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The evaluation of the diversity in the cowpea local varieties (CLVs) allows the efficient use of genetic resources for cultivar development. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of CLVs based on observation of morphological characteristics and to identify the relationship among morphological traits and potential varieties as donor genes to improve yield potential. The CLVs were collected from five provinces in Indonesia during 2017–2018. The evaluation of the performance of CLVs’ morphological characteristics was carried out in the Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research from March to July 2019. The observed data were 43 agronomic characters which consist of qualitative and quantitative characters. There is a high variation in stem pigmentation and seed color in 214 CLVs. There were nine qualitative characters with no variation. Most quantitative characters showed significant variation among CLVs. The clustering of 214 CLVs results in five clusters in which some CLVs maintain valuable characteristics that could be used in the breeding program. The number of pods per plant, number of racemes per plant, and 100 seed weight were useful for indirect selection in the yield improvement. Based on the genotype by trait biplot, the CLV 112, 191, and 111 could be used as donor parents for seed size improvement and the CLV 169 could be used as a donor parent for the yield potential improvement in the cowpea breeding program. Four cowpea genotypes can be recommended for commercial release or used as potential breeding material in cowpea cultivar development programs. The new findings of this study could provide a basis for the genetic improvement of cowpea.

Since 2020 porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) has been declared as an important commercial crop grown in Indonesia. Recently, porang tubers a coated of a distinct white waxy substance was observed at seed storage. The symptoms pose a threat to tuber vigour quality due to the intensive infestation on stored tubers. This sap- sucking insect sucks the juice leading to desiccation and shrivelling of tubers. This study aims to identify the sap- sucking insect pest attacks the storage porang tubers. The studies carried out at ILETRI. Identification of the caused insect species was done by observing symptoms visually, morphological identification of adult females using Compound microscope Olympus Bx43 in 40 X magnification, and tuber germination and growth of 250 infested tubers in the field. Regarding to the specific symptoms whose soft body coated of a distinct white waxy substance and morphological measurement of the average length of the adult females (862.62±46.3 μm with range between 764 - 904 μm), it’s supposed caused by mealybug in Rhizoecus amorphophalli (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae). Our founding revealed that R. amorphophalli is first discovered as causal agent of a mealybug pest of porang in Indonesia and turned out to be very detrimental because their infestation caused 90 percent of infested porang tubers unable to germinate and grow.

Background: Pod sucking bug (Riptortus linearis F. Hemiptera: Alydidae) is one of the major insect pest in soybean that cause yield loss up to 79%. This study was carried out to identify the level of resistance to pod sucking bug on soybean genotypes. Methods: Field research was conducted at Muneng Experimental Farm, Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia in the Dry Season (March-June) 2019. A randomized block design repeated two times were used on a total of 16 soybean genotypes included two varieties (Anjasmoro and Gema) as check. The experiment consisted of two growing environments namely controlled environment (P1): two insecticides with active ingredients Deltamethrin and Fipronil were applied to soybean crops alternately; and uncontrolled environment (P0): no insecticide was applied to soybean crops Observations were recorded on the intensity of borer attack and dry seed weight. Result: In uncontrolled environment (P0), the percentage number of infected seed to healthy seed was higher than that in controlled environment (P1). The mean effectiveness of control of pod sucking was 35% which was based on infestation intensity of seed number/plant infected in in two environments. The total seed weight/plant in controlled environment (P1) was 95% higher than that in uncontrolled environment (P0). Based on infestation intensity in uncontrolled environment (P0), five genotypes (G1 to G5) were categorized as resistant against pod sucking bug while the check varieties Anjasmoro and Gema were categorized as moderate resistant and susceptible, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seed yield and seed size are agronomic traits needed by farmers and consumers. The objective of the study was to assess the potential yield and seed size of soybean promising lines. Methods: The field trials were conducted in two locations (Malang and Ngawi), East Java, Indonesia during dry season of 2018. Thirty soybean lines and two check cultivars (Anjasmoro and Dega 1) were set in a randomized completely block design, replicated three times. Result: The study showed that there were differences in genotypic variance of soybean between Ngawi and Malang locations on plant