsequent substitution of the natural vitreous. However, the current substitutes are known for the drawbacks in instability, toxicity, and injection‐induced fragmentation, so there is a very urgent need in novel artificial vitreous substitute for clinical practice. In this study, DNA supramolecular hydrogel is evaluated as a potential artificial vitreous substitute. It is observed that DNA supramolecular hydrogel exhibits relatively strong mechanical strength, shear‐thinning behavior, rapid recoverability, and other physical properties similar to the human vitreous body. The in vivo experiments further prove the injectability, excellent biocompatibility, and in vivo stability. With the support of the DNA supramolecular hydrogel, the morphology and basic functions of the operated eyes are well recovered without obvious inflammation, which demonstrate the DNA supramolecular hydrogel shows enormous potential as vitreous substitute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the dominant microbiota of crucian carp fillets during partial freezing (−3°C) and chilled (4°C) storage, and to correlate microbial changes with sensory scores and biogenic amines (BAs). The microbial communities of stored crucian carp fillets were identified by the high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technique of the V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. A total of 217,377 effective sequences and 690 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified and used in the analysis of microbial diversity. Culture-independent methods showed that thePseudomonaswere the predominant bacterial species of crucian carp fillets at the end of the storage. In addition, microbial enumeration also indicated relatively higher counts ofPseudomonas. Compared to chilled samples, partial freezing inhibited the growth of spoilage microorganisms during storage and extended the shelf-life of crucian carp fillets by 28 days based on the sensory analysis. However, there was no significant change in the composition of dominant species at the end of the shelf-life of crucian carp fillets. Chemical compounds studied in this article: Tryptamine (PubChem CID: 150); Phenethylamine (PubChem CID: 1001); Putrescine (PubChem CID: 1045); Cadaverine (PubChem CID: 273); Histamine (PubChem CID: 774); Tyramine (PubChem CID: 5610); Spermidine (PubChem CID: 1102); Spermine (PubChem CID: 1103) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial dynamics plays a crucial role in tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Asiatic acid (AA) has demonstrated renal protective effects in DKD; however, its therapeutic effect on tubular injury in DKD remains unclear. This study aimed to verify the effects of AA on tubular injury in DKD and underlying mechanisms. In the present study, the effects of AA on tubular injury were assessed in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-stimulated HK-2 cells models. After oral administration with or without AA for ten weeks, body weight and levels of fast blood glucose, serum creatinine (sCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urinary albumin, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were detected. Histological analysis was performed to evaluate the renal function of rats. Moreover, the expression of proteins associated with the Nrf-2 pathway and mitochondrial dynamics was analyzed. AGEs-stimulated HK-2 cells were examined to evaluate the tubular protection and the mechanism of AA in vitro. AA remarkably decreased albumin levels, KIM-1 levels in urine, and serum Cr, and BUN levels. In addition, AA prevented tubular injury and mitochondrial injury by regulating the Nrf-2 pathway and mitochondrial dynamics. Furthermore, the effects of AA on mitochondrial dynamics and tubular protection were eliminated after treatment with ML385 (Nrf2 inhibitor). These findings suggested that AA might be developed as a potential candidate for the treatment of tubular injury in DKD, and its effects are potentially mediated via the regulation of the Nrf-2 pathway and mitochondrial dynamics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The egg curd is one of the most promising ready-to-eat egg products in China, which can greatly enhance the commercial value of eggs. At present, there are few studies on the spoilage bacteria of egg curds and the suitable heat treatment condition remains obscure. This study isolated and identified the spoilage bacteria from egg curds and then determined a suitable heat treatment condition. Bacillus velezensis EC 1 and Bacillus cereus EC 2 were isolated from spoiled products. The B. velezensis EC 1 spore was more thermal resistant than B. velezensis EC 1. The D 90 , D 95 and D 100 values of B. cereus EC 2 spores were 7.97, 2.23 and 0.93 min respectively, while the values of B. velezensis EC 1 spores were 26.87, 6.80 and 2.18 min, respectively. Based on the above D-values, we designed several heat treatment intensities and evaluated the heat treatment effect through shelf-life experiment. The egg curds heated at 100 °C for 10 min could maintain microbial safety during the 180-day storage period and the pH, total volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were relatively more stable. Therefore, in this study, the most suitable heat treatment condition for egg curds is 100 °C, 10 min. These findings will provide realistic guidance for egg curd manufacturers. • The spoilage microbes in heat treated egg curds were identified as B. velezensis and B. cereus. • The putrefaction ability of B. cereus EC 2 was stronger than that of B. velezensis EC 1. • The B. velezensis EC 1 spore was more thermal resistant than B. velezensis EC 1 spore. • The egg curds heated at 100 °C for 10 min could maintain microbial safety and the chemical indexes were relatively stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) has an important role in blood glucose metabolism. Silver carp swim bladder protein was hydrolyzed using papain, bromelain, Alcalase 2.4 L, Neutrase, and Flavourzyme. The swim bladder hydrolysate obtained using 5 h hydrolysis of Neutrase showed the highest DPP-IV inhibition (81 ± 2%) at 5 mg/mL. This hydrolysate was purified sequentially using ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and RP-HPLC. Peptide sequences from the RP-HPLC fractions were identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The most potent DPP-IV inhibitory peptide WGDEHIPGSPYH (IC 50 : 0.35 ± 0.01 mM) showed an uncompetitive inhibition mode. Docking analysis showed that the binding site of WGDEHIPGSPYH was located inside the cavity of the DPP-IV monomer, which was close to the catalytic site. WGDEHIPGSPYH and its hydrolysate IPGSPY were transported intact across a Caco-2 cell monolayer. These two peptides were tested for their effects on Caco-2 and INS-1 cells and both showed good inhibition for soluble DPP-IV and promoted insulin secretion. Image 1 • DPP-IV inhibitory activity peptides were isolated from silver carp swim bladder hydrolysates. • Peptides could inhibit soluble DPP-IV in Caco-2 and increase insulin secretion in INS-1. • Peptides could be transported intact through Caco-2 monolayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we conceptually replicated two experiments by Crespo-Bojorque and Toro (2016; Experiments 4a & 5a) in an attempt to corroborate their finding of improved performance in abstract pattern learning within sequences of conventionally consonant versus dissonant dyads. In addition, to determine whether the processing advantages for consonance that they reported were due to the ratio simplicity or the familiarity of the stimuli, we added a condition in which participants were either presented with unconventionally tuned small versus large integer-ratio dyads. Results failed to replicate Crespo-Bojorque and Toro's (2016) original findings: Neither conventionally consonant nor unconventionally tuned small integer-ratio dyads conferred any advantage in pattern learning or generalization. However, in a post hoc analysis using a subsample of participants with no music training, there was evidence that initial pattern learning was more efficient when the patterns were embedded within familiar as opposed to unconventionally tuned dyads. This is consistent with Crespo-Bojorque and Toro's (2016) proposition that interval familiarity may bolster abstract pattern detection. Discussion centers on the need for additional research on the impact of consonance on pattern learning, highlighting the importance of adjudicating between the effects of ratio simplicity and enculturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Milk contains bioactive compounds that have multiple essential benefits. Milk-derived small extracellular vesicles (M-sEVs) have emerged as novel bioactive milk components with various beneficial biological functions and broad applications. The M-sEVs from different mammalian sources have similar composition and bioactive functions. The digestive stability and biocompatibility of the M-sEVs provide a good foundation for their physiological functions. Evidence suggests that M-sEVs promote intestinal, immune, bone, neural, liver, and heart health and show therapeutic effects against cancer, indicating their potential for use in functional foods. In addition, M-sEVs can be developed as natural delivery carriers owing to their superior structural characteristics. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between the specific components and functions of M-sEVs, standardize their extraction processes, and refine relevant clinical trials to advance the future applications of M-sEVs. This review summarizes the structure and composition of M-sEVs isolated from different milk sources and discusses several common extraction methods. Since the introduction of M-sEVs for digestion and absorption, studies have been conducted on their biological functions. Furthermore, we outline the theoretical industrial production route, potential application scenarios of M-sEVs, and the future perspectives of M-sEV research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ready-to-eat products have become popular with most of the busy people in modern cities. Heat processing combined with vacuum-packaging is one of the most common methods to make ready-to-eat products with an extended shelf-life. In this