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Oral teratoma is a congenital neoplastic lesion with an incidence of 2%–9% of all teratomas. It comprises variable amounts of all three germ cell layers. The lesion is graded on histology depending upon the presence of immature components. The most common sites of presentation are the sacrococcygeal area and head and neck with slight female predominance. Our report is based on a case that was received for histopathological evaluation. It consisted of a 20-week fetus with a huge mass protruding from oral orifice measuring 10.8 × 6.7 cm. Histological examination of the tumor revealed immature teratoma—oropharynx.

Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm of melanin-producing cells predominantly of cutaneous origin, which uncommonly develops within gut mucosa. We present the case of a 58-year-old woman with complaints of abdominal pain, loss of appetite and weight. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a gastric mass and systemic imaging demonstrated widespread nodal and bilateral adrenal gland involvement. Histopathology of the gastric mass confirmed primary malignant mucosal melanoma of the stomach. The patient received three cycles of Nivolumab but did not respond, and thus, was then offered best supportive care. Although infrequent, mucosal melanoma can arise from the gastrointestinal tract, and in contrast to the cutaneous form, advanced disease usually has a dismal prognosis and responds poorly to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Primary gastric melanoma is an aggressive disease that is diagnosed by exclusion after the differential diagnosis of metastasis from a cutaneous or unknown primary site has been conducted. If available, patients with treatment-naïve mucosal melanoma should be considered for enrollment in clinical trials.

Background: Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) face malfunctioning in the motor system and go through difficulties in hearing, eating, sight, and musculoskeletal systems and are also mentally impaired. This may render them unable to maintain proper oral hygiene. The objective of this study was to evaluate oral hygiene in children with cerebral palsy in Karachi’s special schools. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a total of 80 CP children was conducted in special schools in Karachi using a purposive sampling technique. CP children aged 12-15, who consented via guardians/school and were able to comply with the procedure were included. CP children on medications or systemic diseases were excluded. Proforma containing demographic details, and dental history questions were asked. Oral examination was done using the Plaque index, Gingival index, and Oral hygiene index simplified was observed. Results: In this study, there were 48 (60%) males and 32 (40%) females. The mean ± SD of age was 14.4 ±1.4. Independent t-test showed that there was a significant association of gingival index means with the institutes selected (p=0.004). The other parameters PI and OHIS did not show any association. Mean PI (mean 1.99, SD 0.62) and GI (mean 1.9, SD 0.60) showed moderate plaque and gingival inflammation and poor oral hygiene index (mean 3.31, SD 1.3). ANOVA showed associations of PI, GI & and OHIS with dental habits. Conclusion: CP children have poor oral hygiene status and therefore need early diagnosis and prompt treatment to prevent complications.

Abstract Background Schwannomas are solitary well-circumscribed encapsulated benign tumors that exhibit Schwann cell differentiation, and arise directly from myelinated peripheral or central nerves. Although they are usually asymptomatic and found incidentally, schwannomas can cause symptoms due to compression of nearby structures which, depending on the location, can make clinical presentations widely variable. Despite their rarity, schwannomas have been documented in a number of locations including the limbs, cerebellopontine angle, posterior mediastinum, and, far more infrequently, the lungs. Case presentation In this article, we report an incidental finding of an intrapulmonary schwannoma in a 59-year-old Pakistani woman who was grossly asymptomatic upon presentation to the cardiothoracic surgery clinic. An [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan revealed a lobulated soft-tissue lesion measuring 23 mm × 23 mm in the lower lobe of the right lung. A computed tomography-guided core biopsy of the mass was performed, which revealed a benign spindle cell lesion based on histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining. The mass was surgically resected via a right lower lobectomy, and subsequently confirmed to be an encapsulated neoplastic lesion composed of well-differentiated Schwann cells. There were no short- or long-term complications, morbidities, or recurrences based on 1-year follow-up. Conclusion This report underscores the predominantly asymptomatic nature of schwannomas and reemphasizes the efficacy of surgical resection as a safe and curative procedure for a tumor of this nature. Albeit very rare, intrapulmonary schwannomas can be considered a differential diagnosis when encountering solitary asymptomatic pulmonary nodules or masses.

