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BackgroundBest-practice early interventions to increase physical activity (PA) in children with overweight and obesity should be both feasible and evidence based. Walking is a basic human movement pattern that is practical, cost-effective, and does not require complex movement skills. However, there is still a need to investigate how much walking—as a proportion of total PA level—is performed by children who are overweight and obese in order to determine its utility as a public health strategy. ObjectiveThis study aimed to (1) investigate the proportion of overall PA indicators that are explained by step-based metrics and (2) study step accumulation patterns relative to achievement of public health recommendations in children who are overweight and obese. MethodsA total of 105 overweight and obese children (mean 10.1 years of age [SD 1.1]; 43 girls) wore hip-worn accelerometers for 7 days. PA volumes were derived using the daily average of counts per 15 seconds, categorized using standard cut points for light-moderate-vigorous PA (LMVPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Derived step-based metrics included volume (steps/day), time in cadence bands, and peak 1-minute, 30-minute, and 60-minute cadences. ResultsSteps per day explained 66%, 40%, and 74% of variance for counts per 15 seconds, LMVPA, and MVPA, respectively. The variance explained was increased up to 80%, 92%, and 77% by including specific cadence bands and peak cadences. Children meeting the World Health Organization recommendation of 60 minutes per day of MVPA spent less time at zero cadence and more time in cadence bands representing sporadic movement to brisk walking (ie, 20-119 steps/min) than their less-active peers. ConclusionsStep-based metrics, including steps per day and various cadence-based metrics, seem to capture a large proportion of PA for children who are overweight and obese. Given the availability of pedometers, step-based metrics could be useful in discriminating between those children who do or do not achieve MVPA recommendations. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02295072; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02295072

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is protective against cardiovascular disease. Exercise can increase HDL concentration, and some evidence suggests that this effect occurs more strongly in women than in men. Both HDL and exercise are associated with inflammation. We hypothesized a sex-by-exercise interaction on HDL level, whereby women would benefit from exercise more strongly than men, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and serum soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 would mediate this relationship. This study included 2,957 older adult participants (1,520 women; 41% Black, 59% White; 73.6-years-old) from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Regression models revealed a positive exercise-HDL relationship in women only (sex-by-exercise interaction: β = 0.09, p =.013; exercise on HDL in women: β = 0.07, p =.015), mediated by TNFα (axb = 0.15; CI: 0.01, 0.30), suggesting that exercise may increase HDL levels in women through reduced inflammation. Given that vascular risk contributes to Alzheimer's disease risk, findings have implications for sex differences in AD risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we examine how impairments in vision, hearing, touch, and olfaction relate to depression in older adults, considering both individual and multisensory impairments (MSIs). Study Design: Analysis of cross‐sectional data from a longitudinal investigation involving black and white older adults aged 70 to 79 at enrollment. Setting: We studied 1640 black and white participants in the Health ABC study using complete sensory evaluation data from years 3 to 5. Methods: Our MSI assessment utilized data obtained for visual acuity, hearing perception, olfactory performance, and tactile function. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between the presence of individual and MSIs and depression which was defined as the presence of antidepressants prescribed for depression, or a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score of greater than 10. Results: We observed a possible dose‐response relationship between the number of sensory impairments and depression. In adjusted models, when compared to no impairments, vision (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09‐1.93) and hearing impairments (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.11‐1.99) were significantly associated with depression, whereas olfaction (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.83‐1.47) and tactile impairments (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.96‐1.70) were not. Participants with 3 sensory impairments had a higher rate of depression (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.22‐3.54) compared to those without impairments, and this risk increased further for those with 4 sensory impairments (OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.48‐5.88). Conclusion: The findings suggest that individuals with MSI represent a high‐risk population for depression, warranting close monitoring to screen for depression. The study emphasizes the importance of considering multiple sensory impairments in the context of mental health and supports the early identification and monitoring of depression in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Describing correlates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) among postmenopausal cancer survivors can help identify risk profiles and can be used to support development of targeted interventions to improve PA and reduce SB in this population. Objective: To describe PA/SB and identify correlates of PA/SB among cancer and cancer-free post-menopausal women. Methods: Women from the Women's Health Study (N = 16,629) and Women's Health Initiative/Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study (N = 6,079) were asked to wear an accelerometer on the hip for 7 days. Multiple mixed-effects linear regression models were used to identify sociodemographic-, health-, and chronic condition-related correlates (independent variables) associated with PA and SB (dependent variables) among women with (n = 2,554) and without (n = 20,154) a history of cancer. All correlates were mutually adjusted for each other. Results: In unadjusted analyses, women with a history of cancer took fewer mean daily steps (4,572 (standard deviation 2557) vs 5,029 (2679) steps/day) and had lower mean moderate-to-vigorous PA (74.9 (45.0) vs. 