height, filled pods number/plant, maturity days and seed weight/plant. Maturity days and 100 seeds weight showed similar heritability values in both locations. In Malang, the value of expected genetic advance was less than that in Ngawi, suggested that Ngawi is better location for soybean selection for high yield potenstial and large seed size (100-seed weight). The soybean lines G 5 (Anjasmoro × MD6)-11 and G 21 (Grob × Argopuro) × (Pangrango)-41-10 have the highest seed yield of 3.03 and 3.07 t/ha, respectively, which is significantly higher than the check variety Anjasmoro (2.30 t/ha). G 21 also has larger 100-seed weight than the check variety Anjasmoro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whiteflies are a severe threat to soybean production in the tropics. This study aimed to evaluate the soybean resistance level of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in controlled and uncontrolled environments that is associated with plant age, damage intensity, and trichome density. The research was conducted under two conditions: non-sprayed (NS) and sprayed (SP). This study used 50 soybean genotypes arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. The whitefly population was derived from natural infestations. The results showed that the highest wild population of B. tabaci occurred at 40 days after planting (DAP), i.e., 126.08 adults/plant in the NS environment and 22.57 adults/plant in the SP environment. The peak damage intensity occurred at 50 DAP, 20.71% in the NS environment, and 17.15% in the SP environment. In the NS environment, there were six resistant genotypes (including the resistant control G100H), 25 moderate, and 19 susceptible genotypes. In the SP environment, 19 genotypes were resistant, 22 genotypes were moderate, and nine genotypes were susceptible, respectively. Six soybean genotypes showed consistent resistance to B. tabaci in NS and SP environments. The low density of leaf trichomes in soybean may influence the high resistance to B. tabaci. The resistant genotypes identified in this study could be utilized in breeding programs for B. tabaci resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pests and diseases infestations reduce the quantity and quality of seed yields. The objective of this study was to identify the correlation value between level of resistance to pests and chemical (fat and protein) concentrations of soybean genotypes. Methods: A total of 15 soybean genotypes were planted in field and glass house environments in 2017. Observations were made on the infestation intensity of pest and disease, dry seed yield, yield components and chemical (fat and protein) concentrations. Result: Soybean genotype DG-91-8 showed resistant (R) category to pod borer and pod sucker, while DM-122-35-17 showed resistant (R) category to army worm and pod borer. Two highest yielding genotypes (DG-91-8 and DG-99-32-14) had 15% higher seed yield than check variety Dering 1 (2.41 t/ha), with higher 100 seeds weight and pod number/plant. Fat concentration showed a significant positive correlation value with leaf rust disease. Pod suckers showed a significant positive correlation value with pod borer infestation, indicating that they had the same preference for soybean pods. Soybean genotypes DG-91-8 showed high seed yield (2.70 t/ha) and resistant (R) level to pod borer and pod sucker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mite (Tetranychus urticae) that attacks the cassava plants during dry season can reduce the yield up to 53%, depending on plant age and duration of attacks. The objective of the trial was to evaluate the cassava promising clones for tuber root yield and mite resistance. The field trial was done in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, in 2018 with fifteen clones using a randomized complete block design, with three replications. The glass house experiment for mite evaluation was done in Malang in 2018. A total of fifteen clones were used in this glass house trial. Infestation of mite (imago) was done 1 month after plating with 15 mites/pot on the lower part of the fourth or fifth leaf. Results of the field experiment showed that there was a genetic variability in the clones tested. The fresh tuber yield in 10 months ranged 30.33–55.67 t/ha with mean 41.34 t/ha. The fresh tuber yield of clone OMM 0915-11 was the highest of 55.67 t/ha. The tuber result of clone UJ5d50-207-3 similar to OMM 0915-11 and significantly higher than check variety UJ5. Response of clones to mite attack were as follows: two clones were resistant, ten clones were moderately resistant, and the other clones were susceptible. Based on the green house trial, the response of clones to mite attack was as follows: one clone was highly resistant, two clones were resistant, ten clones were moderately resistant, and the other clones were susceptible. Clone OMM 0915-11 was resistant variety or high resistant variety based on the green house and field experiments, while clone UJ5d50-207-3 was moderately resistant based on both glass house and field experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Saline land can be used to increase soybean planting area. Adaptive varieties is one of technology to utilize saline land for soybeans. The objective of this study was to determine the phenotype and genotype performance of the F3 generation soybean lines in