Objective: To see the Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) supplementation on slow skeletal muscle mass and contractile functions in type 2 diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Physiology Research Lab, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from June 2019 to April 2021 in collaboration with the National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan. Methods: Sixty adult SD rats were divided into three equal groups. Rats were fed on a standard diet as per NIH protocols. After 2 weeks type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in groups 2 and 3 by injecting low dose 35mg of streptozotocin (STZ) in the abdomen intraperitoneally. T2DM was successfully developed and confirmed by measuring glucose levels through a glucometer. Group 3 was injected with Alpha Lipoic acid 30mg/kg/day at the lower abdomen for the next two weeks. After 04 weeks, soleus muscles were dissected. The animal data acquisition unit (iWorx) was used for assessing the contractile functions of soleus. Results: Alpha Lipoic acid group showed improvement in muscle mass, muscle tension strength, and recovery from fatigue after applying fatigue protocol as compared to group 2. Conclusion: Alpha Lipoic acid supplementation improves contractile force and delays fatigue in the soleus muscles of diabetic rats. How to cite this: Khan BU, Yousef I, Arshad S, Ikram F, Ali A, Ullah I. Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Slow Skeletal Muscle Mass and Contractile Functions in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 216-221. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.408

Abstract The picture fuzzy set was introduced by Coung. It is a generalization of the intuitionistic fuzzy set, giving the notion of neutral membership degrees along with the positive and negative ones. Lie groups and Lie algebras have become indispensable for a lot of fields in mathematical and intellectual physics. In 1872, Lie began his work in the field of continuous transformation groups, later named after him as Lie groups. These have become a fundamental body of interest in themselves. In this paper, the authors presented the notion of the picture fuzzy Lie algebra, picture fuzzy Lie sub-algebra, ideal, and homomorphism. Derived and lower central series of picture fuzzy Lie ideals are constructed to define and analyse solvable and nilpotent picture fuzzy Lie ideals.

Objective: To determine the effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) on blood glucose, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out at the Physiology Research Lab, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from 20th January 2021 to 24th June 2021. Methods: Thirty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three equal groups. Group I was given a normal standard rat diet. In Groups II and III after feeding a diet rich in fat and calories for 2 weeks, after feeding a diet rich in fat and calories for 2 weeks, a single low dose of streptozotocin was injected for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) induction. Alpha Lipoic Acid 30 mg/kg body weight/day was administered intraperitoneally in Group III for 01 weeks after the development of T2DM. Results: The blood glucose, lipid profile, and serum Malondialdehyde levels were deranged in the diabetic group. After Alpha Lipoic Acid supplementation, the blood glucose levels, Serum MDA, and levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and Low Density Lipoproteins decreased, whereas High Density Lipoproteins level were significantly raised (p

Sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) is a rare subset of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors. It is even rarer among the pediatric population. As such its characterization in case reports holds particular value. We report a case of SST in an 8-month old who presented with abdominal distension and for whom exploratory laparotomy and surgical excision of the tumor was done. To our knowledge this is only the second reported case of SST presenting in an infant.

Abstract Background Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare tumor characterized by bland histological features and aggressive clinical course. The most common anatomic locations of occurrence are the lower extremities, thorax, inguinal area, and upper limbs. Primary mediastinal sarcomas are even rarer. To the best of our knowledge, only seven cases of primary mediastinal LGFMS have been reported in the literature. Here, we report a case of primary mediastinal LGFMS. Case presentation A 26-year-old Pakistani man presented with fever and vomiting for the past 2 months. On a routine chest x-ray, a mediastinal mass was incidentally found. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large circumscribed lobulated soft tissue density mass lesion in an anterior mediastinum. Grossly, the resected mass measured 17.0 × 12.0 × 11.0 cm. The cut surface was gray white with a whorled-like appearance and foci of calcification and cystic changes. Histologically, a spindle cell lesion was seen with alternating myxoid and hyalinized areas. The shaped cells were arranged in bundles. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive reactivity patterns with MUC4 and focally for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). The diagnosis was confirmed as LGFMS. The patient is free of symptoms and recurrence 22 months after the surgery. Conclusion In conclusion, we report a rare case of primary mediastinal LGFMS in a young male patient that was discovered incidentally. Our patient is on regular follow-up to look for evidence of recurrence as these tumors are prone to recurrences.

Data mining techniques being used for web information extraction are unbelievable systems and suggested for the protection of extremely susceptible data. By the web sources huge amount of data is maintained and can be easily retrieved by using the web mining techniques as the techniques are applied exactly based on the needs of the users. ECommerce and online shopping noticed a huge growth in business industry. This facility has been mostly employed in western countries during the last two decades. In east online shopping is increasing as most of the business is running through web site as well as in west. This business can be boost by feature analysis of different successful running online web stores. This study is going to present analysis of different features of successful online business website and of those which are not that much popular and accessed infrequently, their features will be extracted and compared to get the reasons of popularity of frequently accessed online shopping websites and after that recommendations will be made to increase the traffic of unpopular online shopping websites to dominate online business in Pakistan. According to the presented work it has been concluded that unpopular websites lack some features that are included in popular websites such as brands, as people are more conscious about brands and labels so they visit and shop from the websites which offer them best quality famous brands, moreover it has been observed that unpopular websites have less categories they must broaden their variety of products especially related to sports, fitness, bathroom accessories, technology and cosmetics. Apart from these another interesting fact that has been found is that popular websites mostly attract their customers by giving them offers such as buy one get one free, free home delivery and free gifts, such offers are always attracting new and more customers. Unpopular websites can improve their business by including the features discussed above. The results of research on this dataset also show that the Naïve bayes is better than j48 in terms of efficiency and accuracy respectively.

