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Background: Patients with sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU) often experience rapid muscle loss. The urea-to-creatinine ratio (UCR) is thought to reflect muscle breakdown (creatinine) and catabolism (urea) and is commonly used to assess nutritional and metabolic status. This study aimed to investigate whether changes in UCR (ΔUCR) can predict the development of rapid muscle loss in patients with sepsis. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in a university ICU between 2014 and 2021, involving adult patients (≥ 18 years) diagnosed with sepsis. The primary outcome was the incidence of rapid muscle loss during ICU hospitalization. Changes in the cross-sectional muscle area at the third lumbar vertebra (L3SMA) were measured using CT images to evaluate muscle loss. Rapid muscle loss was defined as a change in ΔL3SMA greater than 2% per day. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between UCR or ΔUCR and rapid muscle loss. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the predictive performance of UCR or ΔUCR for rapid muscle loss. Results: Of the 482 patients, 141 (29.2%) experienced rapid muscle loss during their ICU stay. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that ΔUCR was significantly associated with an increased risk of rapid muscle loss, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.02 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.02]. The AUC for ΔUCR in predicting rapid muscle loss was 0.76 [95% CI: 0.68–0.83], with a threshold value of 19.4 µmol urea/µmol creatinine for ΔUCR. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that ΔUCR is independently associated with rapid muscle loss in patients with sepsis and the AUC of the ROC curve for the ability of ΔUCR to predict rapid muscle loss was 0.76. Though additional prospective data are needed, our results suggest that ΔUCR may be useful in the early identification of critically ill patients with sepsis at risk of rapid muscle loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low physical performance is associated with higher mortality rate in multiple pathological conditions. Here, we aimed to determine whether body composition and physical performance could be prognostic factors in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Moreover, we performed an exploratory approach to determine whether plasma samples from NSCLC patients could directly affect metabolic and structural phenotypes in primary muscle cells. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 55 metastatic NSCLC patients and seven age‐matched control subjects. Assessments included physical performance, body composition, quality of life and overall survival rate. Plasma samples from a sub cohort of 18 patients were collected for exploratory studies in cell culture and metabolomic analysis. Results: We observed a higher survival rate in NSCLC patients with high performance in the timed up‐and‐go (+320%; p =.007), sit‐to‐stand (+256%; p =.01) and six‐minute walking (+323%; p =.002) tests when compared to NSCLC patients with low physical performance. There was no significant association for similar analysis with body composition measurements (p >.05). Primary human myotubes incubated with plasma from NSCLC patients with low physical performance had impaired oxygen consumption rate (−54.2%; p <.0001) and cell proliferation (−44.9%; p =.007). An unbiased metabolomic analysis revealed a list of specific metabolites differentially expressed in the plasma of NSCLC patients with low physical performance. Conclusion: These novel findings indicate that physical performance is a prognostic factor for overall survival in NSCLC patients and provide novel insights into circulating factors that could impair skeletal muscle metabolism. We found that patients with better performance in the timed up‐and‐go, sit‐to‐stand and six‐minutes walking test lived longer in this cohort. Moreover, plasma from NSCLC patients with low physical performance impaired oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate and decreased the proliferation of primary human myotubes. Unbiased metabolomics revealed several metabolites differentially expressed in the plasma of NSCLC patients with low physical performance compared to healthy control subjects, with serine and M22G being the most reduced and increased metabolites, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal muscle dysfunction in critical illnesses leaves survivors weak and functionally impaired. Macrophages infiltrate muscles; however, their functional role is unclear. We aim to examine muscle leukocyte composition and the effect of macrophages on muscle mass and function in the murine acute lung injury (ALI)‐associated skeletal muscle wasting model. We performed flow cytometry of hindlimb muscle to identify myeloid cells pre‐injury and time points up to 29 days after intratracheal lipopolysaccharide ALI. We evaluated muscle force and morphometrics after systemic and intramuscular clodronate‐induced macrophage depletions between peak lung injury and recovery (day 5–6) versus vehicle control. Our results show muscle leukocytes changed over ALI course with day 3 neutrophil infiltration (130.5 ± 95.6cells/mg control to 236.3 ± 70.6cells/mg day 3) and increased day 10 monocyte abundance (5.0 ± 3.4%CD45+CD11b+ day 3 to 14.0 ± 2.6%CD45+CD11b+ day 10, p = 0.005). Although macrophage count did not significantly change, pro‐inflammatory (27.0 ± 7.2% day 3 to 7.2 ± 3.8% day 10, p = 0.02) and anti‐inflammatory (30.5 ± 11.1% day 3 to 52.7 ± 9.7% day 10, p = 0.09) surface marker expression changed over the course of ALI. Macrophage depletion following peak lung injury increased muscle mass and force generation. These data suggest muscle macrophages beyond peak lung injury limit or delay muscle recovery. Targeting macrophages could augment muscle recovery following lung injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Our previous studies have identified that nocturnal hypoxemia causes skeletal muscle loss (i.e., sarcopenia) in in vitro models of COPD. Objectives: We aimed to extend our preclinical mechanistic findings by analyzing a large sleep registry to determine whether nocturnal hypoxemia is associated with sarcopenia in patients with COPD. Methods: Sleep studies from patients with COPD (n = 479) and control subjects without COPD (n = 275) were analyzed. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea, as defined by apnea–hypopnea index ⩾ 5, were excluded. Pectoralis muscle cross-sectional area (PMcsa) was quantified using computed tomography scans performed within 1 year of the sleep study. We defined sarcopenia as less than the lowest 20% residuals for PMcsa of control subjects, which was adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) and stratified by sex. Youden's optimal cut-point criteria were used to predict sarcopenia based on mean oxygen saturation during sleep. Additional measures of nocturnal hypoxemia were analyzed. The pectoralis muscle index (PMI) was defined as PMcsa normalized to BMI. Results: On average, males with COPD had a 16.6% lower PMI than control males (1.41 ± 0.44 vs. 1.69 ± 0.56 cm2/BMI; P < 0.001), whereas females with COPD had a 9.4% lower PMI than control females (0.96 ± 0.27 vs. 1.06 ± 0.33 cm2/BMI; P < 0.001). Males with COPD with nocturnal hypoxemia had a 9.5% decrease in PMI versus COPD with normal O2 (1.33 ± 0.39 vs. 1.47 ± 0.46 cm2/BMI; P < 0.05) and a 23.6% decrease compared with control subjects (1.33 ± 0.39 vs. 1.74 ± 0.56 cm2/BMI; P < 0.001). Females with COPD with nocturnal hypoxemia had an 11.2% decrease versus COPD with normal O2 (0.87 ± 0.26 vs. 0.98 ± 0.28 cm2/BMI; P < 0.05) and a 17.9% decrease compared with control subjects (0.87 ± 0.26 vs. 1.06 ± 0.33 cm2/BMI; P < 0.001). These findings were largely replicated using multiple measures of nocturnal hypoxemia. Conclusions: We defined sarcopenia in the pectoralis muscle using residuals that take into account age, BMI, and sex. We found that patients with COPD have a lower PMI than patients without COPD and that nocturnal hypoxemia was associated with an additional decrease in the PMI of patients with COPD. Additional prospective analyses are needed to determine a protective threshold of oxygen saturation to prevent or reverse sarcopenia due to nocturnal hypoxemia in COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review highlights some established and some more contemporary mechanisms responsible for heart failure (HF)-induced skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. We first describe the effects of HF on the relationship between protein synthesis and degradation rates, which determine muscle mass, the involvement of the satellite cells for continual muscle regeneration, and changes in myofiber calcium homeostasis linked to contractile dysfunction. We then highlight key mechanistic effects of both aerobic and resistance exercise training on skeletal muscle in HF and outline its application as a beneficial treatment. Overall, HF causes multiple impairments related to autophagy, anabolic-catabolic signaling, satellite cell proliferation, and calcium homeostasis, which together promote fiber atrophy, contractile dysfunction, and impaired regeneration. Although both wasting and weakness are partly rescued by aerobic and resistance exercise training in HF, the effects of satellite cell dynamics remain poorly explored.

