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Despite being one of the most useful and reliable identification tools, DNA profiling in criminal procedure balances on the border between the limitation and violation of Fundamental Rights that can occur beginning with the collection of the sample, its analysis, and its use; and ending with its processing. Throughout this complex process, violation of human or fundamental rights -such as the right to physical and moral integrity, the right not to be subject to degrading treatment, the right not to incriminate oneself, the right to family privacy together with that of not incriminating descendants or relatives in general, the right to personal development and the right to informative self-determination- is possible. This article presents an analysis of all the above-mentioned DNA treating phases in criminal process in the light of possible violations of some Fundamental Rights, while at the same time discarding some of them on the basis of European human rights protection standards. As the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights shows, the legislation on DNA collection and DNA related data processing or its implementation does not always respect all human rights and should be carefully considered before its adoption and during its application.

How did restorative justice get onto the government agenda, and why does its implementation differ? A multiple streams approach: Restorative justice has resulted from a paradigm shift in the way criminal conflicts are dealt with. It involves achieving the pacification of the conflict while meeting the needs of victims, offenders and society, through dialogue. This article applies the multiple streams framework (MSF) to analyse how and why restorative justice got onto the government agenda in Western European countries. It also applies the novel theoretical adaptation of the MSF to analyse why restorative justice implementation is uneven across Western European countries and even within countries. The study shows that the generalised dissatisfaction of citizens with the traditional criminal justice system, their empowerment and the performance of policy entrepreneurs constituted a favourable context for restorative justice to get onto the government agenda. The findings underline that the MSF provides a useful lens through which to examine the complexity and dynamics of restorative justice policymaking and implementation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the justice sector is not necessarily a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated this process, as it required rapid solutions to mitigate the effects of social distancing and other security measures, for which ICTs proved crucial to ensure the continued provision of basic legal services. Initially used only for urgent matters, after two years it has become highly integrated into the regular functions of judicial institutions and is expected to continue as a critical tool against overburdened dockets. ICTs in the justice system can serve different purposes and can therefore be analyzed from different perspectives: efficiency in the administration of justice, interoperability between institutional actors, improvement of information for decision-makers, transparency and accountability, among others. This article focuses on access to justice. Therefore, it analyzes the ICTs implemented in Latin American countries, with a focus on the Chilean judiciary – particularly in the civil justice system – from a critical point of view, based on access to justice standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restorative justice (RJ) paradigm requires coherence among legal, justice, and educational systems to promote a culture of restorative dialogue with victims of violence and to reintegrate aggressors into the community. The objective of this study, from an evolutionary social perspective, was to examine criminal mediation files in the archives of the Murcia Intrajudicial Criminal Mediation Service (UMIM), Spain, to see which variables are associated with which types of violence and understand the contents and adoption of agreements. In this study the sociodemographic, procedural, and interpersonal variables of 216 people who used criminal mediation were analysed. The results showed statistically significant differences concerning age, the procedural moment of referral, and the participants' relationship. The main conclusions are that the youngest group had a more significant number of encounters with physical violence; most agreements occurred in the initial phase of a judicial procedure; and the majority of agreements had moral content regardless of the age of the parties involved. These factors are of interest to the establishment of judicial and educational restorative models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Schools are responsible for civic education and for educating the students so they may live together. This means that they need to develop educative processes that take into account the social and affective dimension of the classroom, such as improvements in the atmosphere at school and the quality of teacher-student relationships. Practical strategies are required to carry out these procedures. Foremost among these strategies is mediation as a conflict resolution procedure in school. This also promotes a wide range of emotional, socio-cognitive, and socio-moral skills, and can be influential in the development of effective civic behaviour to improve the community. In this study we present and analyse the results of a study conducted in 13 schools in Navarre, Spain, with 50 teacher mediators, 33 peer mediators, and 23 student participants aged between 13 and 18 (x=15.27 and s=1.543), all of whom are involved in mediating processes, in order to perform mediation in a systematic way with the objective of bringing about socio-moral improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifteen Hordeum species and subspeciesbelonging to groups with different genomes were studied usingPCR-based markers to establish phylogenetic relationshipswithin the genus. Two hundred and seventeen RAPD and STS markers wereused to calculate genetic distances and construct phylogenetic trees.The phenetic analysis clearly separated the primary gene pool,represented by H. vulgaressp. vulgare, H. vulgare ssp. vulgare convar. vulgare f. agriochriton and H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum, from the secondary gene pool,represented by H. bulbosumand the tertiary gene pool, represented by American wild barleys and H. bogdanii. Data obtainedfrom PCO analysis are in complete agreement with taxonomicclassifications proposed previously, which were comparisons ofnumerous morphological, cytological and reproductivecharacters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]