Web log files are the greatest source of knowledge now days, which keeps all the information about users interaction to web. This interaction provides us the usage patterns of the user by using web usage mining. These files contain all the information about visitors of the web which is used as input for analysis. These files are converted to required formats after completing the preprocessing so Web Usage Mining (WUM) techniques can apply on these logs. Web usage mining gives us the details of user patterns. In this study we are going discover different behaviors patterns from the web proxy server log file of an educational organization with web usage mining technique. Results are based on the interest of users towards educational websites.

Background: To assess the association between insulin resistance, thyroid profile and glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: In this randomized control trial, 60 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control and diabetic groups. All the rats were checked for euglycemia and euthyroidism at the beginning of the study by analyzing plasma glucose and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. The diabetic group was fed high fat diet while control group was given normal pellet diet. After 2 weeks diabetic rats were intraperitoneally administered low dose of streptozotocin and saline to the control group. Development of type 2 diabetes was confirmed by checking homeostatic model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and plasma glucose levels. Specific diet for the two groups was continued for another five weeks. Terminal blood samples were analyzed for plasma glucose, serum insulin, T3, T4 and TSH levels. Results: Plasma glucose and serum insulin levels were found significantly elevated (p-0.001) in the diabetic group. HOMA-IR was increased in the diabetic group (p=0.001). Serum T4 and TSH levels were significantly elevated (p=0.001) while no significant change in serum T3 was noticed in the diabetic group. Pearson correlation coefficient revealed positive correlation between insulin resistance and T4 level (r=0.36) in the diabetic group. Positive correlation was found in the diabetic group between glucose level and T3 (r=0.36) and plasma glucose and T4 (r=0.35). Conclusion: Development of thyroid dysfunction and insulin resistance interplay in development of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In response to the global financial crisis of 2007–2009, risk-based capital requirements have been reinforced in the new Basel III Accord to counter excessive bank risk-taking behavior. However, prior theoretical as well as empirical literature that studies the impact of risk-based capital requirements on bank risk-taking behavior is inconclusive. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of risk-based capital requirements on bank risk-taking behavior, using a panel dataset of 21 listed commercial banks of Pakistan over the period 2005–2012. Purely regulatory measures of bank capital, capital adequacy ratio, and bank assets portfolio risk, risk-weighted assets to total assets ratio, are used for the main analysis. Recently developed small N panel methods (bias corrected least squares dummy variable (LSDVC) method and system GMM method with instruments collapse option) are used to control for panel fixed effects, dynamic dependent variables, and endogenous independent variables. Overall, the results suggest that commercial banks have reduced assets portfolio risk in response to stringent risk-based capital requirements. Results also confirm that all banks having risk-based capital ratios either lower or higher than the regulatory required limits, have decreased portfolio risk in response to stringent risk-based capital requirements. The results are robust to alternative proxies of bank risk-taking, alternative estimation methods, and alternative samples.

In recent years, the frequentoccurrence of natural calamities in the world has gained much attention due to infrastructure and life losses. Increase in global temperature has threatened the earth’s climate, causing unpredictable and extremeweatherevents more often. These events were both short-termas well as long-term. In spite of insufficient monitoring coverage of inner areas and high altitudes, an intensification of average yearly temperature has been observed after the 20thcentury inmany regions of Asia. Pakistan has faced a number of natural disasters including severe floods, devastating earthquakes, disturbing droughts, distressing smog, extreme temperature and torrential rainfall patterns. These calamities have affected people economically, socially, physically and mentally by posing a threat to earth, its species and their livelihood. This paper was aimed to document the natural calamities in Pakistan since the beginning of 21stcentury till date. The country is facing the problemof intense and longer summers and has witnessed two intenseheat waves. Moreover, in some areas, extensive droughts are threatening crops, freshwater supply and wildlife. In recent years, the problem of smog has emerged in Pakistan, especiallyin Punjab. The problem is getting worse in every coming year due to overpopulation, cities expansion, increased emission of greenhousegases, open burning of crop residues and extreme reliance on fossil fuels for energy purpose. So far in this century, Pakistan has faced 3 droughts, 2 heat waves, 10 severe floods, 27 major earthquakes, 2 consecutive sessions of severe smog and extreme high and lowtemperatureevents. Some of the deadliest events were; 2005 Kashmir earthquake claiming 87,350 human lives and 2010 flood impacting nearly 20 million people with 1,781 causalities. Change in climate is posing a severe threat to species, livelihood of the human beingsand the earth. Global warming is causing warming of oceans and consequently rise in sea level. Climate change affects average as well as extreme temperatures hence increasing the probability climate-relateddisasters.Thus,global warming is causing a chain of catastrophic events that makethe problem even more complex to understand.