Background: Cancer cachexia is a debilitating syndrome associated with marked body loss because of muscular atrophy and fat loss. There are several mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of cachexia. The presence of the tumor releases cytokines from inflammatory and immune cells, which play a significant role in activating and deactivating certain pathways associated with protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. This review focuses on various cascades involving an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation in the skeletal muscles. Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle wasting phenomenon over the last few years. Methods: This article briefly overviews different pathways responsible for muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. Studies published up to April 2023 were included. Important findings and study contributions were chosen and compiled using several databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ClinicalTrials.gov using relevant keywords. Results: Cancer cachexia is a complex disease involving multiple factors resulting in atrophy of skeletal muscles. Systemic inflammation, altered energy balance and carbohydrate metabolism, altered lipid and protein metabolism, and adipose tissue browning are some of the major culprits in cancer cachexia. Increased protein degradation and decreased protein synthesis lead to muscle atrophy. Changes in signaling pathway like ubiquitin‐proteasome, autophagy, mTOR, AMPK, and IGF‐1 also lead to muscle wasting. Physical exercise, nutritional supplementation, steroids, myostatin inhibitors, and interventions targeting on inflammation have been investigated to treat cancer cachexia. Some therapy showed positive results in preclinical and clinical settings, although more research on the efficacy and safety of the treatment should be done. Conclusion: Muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia is the result of multiple complex mechanisms; as a result, a lot more research has been done to describe the pathophysiology of the disease. Targeted therapy and multimodal interventions can improve clinical outcomes for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer-associated cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterised by systemic inflammation and hypermetabolism that affects different tissues and organs. Is characterised by progressive and irreversible weight loss, mainly due to skeletal muscle wasting and often accompanied by loss of fat mass. Due to its complexity, and lack of effective treatment, this syndrome is a sign of poor prognosis in cancer patients. Cellular models constitute a valuable and powerful tool offering insights into the molecular pathways and cellular responses associated with cancer cachexia. Currently, there are robust and widely used cell lines used to establish models to study the pathophysiology of muscle wasting and adipose tissue loss. Various methods can be used to induce the cachectic phenotype in the cells, utilising genetic engineering or different inducing agents such as hormones, inflammatory factors and chemotherapeutic drugs. The available experimental data on their metabolic properties and transcriptional and proteomic profiles allows the selection of the most suitable research model to replicate the relevant aspects of cachexia. In this review, we make an overview of the in vitro models used to study biological aspects of cancer-associated cachexia and analyse their strengths and limitations in replicating the complex physiological environment and pathological processes of the syndrome. Herein, we also briefly approach the difficulty of modelling the contribution of different organs and crosstalk between different tissues.

