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The invasion of maize (Zea mays L.) in 2018 by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), threatened food security of India. In the early stage of crop growth, spray is difficult to apply because of the small size of the plant, waste of insecticide, and harm to non-target organisms. Seed treatment alone and combined with foliar spray were evaluated to manage fall armyworm in the field in June and September 2019. The experiment was a randomized block design with eight treatments. The maize seed treatments viz., chlorantraniliprole 250 g a.i./100 kg seeds alone, cyantraniliprole + thiamethoxam 238 g a.i./100 kg seeds, and cyantraniliprole + thiamethoxam 317 g a.i./100 kg seeds managed fall armyworm larvae and reduced plant damage 1 week after emergence of the crop compared with the check. A sequence of two foliar sprays resulted in the highest yield, followed by seed treatment plus a foliar spray (cyantraniliprole 19.8 + thiamethoxam 19.8 FS 8 ml/kg of seeds + emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.4 g/liter), and seed treatments (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole+thiamethoxam). Most net returns were from cyantraniliprole 19.8 + thiamethoxam 19.8 FS 317 g a.i./100 kg of seeds and foliar application of emamectin benzoate 5 SG 12.5 g a.i./ha (US $581); the nontreated check had only US $123/ha net return. La invasión al maíz (Zea mays L.) en 2018 por el gusano cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), amenazó la seguridad alimentaria de India. La aspersión de insecticidas es difícil de realizar en la etapa inicial de crecimiento del cultivo debido al tamaño pequeño de la planta, el desperdicio de insecticida y el daño a organismos no-objetivo. Se evaluó el tratamiento de semillas por sí solo y en combinación con aspersión foliar en junio y septiembre de 2019 para controlar el gusano cogollero en el campo. El experimento fue un diseño de bloques al azar con ocho tratamientos. Los tratamientos de semilla del maíz incluyendo clorantraniliprol 250 g i.a./100 kg de semillas solas, ciantraniliprol + tiametoxam 238 g i.a./100 kg de semillas y ciantraniliprol + tiametoxam 317 g i.a./100 kg de semillas redujeron las larvas del gusano cogollero y el daño a las plantas 1 semana después de la emergencia del cultivo en comparación con el control sin tratamiento. Una secuencia de dos aspersiones foliares dio como resultado el mayor rendimiento, seguido de un tratamiento de semillas más una aspersión foliar con (ciantraniliprol 19.8 + tiametoxam19.8 FS 8 ml/Kg de semillas – benzoato de emamectina 5 SG 0.4 g/litro) y tratamientosde semilla con (clorantraniliprol, ciantraniliprol + tiametoxam). La mayor parte de los rendimientos netos se observaron con ciantraniliprol 19,8 + tiametoxam 19,8 FS 317 gi.a./100 kg de semillas y aplicación foliar de benzoato de emamectina 5 SG 12,5 gi.a./ha (US $581); con el control sin tratamiento se obtuvieron solamente US $123/ha de rendimiento neto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy systems that rely on non-renewable sources like fossil fuels are contributing to climate change by emitting more carbon dioxide. It is crucial to shift towards renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biomass, and geo-thermal to meet our energy needs. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a thermodynamic cycle which utilizes an organic fluid with higher molecular mass and lower vaporization temperature than water-like organic fluids such as refrigerants. ORC technology powered by solar energy and waste heat plays an essential role in reducing carbon emission impact. It is becoming one of the most promising approaches to recovering waste heat using regenerative cycles. In this work, ORC driven by solar energy was performed in CYCLE tempo. The heat from solar panels was given as an input to run the ORC power system in the primary circuit. The system involves an evaporator, steam turbines (high pressure and low pressure), a condenser, a feed pump, a waste heat source and R134a as the working fluid for the primary ORC. In the secondary circuit, R245fa was used to produce additional power. Hence, the total power produced by the integration of these two circuits was 5.114 MW and a share of total electricity was utilized for hydrogen production by reversible fuel cells (i) Solid Oxide Electrolysis Fuel Cell (SOEFC) and (ii) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). They also compared the results of these fuel cells. The net power of 3.114 MW was available to meet local energy demands as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article focuses on Agricultural policies, Land reforms and green revolution mainly. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58% of India's population. Gross Value Added (GVA) by agriculture, forestry and fishing was estimated at Rs 19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion) in FY20 (PE). Growth in GVA in agriculture and allied sectors stood at 4% in FY20. The Indian food industry is poised for huge growth, increasing its contribution to world food trade every year due to its immense potential for value addition, particularly within the food processing industry. Indian food and grocery market is the world's sixth largest, with retail contributing 70% of the sales. The Indian food processing industry accounts for 32% of the country's total food market, one of the largest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production, consumption, export and expected growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]