81.6 (46.7) minutes/day) than cancer-free women. In adjusted analyses, for cancer and cancer-free women, age, diabetes, overweight, and obesity were inversely associated with all metrics of PA (average vector magnitude, time in moderate-to-vigorous PA, step volume, time at ≥40 steps/minutes, and peak 30-minute step cadence). In unadjusted analyses, mean SB was similar for those with and without cancer (529.7 (98.1) vs. 521.7 (101.2) minutes/day). In adjusted analyses, for cancer and cancer-free women, age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, current smoking, overweight, and obesity were positive correlates of SB, while Black or Hispanic race/ethnicity, weekly/daily alcohol intake, and excellent/very good/good self-rated health were inverse correlates of SB. Conclusion: Several sociodemographic, health, and chronic conditions were correlates of PA/SB for postmenopausal women with and without cancer. Future studies should examine longitudinal relationships to gain insight into potential determinants of PA/SB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of the current study was to examine whether physical activity and sedentary behavior were associated with appetite among community‐dwelling older adults. Methods: Cross‐sectional analysis was performed on three cohort studies: the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA); the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study (HABC Study) and the I'm Still Standing Study (ISS Study); (n = 1173, n = 162, n = 125; age range: 57–99, 85–95, 80–100 years; women: 51%, 56%, 61%, respectively). Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured using hip‐worn (LASA and HABC) and wrist‐worn (ISS) accelerometers. Appetite was self‐reported. Logistic regression models were fitted by accelerometer placement to explore the association between good appetite and various physical activity metrics (total activity, sedentary behavior, and time spent in different intensities of physical activity). Results: Among cohorts using hip‐worn accelerometers, those having total activity within the highest tertile had more than double the odds of having good appetite compared with those within the lowest tertile (odds ratio [OR] 2.16 (1.15–4.06)). Each additional percent of daily sedentary behavior decreased the odds for having good appetite by 3% (OR 0.97 (0.95–0.996)), while each additional percent of daily light‐intensity physical activity increased the odds for having good appetite by 4% (OR 1.02 (1.01–1.06)). No association was found between either physical activity or sedentary behavior and appetite for measurements with the wrist‐worn accelerometers. Conclusions: Among community‐dwelling older adults, the associations between appetite, accelerometer‐assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior differ by accelerometer placement location. This study highlights the importance of careful interpretation of accelerometer data from different body locations and concurrent health outcomes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 411–417. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have examined accelerometer‐measured physical activity and incident breast cancer (BC). Thus, this study examined associations between accelerometer‐measured vector magnitude counts per 15 seconds (VM/15s) and average daily minutes of light physical activity (LPA), moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), and total PA (TPA) and BC risk among women in the Women's Health Accelerometry Collaboration (WHAC). Methods: The WHAC comprised 21,089 postmenopausal women (15,375 from the Women's Health Study [WHS]; 5714 from the Women's Health Initiative Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study [OPACH]). Women wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ on the hip for ≥4 days and were followed for 7.4 average years to identify physician‐adjudicated in situ (n = 94) or invasive (n = 546) BCs. Multivariable stratified Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for tertiles of physical activity measures in association with incident BC overall and by cohort. Effect measure modification was examined by age, race/ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Results: In covariate‐adjusted models, the highest (vs. lowest) tertiles of VM/15s, TPA, LPA, and MVPA were associated with BC HRs of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.64–0.99), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.69–1.02), 0.89 (95% CI, 0.73–1.08), and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.64–1.01), respectively. Further adjustment for BMI or physical function attenuated these associations. Associations were more pronounced among OPACH than WHS women for VM/15s, MVPA, and TPA; younger than older women for MVPA; and women with BMI ≥30 than <30 kg/m2 for LPA. Conclusion: Greater levels of accelerometer‐assessed PA were associated with lower BC risk. Associations varied by age and obesity and were not independent of BMI or physical function. In a study of over 20,000 US postmenopausal women, higher levels of accelerometer‐measured physical activity were associated with lower risk of breast cancer. Associations varied by age and obesity and were not independent of body mass index or physical function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor olfaction is associated with worse functional performance in older adults, but longitudinal evidence is lacking. We investigated poor olfaction in relation to longitudinal changes in physical functioning among community-dwelling older adults.Method: The analysis included 2 319 participants from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study (aged 71-82 years, 47.9% men, and 37.3% Blacks) who completed the Brief Smell Identification Test in 1999-2000. Olfaction was defined as good (test score 11-12), moderate (9-10), or poor (0-8). Physical functioning was assessed up to 4 times over 8 years, using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the Health Aging and Body Composition Physical Performance Battery (HABCPPB). We conducted joint model analyses and reported the differences in annual declines across olfaction groups.Results: During the follow-up, compared to those with good olfaction, older adults with poor olfaction had greater annual declines in both the SPPB score (-0.137, 95% CI: -0.186, -0.088) and all its subscales: standing balance (-0.068, 95% CI: -0.091, -0.044), chair stand (-0.046, 95% CI: -0.070, -0.022), and gait speed (-0.022, 95% CI: -0.042, -0.001). A similar observation was made for the HABCPPB score (difference in annual decline: -0.032, 95% CI: -0.042, -0.021). These