Muscle wasting (sarcopenia) is one of the hallmarks of critical illness. Patients admitted to intensive care unit develop sarcopenia through increased protein catabolism, a decrease in protein syntheses, or both. Among the factors known to promote wasting are chronic inflammation and cytokine imbalance, insulin resistance, hypermetabolism, and malnutrition. Moreover, muscle wasting, known to develop in chronic kidney disease patients, is a harmful consequence of numerous complications associated with deteriorated renal function. Plenty of published data suggest that serum creatinine (SCr) reflects increased kidney damage and is also related to body weight. Based on the concept that urea and creatinine are nitrogenous end products of metabolism, the urea:creatinine ratio (UCR) could be applied but with limited clinical usability in case of kidney damage, hypovolemia, excessive, or protein intake, where UCR can be high and independent of catabolism. Recent data suggest that the sarcopenia index should be considered an alternative to serum creatinine. It is more reliable in estimating muscle mass than SCr. However, the optimal biomarker of catabolism is still an unresolved issue. The SCr is not a promising biomarker for renal function and muscle mass based on the influence of several factors. The present review highlights recent findings on the limits of SCr as a surrogate marker of renal function and the assessment modalities of nutritional status and muscle mass measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Heart failure induces skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction, which decreases regular treatment and patient quality of life. • To date, no effective treatment for heart failure-induced muscle pathology is established, apart from exercise training. • Aerobic and resistance exercise training are both effective treatments in patients with heart failure for conferring health benefits, higher quality of life, and improved survival. This review highlights some established and some more contemporary mechanisms responsible for heart failure (HF)-induced skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. We first describe the effects of HF on the relationship between protein synthesis and degradation rates, which determine muscle mass, the involvement of the satellite cells for continual muscle regeneration, and changes in myofiber calcium homeostasis linked to contractile dysfunction. We then highlight key mechanistic effects of both aerobic and resistance exercise training on skeletal muscle in HF and outline its application as a beneficial treatment. Overall, HF causes multiple impairments related to autophagy, anabolic-catabolic signaling, satellite cell proliferation, and calcium homeostasis, which together promote fiber atrophy, contractile dysfunction, and impaired regeneration. Although both wasting and weakness are partly rescued by aerobic and resistance exercise training in HF, the effects of satellite cell dynamics remain poorly explored. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Myosteatosis implies impaired muscle quality. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of myosteatosis with other muscle abnormalities and its role in the prognosis of liver cirrhosis (LC). Method: Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and myosteatosis were measured by computed tomography. Myosteatosis was defined as muscle radiodensity and evaluated according to dry body mass index (BMI). Median values and interquartile range were used for continuous and count (percentage) for categorical variables. Results: A total of 197 consecutive patients were included (age 61 (IQR 52–68); 67% male; MELD score 11 (interquartile range 7.5–16)). Myosteatosis was identified in 73.6% and sarcopenia in 44.6% of patients. Myosteatosis was positively associated with age (p = 0.024) and Child–Pugh (p = 0.017) and inversely associated with SMI (p = 0.026). Patients with myosteatosis exhibited lower 360-day survival (log-rank p = 0.001) compared to those without it. MELD (p < 0.001) and myosteatosis (p = 0.048) emerged as negative prognostic factors of survival in multivariate model. Individuals combining low muscle strength and impaired muscle quality and quantity displayed more advanced LC, impaired muscle performance, lower BMI (p < 0.001 each) and a three times higher mortality rate compared to those with low muscle quality alone. Conclusions: The presence of myosteatosis was associated with advanced age, low skeletal mass and more severe LC. Myosteatosis was associated with poor prognosis and may represent a prodromal phase of muscle degeneration before the development of sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global health burden with high mortality and health costs. CKD patients exhibit lower cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, strongly associated with morbidity/mortality, which is exacerbated when they reach the need for renal replacement therapies (RRT). Muscle wasting in CKD has been associated with an inflammatory/oxidative status affecting the resident cells' microenvironment, decreasing repair capacity and leading to atrophy. Exercise may help counteracting such effects; however, the molecular mechanisms remain uncertain. Thus, trying to pinpoint and understand these mechanisms is of particular interest. This review will start with a general background about myogenesis, followed by an overview of the impact of redox imbalance as a mechanism of muscle wasting in CKD, with focus on the modulatory effect of exercise on the skeletal muscle microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Low skeletal muscle area or density, such as myosteatosis, identified on computed tomography (CT) is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the clinical process of skeletal muscle decline as a short‐term change during acute care settings. This study focused on the use of routine CT imaging for aortic disease management and investigated the changes in skeletal muscle before and after acute care. Methods This prospective study included 123 patients who underwent abdominal CT before and after acute care. The all‐abdominal and each abdominal muscle areas were divided into eight parts (e.g. rectus abdominis, psoas, and erector spine), and their areas and densities were measured at the third lumbar vertebra level after the patients were discharged and de‐identified with blinding to avoid measurement bias. Short physical performance battery (SPPB) was measured at the start and end of in‐hospital cardiac rehabilitation. A generalized linear model with patients as random effects was made to investigate skeletal muscle loss during acute care. Multivariate linear regression analysis was also used to assess the relationship between the change in skeletal muscle during acute care and SPPB during in‐hospital cardiac rehabilitation. Results The median age of the patients was 70 (interquartile: 58–77) years, and 69.9% (86/123) were men. The median day between acute care from the day of surgery or hospital admission and follow‐up CT was 7 (interquartile: 3–8) days. Overall muscle density declined after acute care (estimate value: −3.640, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −4.538 to −2.741), and each abdominal muscle density consistently declined (interaction: F value = 0.099, P = 0.998). In contrast, there was no significant change in the overall muscle area (estimate value: −0.863, 95% CI: −2.925 to 1.200). Changes in the muscle area were different for each skeletal muscle (interaction: F value = 2.142, P = 0.037), and only the erector spine muscle significantly declined (estimate value: −1.836, 95% CI: −2.507 to −1.165). After adjusting for confounding factors, a greater decline in muscle density was associated with lower recovery score on SPPB (β = 0.296, 95% CI: 0.066 to 0.400). Conclusions Muscle density consistently declined after acute care, especially the erector spine muscles, which also significantly decreased in size. A higher decline in muscle density was associated with a slower recovery of physical function during in‐hospital cardiac rehabilitation in patients with aortic diseases.

Cancer cachexia is a kind of whole-body metabolic disorder syndrome accompanied by severe wasting of muscle tissue in which cancer exosomes may be involved. Analysis of clinical samples showed that the serum exosome concentrations were correlated with the development of cancer cachexia. Exosomes secreted by C26 cells could decrease the diameter of C2C12 myotubes in vitro and decrease mouse muscle strength and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle weight in vivo. GW4869, an inhibitor of exosome excretion, ameliorated muscle wasting in C26 tumor-bearing mice. MicroRNA (miRNA) sequencing (miRNA-seq) analysis suggested that miR-195a-5p and miR-125b-1-3p were richer in C26 exosomes than in exosomes secreted from MC38 cells (non-cachexic). Both miR-195a-5p and miR-125b-1-3p mimics could induce atrophy of C2C12 myoblasts. Downregulation of Bcl-2 and activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway were observed in C2C12 myoblasts transfected with miR-195a-5p and miR-125b-1-3p mimics, in the gastrocnemius muscle of C26 tumor-bearing mice and in the TA muscle injected with C26 exosomes. Results of dual-luciferase assay confirmed the targeting of miR-195a-5p/miR-125b-1-3p to Bcl-2. Overexpression of Bcl-2 successfully reversed atrophy of C2C12 myoblasts induced by the two miRNA mimics. These results suggested that cancer exosome enriched miRNAs might induce muscle atrophy by targeting Bcl-2-mediated apoptosis.

Abstract Background Skeletal muscle wasting (SMW) in cancer patients is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, treatment intolerance and discontinuation, and poor quality of life. This is particularly true for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as over 85% experience SMW, which is responsible for ~30% of patient deaths. While the established paradigm to explain SMW posits that muscle catabolism from systemic inflammation and nutritional deficiencies, the cause of death, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible remain to be elucidated. To address this, we investigated the relationship between tumour burden and survival in the KCKO murine PDAC model. Methods Female C57BL/6J mice 6–8 weeks of age underwent orthotopic injection with KCKO‐luc tumour cells. Solid tumour was verified on Day 5, post‐tumour inoculation. In vivo, longitudinal lean mass and tumour burden were assessed via dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and IVIS imaging, respectively, and total body weight was assessed, weekly. Animals were sacrificed at a designated end point of ‘failure to thrive’. After sacrifice, lower limb hind muscles were harvested for histology and RNA extraction. Results We found a strong correlation between primary tumour size and survival (r2 = 0.83, P

AimNutrition is an important part of the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is limited clinical research on the skeletal muscle nutrition of patients with CKD. We carried out this study to find out whether a low-protein diet supplemented with ketoacids (LPD + KA) could improve muscle wasting in patients with CKD.MethodsPatients were enrolled in this non-blind, parallel-group, randomized trial assessing the nutritional status of CKD, randomly assigned to either the LPD + KA group or conventional LPD group. Blood samples such as Hemoglobin, Cystatin C, Creatinine, BUN, Albumin, Pre- Albumin, Glycerin Trilaurate, and Cholesterol were measured at baseline and every 3 months. The parameters of skeletal muscle and other body composition were assessed before and after dietary intervention for 12 months.ResultsA total of 58 patients with CKD completed the study and were available for further analysis. The hemoglobin and albumin were observed to be markedly improved in the LPD + KA group during the follow-up as compared to baseline. Body mass index and total body water index of both groups were increased upon follow-up but the increase in the LPD + KA group was comparatively higher. Moreover, an increase in body fat%, skeletal muscle mass index, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was observed in both groups between baseline and follow-up, but it was statistically insignificant.ConclusionThis study did not find a significant improvement of KAs on muscle wasting, and a long time or more indices study may need to find the effects of the LPD + KA diets.Clinical trial registration[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT02568020].

