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In recent years, there has been an increasing call for more public engagement of scientists, and this happens in parallel with a rising internationalization of research. Willingness to communicate is explained by attitudes (ideas and perceptions about science communication), but is also the result of a combination of personal and contextual factors. Disciplinary cultures have been pointed out as important factors in explaining communication practices. Our hypothesis is that the way scientists view and engage in science communication is related to their scientific discipline, but also to a participation in international networks. The internationalization of scientists has been found to impact their human capital, which is constituted also by ideas and beliefs, which are also related to science communication. A survey was responded by 524 researchers from nine Portuguese scientific institutions and research groups. We found that disciplinary cultures are relevant factors to explain differences in the perceptions about science communication and reasons to communicate, namely those related to extrinsic motivations. Disciplinary cultures were also found to mediate the impact of internationalization on ideas about science communication. Internationalization in the whole group of researchers was found to be positively associated with communication practices targeting different audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main barriers to science communication are common in different fields and they are widely identified in the literature. Studies focused on specific scientific communities framed science communication as an activity with the specificities of each context and field. In this study, we analysed geoscientists' representations and attitudes about communication to understand which factors can have significant impact on prediction of public engagement and that can explain the frequency/intensity of communication. The results pointed that factors such as professional experience, recognition by the institution, lack of financial support, personal satisfaction and geoscientific as an area of expertise, have a significant effect on their public engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revision of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) unlocked possibilities to legally frame the video-on-demand (VoD) services in Europe. This process put pressure on national systems and Member States. In Portugal, the initial governmental proposal for implementation did not contemplate a financial contribution from VoD to the national fund that supports Portuguese works. After a period of public consultation, the law included a 1% tax on those services' revenues. Drawing on the Portuguese case, we discuss and critically analyse the policy-making process of the AVMSD implementation, assessing its outcomes and the perceptions of the stakeholders. Results indicate limitations and fragility of multistakeholderism. We argue that the smallness of Portuguese market is related to the State failing to implement an overarching policy concerning the cycle of film and TV production and to the fact that Portuguese cinema is now mostly left in the hands of VoD service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio market in Portugal has been consistently portrayed as being economically fragile with financial weaknesses. A new radio law, passed in 2010, significantly reshaped the scope of radio activity and changed concentration restrictions, thus placing Portugal in the track of the neo-liberal context. This article identifies the changes produced in radio market from 2010 to 2015 by this change, analysing the strategies of radio stations that are reported to the Portuguese regulation media agency. The following trends were identified: a concentration strategy followed by major media groups in Portugal, through formal ownership transactions and through strategic partnerships with local broadcasters; little investment by small scale radio groups at the regional level; a strategic option in live music events, musical content and disinvestment in news; a branding association between radios and music festivals. Over the time, radio has become even more commercial-oriented (with some stations even adopting the name of telecommunications brands) and has gone outside the airwaves, which has reinforced the weight of non-traditional revenues (NTR) of their operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of localism has been a common trend in most radio markets in Europe and the United States. Deregulation of ownership led to a concentration phenomenon that has affected local radios in several western democracies. New forms of regulation have been considered as possible ways to stop the erosion of localism by applying rules to markets in the defense of diversity, pluralism, and the local dimension. This article analyses the local radio market in Portugal, by assessing the changes in the legislation and by examining the regulatory action that can, according to its remit, act preventively to avoid market forces to harm these principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]