study, the influence of heat processing [80 °C (LT) and 98 °C (HT) in water bath] on the quality of salted and vacuum-packaged silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) fillets, stored at 20 ± 1 °C, was investigated by sensory analysis, biochemical analysis, and microbial diversity. SPME-GC/MS indicated the presence of 27 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fillets, and major VOCs were aldehydes and alcohols. Acids tended to increase during storage and caused a fetid odor at the end of storage. Culture-dependent method indicated that Bacillus dominated the spoiled LT and HT samples. In addition, Bacillus was identified as the main spoiler of deteriorated heated fillets by high-throughput sequencing. Sphingomonas and Brevibacillus dominated the indigenous bacteria of fresh raw fillets. After heat processing, LT samples exhibited higher organoleptic quality than HT samples on day 0. HT samples showed extended shelf-life at 20 °C storage compared to LT samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus cereus is a common foodborne pathogen in dairy environment, which is hard to remove for its strong biofilm forming ability. In our study, Clean-in-place (CIP) regime and benzalkonium bromide (BK) were used in combination to enhance biofilm removal effectiveness. The CIP regime (1.5% NaOH at 65 °C for 10 min-water rinse-1% HNO 3 at 65 °C for 10 min-water rinse) often used in dairy industry only achieved a 4.69 log reduction/cm2. A step of 5000 μg/mL BK following this CIP regime could effectively remove the biofilm cells on stainless steel, and biofilm cells were removed to below detection limit. The efficacy of BK in inhibiting Bacillus cereus was investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of BK against Bacillus cereus were 6.25 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of BK took effect by inducing intracellular proteins and electrolytes leakage. Moreover, the microstructure of extracellular matrix was broken under confocal microscopy (CLSM) and the amounts of proteins, polysaccharides and DNA in extracellular matrix reduced by 44.8%, 69.2% and 60.9% respectively after treatment of 5000 μg/mL BK. By detecting the zeta potential of biofilm extracellular matrix and contact angle assay, we found BK could bind to extracellular matrix with electrostatic interaction and increasing the hydrophilicity of biofilm, making biofilm removal easier. So, BK combined with CIP regime could be used as an effective strategy to remove Bacillus cereus biofilm. • CIP regimes which combined with BK removed Bacillus cereus biofilm efficiently. • BK could damage Bacillus cereus membrane, making cellular contents leakage. • BK could increase the hydrophilicity of biofilm. making biofilm removal easier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postmortem changes in white muscle and dark muscle of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) during 72 h at 4 °C were evaluated by determining ATP-related compounds, AMP-deaminase (ADA) activity, acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, pH, texture properties, contents and SDS-PAGE patterns of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, as well as activity of cathepsins B and B + L. The results showed that white muscle had a significantly ( P < 0.05) higher pH and inosine monophosphate (IMP) concentration but a lower hardness after slaughter. Higher activity of ADA and ACP in dark muscle coincided with its higher K value. The SDS-PAGE patterns showed that white muscle contained more protein bands for myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, while dark muscle had more bands with low molecular weights for sarcoplasmic protein. Cathepsins B and B + L showed higher activity in dark muscle than in white muscle, especially at the later period of storage. Higher activity of endogenous enzymes in dark muscle might contribute to its faster quality loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to comprehensively understand the proteomic characteristics and modulation of the neural microenvironment with N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-induced neuronal degeneration in the retina and optic nerve at 12 h after intravitreal injection of 40 nmol NMDA. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were sacrificed at 12 h after intravitreal injection of 40 nmol NMDA. PBS-injected eyes served as controls. The key cell death-linked proteins from the retina and optic nerve tissues were assessed by a mass spectrometry-based label-free approach. In proteomics analysis, we identified 3532 proteins in retinal tissues and 2593 proteins in optic nerve tissues. The ACSL3 (Q63151) and Prnp (P13852) proteins were upregulated in the NMDA-damaged retina and connected with ferroptosis. The Gabarapl2 (P60522) protein was upregulated in NMDA-damaged optic nerves and connected with autophagy. We performed parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) to validate the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) results. Data are available ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD022466 (label-free quantification) and PXD022729 (PRM