To investigate whether exogenous melatonin (MLT) could alleviate skeletal muscle wasting by regulating hypothalamic neuropeptides expression. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg), followed by MLT (30 mg/kg/day) or saline for 3 days. Hypothalamic tissues and skeletal muscle were obtained on day 3. Skeletal muscle wasting was measured by the mRNA expression of two E3 ubiquitin ligases, muscle atrophy F-box and muscle ring finger 1 as well as 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) and tyrosine release. Three hypothalamic neuropeptides (POMC, AgRP, CART) expression were detected in all groups. POMC expression knockdown was achieved by ARC injection of lentiviruses containing shRNA against POMC. Two weeks after ARC viruses injection, rats were i.p. injected with LPS (10 mg/kg) followed by MLT (30 mg/kg/day) or saline for 3 days. Brain tissues were harvested for immunostaining. In septic rats, 3-MH, tyrosine release and muscle atrophic gene expression were significantly decreased in MLT treated group. POMC and CART expression were lower while AgRP expression was higher in MLT treated group. Furthermore, in septic rats treated with MLT, muscle wasting in those with lower expression of neuropeptide POMC did not differ from those with normal POMC expression. Exogenous MLT could alleviate skeletal muscle wasting in septic rats by regulating hypothalamic neuropeptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of T‐type calcium channel (TCC) function has been reported to result in decreased cell viability and impaired muscle regeneration, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We previously found that expression of TCC is reduced in aged pelvic floor muscle of multiple vaginal delivery mice, and this is related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation and autophagy flux blockade. In the present work, we further investigated the effects of TCC function loss on C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle, which is mediated by promotion of ERS and ultimately contributes to mitochondrial‐related apoptotic cell death. We found that application of a TCC inhibitor induced mitochondria‐related apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner and also reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP), induced mito‐ROS generation, and enhanced expression of mitochondrial apoptosis proteins. Functional inhibition of TCC induced ERS, resulting in disorder of Ca2+ homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum, and ultimately leading to cell apoptosis in C2C12 myotubes. Tibialis anterior muscles of T‐type α1H channel knockout mice displayed a smaller skeletal muscle fiber size and elevated ERS‐mediated apoptosis signaling. Our data point to a novel mechanism whereby TCC blockade leads to ERS activation and terminal mitochondrial‐related apoptotic events in C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscles.

Abstract Skeletal muscle atrophy is debilitating consequence of a large number of chronic disease states, aging, and disuse conditions. Skeletal muscle mass is regulated through coordinated activation of a number of signaling cascades. Transforming growth factor‐β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a central kinase that mediates the activation of multiple signaling pathways in response to various growth factors, cytokines, and microbial products. Accumulating evidence suggests that TAK1 promotes skeletal muscle growth and essential for the maintenance of muscle mass in adults. Targeted inactivation of TAK1 leads to severe muscle wasting and kyphosis in mice. However, the mechanisms by which TAK1 prevents loss of muscle mass remain poorly understood. Through generation of inducible skeletal muscle‐specific Tak1‐knockout mice, we demonstrate that targeted ablation of TAK1 disrupts redox signaling leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and loss of skeletal muscle mass and contractile function. Suppression of oxidative stress using Trolox improves muscle contractile function and inhibits the activation of catabolic signaling pathways in Tak1‐deficient muscle. Moreover, Trolox inhibits the activation of ubiquitin‐proteasome system and autophagy markers in skeletal muscle of Tak1‐deficient mice. Furthermore, inhibition of oxidative stress using Trolox prevents the slow‐to‐fast type fiber transition and improves mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of Tak1‐deficient mice. Overall, our results demonstrate that TAK1 maintains skeletal muscle mass and health through redox homeostasis.

Background: Skeletal muscle wasting (SMW) in cancer patients is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, treatment intolerance and discontinuation, and poor quality of life. This is particularly true for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as over 85% experience SMW, which is responsible for ~30% of patient deaths. While the established paradigm to explain SMW posits that muscle catabolism from systemic inflammation and nutritional deficiencies, the cause of death, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible remain to be elucidated. To address this, we investigated the relationship between tumour burden and survival in the KCKO murine PDAC model. Methods: Female C57BL/6J mice 6–8 weeks of age underwent orthotopic injection with KCKO‐luc tumour cells. Solid tumour was verified on Day 5, post‐tumour inoculation. In vivo, longitudinal lean mass and tumour burden were assessed via dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and IVIS imaging, respectively, and total body weight was assessed, weekly. Animals were sacrificed at a designated end point of 'failure to thrive'. After sacrifice, lower limb hind muscles were harvested for histology and RNA extraction. Results: We found a strong correlation between primary tumour size and survival (r2 = 0.83, P < 0.0001). A significant decrease in lower limb lean mass was first detected at Day 38 post‐implantation vs. no tumour controls (NTCs) (P < 0.0001). SMW was confirmed by histology, which demonstrated a 38%, 32.7%, and 39.9% decrease in fibre size of extensor digitorum longus, soleus, and tibialis anterior muscles, respectively, in PDAC mice vs. NTC (P < 0.002). Histology also revealed a 67.6% increase in haematopoietic cells within the muscle of PDAC mice when compared with NTC. Bulk RNAseq on muscles from PDAC mice vs. NTC revealed significant increases in c/ebpβ/Δ, il‐1, il‐6, and tnf gene expression. Pathway analyses to identify potential upstream factors revealed increased adipogenic gene expression, including a four‐fold increase in igfbp‐3. Histomorphometry of Oil Red‐O staining for fat content in tibialis anterior muscles demonstrated a 95.5% increase in positively stained fibres from PDAC mice vs. NTC. Conclusions: Together, these findings support a novel model of PDAC‐associated SMW and mortality in which systemic inflammation leads to inflammatory cell infiltration into skeletal muscle with up‐regulated myocellular lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia is defined by low muscle mass and low muscle strength and is a prognostic factor of unfavorable outcomes in various diseases. The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between skeletal muscle wasting (SMW) during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and postoperative complications in patients with esophageal cancer, particularly in relation to anastomotic leakage. Methods: The present study involved 99 patients with thoracic esophageal cancer and esophago-gastric junctional cancer who received NAC followed by radical esophagectomy between August 2008 to June 2019, and who were pStage 0–III. Patient demographics and clinical variables were retrospectively reviewed. For assessing the extent of SMW, the rate of change in skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was measured from CT images at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. Factors associated with postoperative complications were also examined. Results: The median rate of change in total SMI in patients was − 1.87%. The decreased rates in SMI of the side abdominal muscles and rectus abdominis were significantly greater than that of the psoas major (side abdominal muscles: p = 0.0084, rectus abdominis: p = 0.036). Multivariate analysis showed a decreased rate in SMI, especially in the erector spinae muscle, and the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was significantly associated with Grade IIIa of higher anastomotic leakage (Grade ≥ IIIa) (SMI cutoff (favorable): ≤ − 7.84, p = 0.0040; CCI cutoff (favorable): ≥ 2, p = 0.0032). Conclusion: In patients with esophageal cancer, SMI tend to decrease during NAC treatment. It is therefore important to prevent the additional impact that SMW during NAC has on postoperative anastomotic leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer-associated cachexia is a heterogeneous, multifactorial syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation, unintentional weight loss, and profound alteration in body composition. The main feature of cancer cachexia is represented by the loss of skeletal muscle tissue, which may or may not be accompanied by significant adipose tissue wasting. Such phenotypic alteration occurs as the result of concomitant increased myofibril breakdown and reduced muscle protein synthesis, actively contributing to fatigue, worsening of quality of life, and refractoriness to chemotherapy. According to the classical view, this condition is primarily triggered by interactions between specific tumor-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and their cognate receptors expressed on the myocyte membrane. This causes a shift in gene expression of muscle cells, eventually leading to a pronounced catabolic condition and cell death. More recent studies, however, have shown the involvement of regulatory non-coding RNAs in the outbreak of cancer cachexia. In particular, the role exerted by microRNAs is being widely addressed, and several mechanistic studies are in progress. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings concerning the role of microRNAs in triggering or exacerbating muscle wasting in cancer cachexia, while mentioning about possible roles played by long non-coding RNAs and ADAR-mediated miRNA modifications.