saline soil of Indonesia. Methods: A total 247 soybean genotypes, including four check varieties, were planted in augmented design in 2018. The field electrical conductivity (EC) value before planting soybean was 10.4 dS/m and soil acidity was 8.1 which was classified as high saline land based on Jones (2002). Result: The number of selected plants were 172 single plants. GH K13/ Anjasmoro lines has an opportunity to further selection. Average height of GH K13/ Anjasmoro selected lines was 26.4 cm, number of fertile nodes was 11, number of filled pods was 27 and seeds weight per plant was 4.8 g. GH K13/ Anjasmoro lines has a high broad sense heritability for plant height, number of branches and number of filled pods, also high genetic advance for all characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early maturity, small seed size, and high seed yield are important characters of mungbean in Indonesia. The objective of the study was to determine the useful parents in mungbean crosses for early maturity, small seed size, and high seed yield varieties by estimating the genetic parameters and their inheritance. The study was conducted at the ILETRI, Malang, East Java, Indonesia, during the dry season of 2014. 20 F1 and 5 parents were evaluated using a randomized block design, repeated three times. Results of the study showed that all observed traits showed the importance of both additive and dominance gene effects. The relative value of general combining ability (GCA) was greater than specific combining ability (SCA) for number of pod clusters per plant, number of branches per plant, plant height, days to maturity, and 100-seed weight which indicated the importance of additive gene effect. The dominance gene effect occurred on number of pods and seed yield per plant. Among five parents, G3 was the best combiner for all the observed characters except pod length; therefore, G3 could be exploited for late maturity, small seed size, high number of branches and pod cluster, and high seed yield. G5 has a high GCA for 100-seed weight. G1 and G2 have good GCA for early maturity. G3 and G5 genotypes are useful as parents in mungbean breeding for small and large seed size varieties, respectively. The best combination for seed yield was G2 × G3 and G3 × G1 crosses and could be proceeded with selection for early maturity, small seed size, and high seed yield varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate an effect of organic fertilizer applied to rice in the first planting season for unfertilized soybean as second crop followed by inorganic and biofertilizer applied in the third season on soybean growth and yield under the rice-soybean-soybean cropping pattern in 2016/2017. The main plot was organic: (1) without organic amendment, (2) 10 t·ha−1 of chicken manure, and (3) 10 t·ha−1 precomposted rice straw. The subplot was inorganic N and P fertilizers and commercial biofertilizer (consisting of Rhizobium, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and P-solubilizing bacteria) applied at planting of soybeans in the second dry season: (1) control (no inorganic and biofertilizer), (2) 50 kg urea ha−1, (3) 100 kg SP36·ha−1, (4) 50 kg urea + 100 kg SP36 ha−1, (5) biofertilizer, (6) biofertilizer + 25 kg urea ha−1, (7) biofertilizer + 75 kg SP36 ha 1, and (8) biofertilizer + 25 kg urea + 75 kg SP36 ha−1. Soybean planted on the first dry season after rice harvested was not fertilized (untreated). The results showed that the chicken manure amendment increased grain yield of soybean in the second season, i.e., from 1.03 t·ha−1 (without organic amendment) to 1.27 t·ha−1, an increase of 23%. There was no effect of rice straw on soybean grain yield. In the third season, however, the residual effect of straw compost or chicken manure increased soybean grain yield by 8% and 20%, respectively. Both straw compost and chicken manure also showed a positive effect on the use of inorganic and biofertilizers in increasing soybean productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new route of in vitro propagation of gerbera selected clones was successfully established using young capitula in tight buds and buds that were started to unfold stage as explant source. The one-fourth pieces of young capitula of tight flower stage and half-strength MS medium containing 0.25 mg/1 BAP was the suitable for initiation and produced higher number of shoots per explant up to 3.8 shoots. The results were improved by culturing the one-fourth piece of 01.092 capitulums on MS medium fortified by 0.2 mg/1 BAP and 0.02 mg/1 NAA producing the highest shoot formation up to 8.5 shoots per explant with 28.7 leaves per explant and 2.1 cm leaf length. High multiple shoots were determined in third to fourth subculture periods and reduced thereafter with high multiplication rate noted on 01.092 clone. Shoots were easily rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2 g/1 activated charcoal. Plantlets were transferred to ex vitro condition with 96.4% survivability of03.045 clone using Cycas rumfhii bulk and cocopeat (1:1, v/v) under spraying 1 g/1 Growmore (32N:10P:10K) solution once week periodically. The route has high potential applied in qualified plantlet production for other Gerbera's due to high shoots produced up to 35 shoots per whole young capitulum used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]