validation). Excitotoxicity is one of the pathogeneses of various retinal disorders, including glaucoma, retinal ischemia-reperfusion and traumatic optic neuropathy. This study indicated that ferroptosis may be linked to pathological cell death in the retina with NMDA insult. Autophagy may be induced by NMDA overstimulation in both the optic nerve and retina. Regulating these types of death simultaneously may provide the maximum benefit for retinal disease therapy. [Display omitted] • Ferroptosis may be linked to pathological cell death in the retina with NMDA insult. • Autophagy may be induced by NMDA overstimulation both in optic nerve and retina. • Retinal neuronal cell death may be crosstalk between ferroptosis and autophagy in excitotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The cooperation of the streak tube imaging and modulated laser source for underwater target detection experiments is the first attempt in this field. • The clear 3-D and 4-D images of the target underwater across 20 m are obtained with the spatial resolution of 9 mm. • The signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) of echo signal can be vastly enhanced using the hybrid lidar-radar system Here we report on a modulated sub-nanosecond lidar-radar for underwater target detection. The modulated laser source is consisted of a 1064 nm master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) and a frequency-doubling module, outputting pulse energy of 178.1 mJ at 1064 nm with 0.76 ns pulse duration and 87.6 mJ at 532 nm. By using a Fabry–Pérot cavity containing a KTP crystal and two reflectors, the 532 nm laser pulse is modulated into the burst mode with a repetition rate of 500 MHz. A streak tube camera is used as the signal receiving apparatus. An underwater target detection experiment has been carried out. The results indicate that this lidar-radar could emit a stable and powerful modulated signal, which greatly increases the underwater detection range. The cooperation of the streak tube imaging and modulated laser source for underwater target detection experiments is the first attempt in this field. The clear 3-D and 4-D images of the target underwater across 20 m are obtained in the experiments and the spatial resolution of 9 mm can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric sensors are excellent damage detectors that can be applied to structural health monitoring (SHM). SHM for complex structures of aerospace vehicles working in harsh conditions is frequently required, posing challenging requirements for a sensor's flexibility, radiation hardness, and high-temperature tolerance. Here, we fabricate a flexible and lightweight Pb(Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 )O 3 piezoelectric film on flexible KMg 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 )F 2 substrate via van der Waals (vdW) heteroepitaxy, endowing it with robust ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties under low energy-high flux protons (LE-HFPs) radiation (10 15 p/cm 2 ). More importantly, the Pb(Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 )O 3 film sensor maintains highly stable damage monitoring sensitivity on an aluminum plate under harsh conditions of LE-HFPs radiation (10 15 p/cm 2 , flat structure), high temperature (175 °C, flat structure), and mechanical fatigue (bending 10 5 cycles under a radius of 5 mm, curved structure). All these superior qualities are suggested to result from the outstanding film crystal quality due to vdW epitaxy. The flexible and lightweight Pb(Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 )O 3 film sensor demonstrated in this work provides an ideal candidate for real - time SHM of aerospace vehicles with flat and complex curve-like structures working in harsh aerospace environments.

Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys junceus (Fisch.) Nevski, is an important wild steppe perennial grass, which is characterized by longevity and short robust rhizomes. It also has highly resistance in grazing and abiotic stress. In this study, the genetic diversity of eleven P. juncea wild germplasms from north and central Asia was investigated using AFLP markers. The P. juncea populations were divided into three clades in both UPGMA dendrogram and PCoA clustering corresponding to the three genetic memberships in STRUCTURE analysis. The genetic specificity of Xinjiang (XJ) populations was revealed by the highest N e (1.5411) and H j (0.3553) and their dispersion shown in UPGMA. High inbreeding coefficient (Wright's F statistics, f = 0.496, F st = 0.128) was observed although a moderate degree of gene flow ( N m = 1.4736) existed, that may ascribe to habitat fragmentation or the low seedling recruitment, which ultimately resulted in decrease of population size and their genetic diversity. The key factors inducing moderate genetic differentiation detected in this study were isolation by distance (IBD), climatic variabilities and geographical barriers. All these results provide insights into the study of genetic status and germplasm collecting of Russian wildrye., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2020 Xiong et al.)