Ramzi Lakhdar,1 Dagmara McGuinness,2 Ellen M Drost,1 Paul G Shiels,2 Ricardo Bastos,3 William MacNee,1,4 Roberto A Rabinovich1,4 1ELEGI Colt Laboratory, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; 2Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; 3IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 4Respiratory Department, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Purpose: Skeletal muscle wasting is an independent predictor of health-related quality of life and survival in patients with COPD, but the complexity of molecular mechanisms associated with this process has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to determine whether an impaired ability to repair DNA damage contributes to muscle wasting and the accelerated aging phenotype in patients with COPD. Patients and methods: The levels of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), a molecule that promotes DNA repair, were assessed in vastus lateralis biopsies from 10 COPD patients with low fat-free mass index (FFMI; COPDL), 10 with preserved FFMI and 10 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. A panel of selected markers for cellular aging processes (CDKN2A/p16ink4a, SIRT1, SIRT6, and telomere length) were also assessed. Markers of oxidative stress and cell damage and a panel of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Markers of muscle regeneration and apoptosis were also measured. Results: We observed a decrease in γH2AX expression in COPDL, which occurred in association with a tendency to increase in CDKN2A/p16ink4a, and a significant decrease in SIRT1 and SIRT6 protein levels. Cellular damage and muscle inflammatory markers were also increased in COPDL. Conclusion: These data are in keeping with an accelerated aging phenotype as a result of impaired DNA repair and dysregulation of cellular homeostasis in the muscle of COPDL. These data indicate cellular degeneration via stress-induced premature senescence and associated inflammatory responses abetted by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and reflect an increased expression of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Keywords: COPD, skeletal muscle wasting, aging, inflammation, apoptosis

Skeletal muscle atrophy is an important and independent predictor of survival after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Our previous study found that soy-whey blended protein (SWP) can improve muscle mass in acute leukemia patients. We aimed to explore potential factors that influence muscle outcomes after nutritional intervention. In this case-control study, 13 patients who received HSCT and failed to improve muscle function within half a year were included. After two months of SWP intervention, the subjects were divided into two groups (MSI: muscle status improved; MNI: muscle status not improved). 16S rDNA sequencing, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and the PICRUSt algorithm were used to analyze the composition, structure and function of the intestinal microbiota between the groups. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR 1800017765). SWP significantly improved muscle status (muscle area: from 330.4 mm2 to 384.8 mm2, p = 0.02; muscle strength: from 19.2 kg to 21.3 kg, p = 0.04). However, there were a small number of subjects whose muscle status was not effectively improved. After SWP intervention, the diversity (Shannon: from 1.7 to 3.8, p = 0.01; Simpson: from 0.6 to 0.8, p = 0.015) of the intestinal microbiota in the MSI group increased significantly, whereas that in the MNI group did not. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed separate groupings of the microbiota of the Baseline-MSI and Endpoint-MSI time points in the MSI group. Opposite patterns of microbial abundance change were found between the MSI group (75% of changed genera were increased) and the MNI group (80% of changed genera were decreased). Three bacterial taxa (negative correlation: Streptococcus ; positive correlations: Ruminococcus and Veillonella) were significantly related to muscle improvement outcomes. Both pentose phosphate (p = 0.048) and amino acid biosynthesis (p = 0.039), which are related to muscle metabolism, were found to be significantly changed in the MSI group through PICRUSt algorithm prediction. Our results suggest that the intestinal microbiota plays important roles in the regulation of muscle metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer-associated cachexia is a heterogeneous, multifactorial syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation, unintentional weight loss, and profound alteration in body composition. The main feature of cancer cachexia is represented by the loss of skeletal muscle tissue, which may or may not be accompanied by significant adipose tissue wasting. Such phenotypic alteration occurs as the result of concomitant increased myofibril breakdown and reduced muscle protein synthesis, actively contributing to fatigue, worsening of quality of life, and refractoriness to chemotherapy. According to the classical view, this condition is primarily triggered by interactions between specific tumor-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and their cognate receptors expressed on the myocyte membrane. This causes a shift in gene expression of muscle cells, eventually leading to a pronounced catabolic condition and cell death. More recent studies, however, have shown the involvement of regulatory non-coding RNAs in the outbreak of cancer cachexia. In particular, the role exerted by microRNAs is being widely addressed, and several mechanistic studies are in progress. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings concerning the role of microRNAs in triggering or exacerbating muscle wasting in cancer cachexia, while mentioning about possible roles played by long non-coding RNAs and ADAR-mediated miRNA modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of T‐type calcium channel (TCC) function has been reported to result in decreased cell viability and impaired muscle regeneration, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We previously found that expression of TCC is reduced in aged pelvic floor muscle of multiple vaginal delivery mice, and this is related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation and autophagy flux blockade. In the present work, we further investigated the effects of TCC function loss on C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle, which is mediated by promotion of ERS and ultimately contributes to mitochondrial‐related apoptotic cell death. We found that application of a TCC inhibitor induced mitochondria‐related apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner and also reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP), induced mito‐ROS generation, and enhanced expression of mitochondrial apoptosis proteins. Functional inhibition of TCC induced ERS, resulting in disorder of Ca2+ homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum, and ultimately leading to cell apoptosis in C2C12 myotubes. Tibialis anterior muscles of T‐type α1H channel knockout mice displayed a smaller skeletal muscle fiber size and elevated ERS‐mediated apoptosis signaling. Our data point to a novel mechanism whereby TCC blockade leads to ERS activation and terminal mitochondrial‐related apoptotic events in C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal muscle wasting is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by the loss of muscle mass, strength and function, which significantly increases the risk of morbidity and mortality in this population. Numerous complications associated with declining renal function and lifestyle activate catabolic pathways and impair muscle regeneration, resulting in substantial protein wasting. Evidence suggests that increasing skeletal muscle mass improves outcomes in CKD, making this a clinically important research focus. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle wasting is not completely understood. It is widely recognized that microRNAs (miRNAs), a family of short non-coding RNAs, are pivotal in the regulation of skeletal muscle homoeostasis, with significant roles in regulating muscle growth, regeneration and metabolism. The abnormal expression of miRNAs in skeletal muscle during disease has been well described in cellular and animal models of muscle atrophy, and in recent years, the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of muscle atrophy in CKD has been demonstrated. As this exciting field evolves, there is emerging evidence for the involvement of miRNAs in a beneficial crosstalk system between skeletal muscle and other organs that may potentially limit the progression of CKD. In this article, we describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of muscle wasting and explore the contribution of miRNAs to the development of muscle wasting in CKD. We also discuss advances in our understanding of miRNAs in muscle–organ crosstalk and summarize miRNA-based therapeutics currently in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal muscle atrophy is debilitating consequence of a large number of chronic disease states, aging, and disuse conditions. Skeletal muscle mass is regulated through coordinated activation of a number of signaling cascades. Transforming growth factor‐β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a central kinase that mediates the activation of multiple signaling pathways in response to various growth factors, cytokines, and microbial products. Accumulating evidence suggests that TAK1 promotes skeletal muscle growth and essential for the maintenance of muscle mass in adults. Targeted inactivation of TAK1 leads to severe muscle wasting and kyphosis in mice. However, the mechanisms by which TAK1 prevents loss of muscle mass remain poorly understood. Through generation of inducible skeletal muscle‐specific Tak1‐knockout mice, we demonstrate that targeted ablation of TAK1 disrupts redox signaling leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and loss of skeletal muscle mass and contractile function. Suppression of oxidative stress using Trolox improves muscle contractile function and inhibits the activation of catabolic signaling pathways in Tak1‐deficient muscle. Moreover, Trolox inhibits the activation of ubiquitin‐proteasome system and autophagy markers in skeletal muscle of Tak1‐deficient mice. Furthermore, inhibition of oxidative stress using Trolox prevents the slow‐to‐fast type fiber transition and improves mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of Tak1‐deficient mice. Overall, our results demonstrate that TAK1 maintains skeletal muscle mass and health through redox homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valeria Márquez-Miranda,1,2,* Johanna Abrigo,3,4,* Juan Carlos Rivera,3,4 Ingrid Araya-Durán,1 Javier Aravena,3,4 Felipe Simon,3,4 Nicolás Pacheco,1 Fernando Danilo González-Nilo,1,2,5 Claudio Cabello-Verrugio3,4 1Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 2Fundación Fraunhofer Chile Research, Las Condes, 3Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, 4Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, 5Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Angiotensin (1–7) (Ang-(1–7)) is a bioactive heptapeptide with a short half-life and has beneficial effects in several tissues – among them, skeletal muscle – by preventing muscle atrophy. Dendrimers are promising vehicles for the protection and transport of numerous bioactive molecules. This work explored the use of a neutral, non-cytotoxic hydroxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM-OH) dendrimer as an Ang-(1–7) carrier. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the Ang-(1–7)-binding capacity of the dendrimer presented a 2:1 molar ratio. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis revealed the capacity of neutral PAMAM-OH to protect Ang-(1–7) and form stable complexes. The peptide coverage ability of the dendrimer was between ~50% and 65%. Furthermore, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that neutral PAMAM-OH effectively bonded peptides. Experimental results showed that the Ang-(1–7)/PAMAM-OH complex, but not Ang-(1–7) alone, had an anti-atrophic effect when administered intraperitoneally, as evaluated by muscle strength, fiber diameter, myofibrillar protein levels, and atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expressions. The results of the Ang-(1–7)/PAMAM-OH complex being intraperitoneally injected were similar to the results obtained when Ang-(1–7) was systemically administered through mini-osmotic pumps. Together, the results suggest that Ang-(1–7) can be protected for PAMAM-OH when this complex is intraperitoneally injected. Therefore, the Ang-(1–7)/PAMAM-OH complex is an efficient delivery method for Ang-(1–7), since it improves the anti-atrophic activity of this peptide in skeletal muscle. Keywords: muscle wasting, peptide delivery, carrier, anti-atrophic peptide

Inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle wasting occurs in patients with sepsis and cancer cachexia. Both conditions severely affect patient morbidity and mortality. Lithium chloride has previously been shown to enhance myogenesis and prevent certain forms of muscular dystrophy. However, to our knowledge, the effect of lithium chloride treatment on sepsis-induced muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia has not yet been investigated. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of lithium chloride using in vitro and in vivo models of cancer cachexia and sepsis. Lithium chloride prevented wasting in myotubes cultured with cancer cell-conditioned media, maintained the expression of the muscle fiber contractile protein, myosin heavy chain 2, and inhibited the upregulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Atrogin-1. In addition, it inhibited the upregulation of inflammation-associated cytokines in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide. In the animal model of sepsis, lithium chloride treatment improved body weight, increased muscle mass, preserved the survival of larger fibers, and decreased the expression of muscle-wasting effector genes. In a model of cancer cachexia, lithium chloride increased muscle mass, enhanced muscle strength, and increased fiber cross-sectional area, with no significant effect on tumor mass. These results indicate that lithium chloride exerts therapeutic effects on inflammation-mediated skeletal muscle wasting, such as sepsis-induced muscle atrophy and cancer cachexia.

Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle mass and function, reducing force generation and mobility in the elderlies. Contributing factors include a severe decrease in both myofiber size and number as well as a decrease in the number of motor neurons innervating muscle fibers (mainly of fast type) which is sometimes accompanied by reinnervation of surviving slow type motor neurons (motor unit remodeling). Reduced mobility and functional limitations characterizing aging can promote a more sedentary lifestyle for older individuals, leading to a vicious circle further worsening muscle performance and the patients' quality of life, predisposing them to an increased risk of disability, and mortality. Several longitudinal studies have shown that regular exercise may extend life expectancy and reduce morbidity in aging people. Based on these findings, the Interreg IVa project aimed to recruit sedentary seniors with a normal life style and to train them for 9 weeks with either leg press (LP) exercise or electrical stimulation (ES). Before and at the end of both training periods, all the subjects were submitted to mobility functional tests and muscle biopsies from the Vastus Lateralis muscles of both legs. No signs of muscle damage and/or of inflammation were observed in muscle biopsies after the training. Functional tests showed that both LP and ES induced improvements of force and mobility of the trained subjects. Morphometrical and immunofluorescent analyses performed on muscle biopsies showed that ES significantly increased the size of fast type muscle fibers (p

Abstract Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) is involved in a variety of biological processes in different cell types and disease conditions, including myogenesis. However, the specific function of CARM1 in skeletal muscle wasting under pathologic conditions remains unclear. Here, we identify CARM1 as a novel participant in muscular atrophy. Increases in CARM1 protein levels correlated positively with the loss of muscle mass upon denervation in mice. Notably, the knockdown of CARM1 represses the progression of muscle wasting and the expression of the atrophy-related genes Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in vivo and in vitro. With respect to the underlying mechanism, we show that CARM1 interacts with and asymmetrically dimethylates FoxO3 (a specific transcription factor that controls atrophy-related gene expression). This methylation modification by CARM1 is required for FoxO3-dependent transcription. Accordingly, a CARM1 methyltransferase inhibitor also restrains the expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and myotube atrophy. Furthermore, CARM1 knockdown induces a remarkable myofiber autophagic deficit during the atrophy process. Altogether, our study identifies a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle atrophy and suggests that CARM1 is a potential target for the prevention of muscle atrophy. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • CARM1 is a novel modulator of skeletal muscle wasting in pathological conditions. • CARM1 interacts with and asymmetrically dimethylates transcriptional factor FoxO3. • Methylation by CARM1 is required for FoxO3 activity and myotube atrophy. • CARM1 is involved in skeletal muscle fiber autophagy in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protocols that mimic resistance exercise training (RET) in rodents present several limitations, one of them being the electrical stimulus, which is beyond the physiological context observed in humans. Recently, our group developed a conditioning system device that does not use electric shock to stimulate rats, but includes fasting periods before each RET session. The current study was designed to test whether cumulative fasting periods have some influence on skeletal muscle mass and function. Three sets of male Wistar rats were used in the current study. The first set of rats was submitted to a RET protocol without food restriction. However, rats were not able to perform exercise properly. The second and third sets were then randomly assigned into three experimental groups: 1) untrained control rats, 2) untrained rats submitted to fasting periods, and 3) rats submitted to RET including fasting periods before each RET session. While the second set of rats performed a short RET protocol (i.e., an adaptation protocol for 3 weeks), the third set of rats performed a longer RET protocol including overload (i.e., 8 weeks). After the short-term protocol, cumulative fasting periods promoted loss of weight (P0.05 for all). Despite no effects on EDL mass, soleus muscle displayed significant atrophy in the fasting experimental groups (P

Obesity is known to cause skeletal muscle wasting. This study investigated the effect and the possible mechanism of fish oil on skeletal muscle wasting in an obese rat model. High-fat (HF) diets were applied to induce the defects of lipid metabolism in male Sprague-Dawley rats with or without substitution of omega-3 fatty acids-enriched fish oil (FO, 5%) for eight weeks. Diets supplemented with 5% FO showed a significant decrease in the final body weight compared to HF diet-fed rats. The decreased soleus muscle weights in HF diet-fed rats could be improved by FO substitution. The decreased myosin heavy chain (a muscle thick filament protein) and increased FOXO3A and Atrogin-1 (muscle atrophy-related proteins) protein expressions in soleus muscles of HF diet-fed rats could also be reversed by FO substitution. FO substitution could also significantly activate adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and PPARγ protein expression and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression in soleus muscles of HF diet-fed rats. These results suggest that substitution of FO exerts a beneficial improvement in the imbalance of lipid and muscle metabolisms in obesity. AMPK/PGC-1α signaling may play an important role in FO-prevented obesity-induced muscle wasting.

Duchennemuscular dystrophy is the most common and severe of the muscular dystrophies, a group of inherited myopathies caused by different genetic mutations leading to aberrant expression or complete absence of cytoskeletal proteins. Dystrophic muscles are prone to injury, and regenerate poorly after damage. Remorseless cycles of muscle fibre breakdown and incomplete repair lead to progressive and severe musclewasting, we akness and premature death. Many other conditions are similarly characterized by muscle wasting, including sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, sepsis, denervation, burns, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Muscle trauma and loss of mass and physical capacity can significantly compromise quality of life for patients. Exercise and nutritional interventions are unlikely to halt or reverse the conditions, and strategies promoting muscle anabolism have limited clinical acceptance. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that help proteins fold back to their original conformation and restore function. Since many muscle wasting conditions have pathophysiologies where inflammation, atrophy and weakness are indicated, increasing HSP expression in skeletal muscle may have therapeutic potential. This review will provide evidence supporting HSP induction for muscular dystrophy and other muscle wasting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer cachexia is commonly seen in patients with malignant tumors, which usually leads to poor life quality and negatively affects long-term prognosis and survival. Mitochondria dysfunction and enhanced autophagy are well-established to play an important role in skeletal muscle wasting. However, whether mitophagy is engaged in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia requires further investigation. This study comprised a clinical study and animal experimentation. Clinical data such as CT images and laboratory results were obtained and analyzed. Then mice model of cancer cachexia and mitophagy inhibition were established. Data including skeletal muscle mass and function, mitochondria structure and function, inflammatory factors as well as ROS concentration. Mitophagy was enhanced in cancer cachexia patients with increased inflammatory factors. Greater disruption of skeletal muscle fiber and mitochondria structure were seen in cancer cachexia, with a higher level of inflammatory factors and ROS expression in skeletal muscle. Meanwhile, ATP production was undermined, indicating a close relationship with mitophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of cancer cachexia mice models. In conclusion, mitophagy is activated in cancer cachexia and may play a role in skeletal muscle atrophy, and inflammation and oxidative stress might participate in mitophagy-related skeletal muscle injury., Competing Interests: No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.  , (Copyright © 2023 JCBN.)

Cancer cachexia characterized by a chronic wasting syndrome, involves skeletal muscle loss and adipose tissue loss and resistance to conventional nutritional support. Cachexia is responsible for the reduction in quality and length of life of cancer patients. It also decreases the muscle strength of the patients. The pro-inflammatory and pro-cachectic factors produced by the tumor cells have important role in genesis of cachexia. A number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) may have important role in the pathological mechanisms of cachexia in cancer. Particularly, TNF-α has a direct catabolic effect on skeletal muscle and causes wasting of muscle by the induction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In cancer cachexia condition, there is alteration in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. TNF-α is responsible for the increase in gluconeogenesis, loss of adipose tissue and proteolysis, while causing decrease in protein, lipid and glycogen synthesis. It has been associated with the formation of IL-1 and increases the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and UCP3 expression in skeletal muscle in cachectic state. The main aim of the present review is to evaluate and discuss the role of TNF-α in different metabolic alterations and muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Resistance exercise training (RET) has been adopted as non-pharmacological anti-catabolic strategy. However, the role of RET to counteract cancer cachexia is still speculative. This study aimed to verify whether short-term RET would counteract skeletal muscle wasting in a severe cancer cachexia rat model. Main methods Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four experimental groups; 1) untrained control rats (control), 2) rats submitted to RET (control + RET), 3) untrained rats injected with Walker 256 tumor cells in the bone marrow (tumor) and 4) rats injected with Walker 256 tumor cells in the bone marrow and submitted to RET (tumor + RET). Key findings Tumor group displayed skeletal muscle atrophy fifteen days post tumor cells injection as assessed by plantaris (− 20.5%) and EDL (− 20.0%) muscle mass. EDL atrophy was confirmed showing 43.8% decline in the fiber cross sectional area. Even though RET increased the lactate dehydrogenase protein content and fully restored phosphorylated form of 4EBP-1 to the control levels in skeletal muscle, it failed to rescue muscle morphology in tumor-bearing rats. Indeed, RET did not mitigated loss of muscle function, anorexia, tumor growth or mortality rate. However, loss of strength capacity (assessed by 1-RM test performance) demonstrated a negative correlation with rats' survival (p = 0.02; r = 0.40), suggesting that loss of strength capacity might predict cancer mortality. Significance These results demonstrated that bone marrow injection of Walker 256 tumor cells in rats induces cancer cachexia, strength capacity is associated with cancer survival and short-term RET promotes only modest effects during cachexia progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cachexia is a multi-factorial, systemic syndrome that especially affects patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, and leads to reduced treatment response, survival and quality of life. The most important clinical feature of cachexia is the excessive wasting of skeletal muscle mass. Currently, an effective treatment is still lacking and the search for therapeutic targets continues. Even though a substantial number of animal studies have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the loss of skeletal muscle mass, subsequent clinical trials of potential new drugs have not yet yielded any effective treatment for cancer cachexia. Therefore, we questioned to which degree findings from animal studies can be translated to humans in clinical practice and research.Discussion: A substantial amount of animal studies on the molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia has been conducted in recent years. This extensive review of the literature showed that most of their observations could not be consistently reproduced in studies on human skeletal muscle samples. However, studies on human material are scarce and limited in patient numbers and homogeneity. Therefore, their results have to be interpreted critically. More research is needed on human tissue samples to clarify the signaling pathways that lead to skeletal muscle loss, and to confirm pre-selected drug targets from animal models in clinical trials. In addition, improved diagnostic tools and standardized clinical criteria for cancer cachexia are needed to conduct standardized, randomized controlled trials of potential drug candidates in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with stroke are at a high risk for long-term handicap and disability. In the first weeks after stroke muscle wasting is observed frequently. Early post-stroke rehabilitation programs are directed to improve functional independence and physical performance. Supplementation with essential amino acids (EAAs) might prevent muscle wasting and improve rehabilitation outcome by augmenting muscle mass and muscle strength. We aim to examine this in a double blinded, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.Methods: Patients with ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke will be enrolled at begin of the early post-stroke rehabilitation in a parallel group interventional trial. Oral supplementation of EAAs or placebo will be given for 12 weeks in a double blinded manner. Physical and functional performance will be assessed by exercise testing before supplementation of EAAs as well as at discharge from the in-patient rehabilitation, at 12 weeks and 1 year afterwards.Discussion: This is the first randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical study aiming to assess the effect of the EAAs supplementation on muscle strength, muscle function and physical performance in stroke patients during early post-stroke rehabilitation. Supplementation of EAAs could prevent muscle mass wasting and improve functional independence after stroke.Trial Registration: The study is registered at the German registry for clinical trials as well as at World Health Organization (WHO; number DRKS00005577). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are more than 1 million persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the United States and approximately 40 % of them have a history of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Chronic heavy alcohol consumption and HIV/AIDS both result in reduced lean body mass and muscle dysfunction, increasing the incidence of comorbid conditions. Previous studies from our laboratory using rhesus macaques infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) demonstrated that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) administration in the absence of antiretroviral therapy exacerbates skeletal muscle (SKM) wasting at end-stage SIV disease. The aim of this study was to characterize how CBA alters global gene regulatory networks that lead to SKM wasting at end-stage disease. Administration of intragastric alcohol or sucrose to male rhesus macaques began 3 months prior to SIV infection and continued throughout the duration of study. High-output array analysis was used to determine CBA-dependent changes in mRNA expression, miRNA expression, and promoter methylation status of SKM at end-stage disease (~10 months post-SIV) from healthy control (control), sucrose-administered, SIV-infected (SUC/SIV), and CBA-administered/SIV-infected (CBA/SIV) macaques. Results: In addition to previously reported effects on the extracellular matrix and the promotion of a pro-inflammatory environment, we found that CBA adversely affects gene regulatory networks that involve "universal" cellular functions, protein homeostasis, calcium and ion homeostasis, neuronal growth and signaling, and satellite cell growth and survival. Conclusions: The results from this study provide an overview of the impact of CBA on gene regulatory networks involved in biological functions, including transcriptional and epigenetic processes, illustrating the genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with CBA-dependent SKM wasting at end-stage SIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Skeletal muscle wasting contributes to the poor functional status and quality of life of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The present study aims to characterize the molecular mechanism underlying skeletal muscle wasting in experimental PAH induced by monocrotaline (MCT). Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly injected with saline solution (CONT; n = 10) or MCT (MCT; 60 mg/kg, s.c.; n = 15). After 4 weeks of MCT or vehicle administration, animals were anesthetized and submitted to right ventricular (RV) hemodynamic evaluation. Blood and gastrocnemius sample s were collected and stored for analysis. Results MCT group developed PAH (70% increase in RV peak systolic pressure) RV dysfunction (increased end-diastolic pressure and Tau), and body and muscle wasting (reduction of 20%, 16% and 30% on body weight, gastrocnemius mass and fiber cross sectional area, respectively). Muscle atrophy was associated with a decrease in type I MHC. Circulating (C reactive protein, myostatin and IL-1beta) and local catabolic markers (MAFbx/atrogin-1, protease activity) were increased in MCT animals, while Akt/mTOR pathway was preserved. Mitochondria isolated from gastrocnemius of MCT animals showed decreased activity of ATP synthase, lower levels of Tfam, accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins together with reduced levels of paraplegin. Conclusions Our data suggests an anabolic/catabolic imbalance in gastrocnemius from MCT-induced PAH rats. Accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria due to the inefficiency of protein quality control systems to eliminate damaged proteins could also contribute to muscle atrophy in PAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]