findings are robust and cannot be explained by measured confounding from demographics, lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases or by potential biases due to death and loss of follow-up. Similar associations were observed across subgroups of sex, race, and self-reported general health status.Conclusion: This study provides the first epidemiological evidence that poor olfaction predicts a faster decline in physical functioning. Future studies should investigate potential mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). It is however unclear when and how depressive symptoms develop and progress in the course of PD development. Objective: To assess how depressive symptoms evolve in PD, using repeated measures. Methods: In 2994 older adults, ages 70–79 years, depressive symptoms were assessed 8 times over 11 years using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10). For each PD patient at each time point, we calculated the difference between CESD-10 score and its expected value estimated based on data from individuals without PD, and then realigned the time scale in reference to the year of PD diagnosis. We examined longitudinal changes in CESD-10 scores before and after PD diagnosis using a joint modeling approach to account for competing risks of non-participation and death. Results: A total of 79 PD patients were identified at enrollment or during the follow-up, with repeatedly assessed depressive symptom data up to 9 years before and after PD diagnosis. We found a monotonic trend of increasing CESD-10 score in PD patients throughout the observational period (p = 0.002). The observed scores became higher than expected approximately 7 years before PD diagnosis and significantly different 1 year before PD diagnosis. Conclusions: Increasing depressive symptomatology appears to precede PD diagnosis by a few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The joint associations of total and intensity-specific physical activity with obesity in relation to all-cause mortality risk are unclear.Methods: We included 34 492 adults (72% women, median age 62.1 years, 2034 deaths during follow-up) in a harmonised meta-analysis of eight population-based prospective cohort studies with mean follow-up ranging from 6.0 to 14.5 years. Standard body mass index categories were cross-classified with sample tertiles of device-measured total, light-to-vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time. In five cohorts with waist circumference available, high and low waist circumference was combined with tertiles of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.Results: There was an inverse dose-response relationship between higher levels of total and intensity-specific physical activity and mortality risk in those who were normal weight and overweight. In individuals with obesity, the inverse dose-response relationship was only observed for total physical activity. Similarly, lower levels of sedentary time were associated with lower mortality risk in normal weight and overweight individuals but there was no association between sedentary time and risk of mortality in those who were obese. Compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference, the HRs were 0.59 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.79) for normal weight-high total activity and 0.67 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.94) for obese-high total activity. In contrast, normal weight-low total physical activity was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference (1.28; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.67).Conclusions: Higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower risk of mortality irrespective of weight status. Compared with obesity-low physical activity, there was no survival benefit of being normal weight if physical activity levels were low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In older adults, kidney function declines with age. People with advanced kidney diseases may have poor olfaction. However, it is unclear whether poor olfaction is a marker for declining renal function or future risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We therefore investigated olfaction in relation to kidney function and risk of CKD. Methods: These secondary data analyses were limited to participants of the year 3 clinical visit of the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. The analytic sample size varied between 1427 to 2531, depending on participant eligibility and data availability for each analysis. Olfaction was tested using the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), defined as anosmia (score≤6), hyposmia (7–8), moderate (9–10), and good function (10–11) at baseline. We estimated glomerular filter rate (eGFR) at baseline and seven years later using the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation, and defined incident CKD as eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73m2 and eGFR decline ≥1 ml/min/1.73m2/year. Further, we identified CKD hospitalization events from hospitalization and death records. We used inverse probability weighting and weighted multivariable regressions to account for censoring in the prospective analyses and used absolute risk regression to account for competing risk of death. Results: At baseline, compared to participants with good olfaction, the multivariable-adjusted mean eGFR was 3.00 ml/min/1.73m2 lower (95% confidence interval (CI): -5.25, -0.75) for those with anosmia and 1.87 lower (95% CI: -3.94, 0.21) for those with hyposmia with a P for linear trend < 0.001. Those with anosmia at baseline was had a significantly lower eGFR seven years later (-5.31, 95% CI: -8.58, -2.04, P for trend = 0.002), but the association was attenuated after further accounting for baseline eGFR (-2.37, 95%CI: -4.91, 0.16, P for linear trend = 0.147). Olfactory function was not associated with incident CKD or CKD hospitalization. Conclusion: In older adults > age 70 years, poor olfaction is associated with lower kidney function, but not future CKD risk. These associations should be further investigated in relatively younger population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for premature mortality and several non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this study was to estimate the global burden associated with physical inactivity, and to examine differences by country income and region.Methods: Population-level, prevalence-based population attributable risks (PAR) were calculated for 168 countries to estimate how much disease could be averted if physical inactivity were eliminated. We calculated PARs (percentage of cases attributable to inactivity) for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and non-communicable diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, depression and cancers of the bladder, breast, colon, endometrium, oesophagus, stomach and kidney.Results: Globally, 7.2% and 7.6% of all-cause and cardiovascular disease deaths, respectively, are attributable to physical inactivity. The proportions of non-communicable diseases attributable to physical inactivity range from 1.6% for hypertension to 8.1% for dementia. There was an increasing gradient across income groups; PARs were more than double in high-income compared with low-income countries. However, 69% of total deaths and 74% of cardiovascular disease deaths associated with physical inactivity are occurring in middle-income countries, given their population size. Regional differences were also observed, with the PARs occurring in Latin America/Caribbean and high-income Western and Asia-Pacific countries, and the lowest burden occurring in Oceania and East/Southeast Asia.Conclusion: The global burden associated with physical inactivity is substantial. The relative burden is greatest in high-income countries; however, the greatest number of people (absolute burden) affected by physical inactivity are living in middle-income countries given the size of their populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the joint associations of daily time spent in different intensities of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep with all-cause mortality.Methods: Federated pooled analysis of six prospective cohorts with device-measured time spent in different intensities of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep following a standardised compositional Cox regression analysis.Participants: 130 239 people from general population samples of adults (average age 54 years) from the UK, USA and Sweden.Main Outcome: All-cause mortality (follow-up 4.3-14.5 years).Results: Studies using wrist and hip accelerometer provided statistically different results (I2=92.2%, Q-test p<0.001). There was no association between duration of sleep and all-cause mortality, HR=0.96 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.12). The proportion of time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity was significantly associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0.63 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.71) wrist; HR=0.93 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.98) hip). A significant association for the ratio of time spent in light physical activity and sedentary time was only found in hip accelerometer-based studies (HR=0.5, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.62). In studies based on hip accelerometer, the association between moderate to vigorous physical activity and mortality was modified by the balance of time spent in light physical activity and sedentary time.Conclusion: This federated analysis shows a joint dose-response association between the daily balance of time spent in physical activity of different intensities and sedentary behaviour with all-cause mortality, while sleep duration does not appear to be significant. The strongest association is with time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity, but it is modified by the balance of time spent in light physical activity relative to sedentary behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Literature shows an inverse association of circulating cholesterol level with the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD); this finding has important ramifications, but its interpretation has been debated. Objective: To longitudinally examine how blood total cholesterol changes during the development of PD. Methods: In the Health, Aging and Body Composition study (n = 3,053, 73.6±2.9 years), blood total cholesterol was measured at clinic visit years 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 11. We first examined baseline cholesterol in relation to PD risk, adjusting for potential confounders and competing risk of death. Then, by contrasting the observed with expected cholesterol levels, we examined the trajectory of changes in total cholesterol before and after disease diagnosis. Results: Compared to the lowest tertile of baseline total cholesterol, the cumulative incidence ratio of PD and 95% confidence interval was 0.41 (0.20, 0.86) for the second tertile, and 0.69 (0.35, 1.35) for the third tertile. In the analysis that examined change of total cholesterol level before and after PD diagnosis, we found that its level began to decrease in the prodromal stage of PD and became statistically lower than the expected values ∼4 years before disease diagnosis (observed-expected difference, –6.68 mg/dL (95% confidence interval: –13.14, –0.22)). The decreasing trend persisted thereafter; by year-6 post-diagnosis, the difference increased to –13.59 mg/dL (95% confidence interval: –22.12, –5.06), although the linear trend did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). Conclusion: Circulating total cholesterol began to decrease in the prodromal stage of PD, which may in part explain its reported inverse association with PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Weight loss is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about when it starts, how PD changes as it progresses, and whether there is a differential loss of lean or fat mass. The objective of this study was to examine how body composition changes before and after PD diagnosis. Methods: In the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study (n = 3075; age range, 70–79 years), body composition was assessed using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry on an annual or biennial basis from year 1 to year 10. For each PD case each year, we calculated the difference between their actual body composition measures and expected values had they not developed PD. Using linear mixed models with crossed random effects, we further examined the trend of change in body composition measures before and after PD diagnosis. Results: A total of 80 PD cases were identified in this cohort. Compared with their expected values, PD cases began to lose total and fat mass about 6–7 years before diagnosis, although the differences were not statistically significant until 3–5 years after diagnosis. The loss was substantial and persistent, with statistically significant trends of loss for total body mass (P = 0.008), fat mass (P = 0.001), and percentage fat (P < 0.001). In comparison, lean mass was stable throughout the follow‐up (P = 0.16). Overall, 96% of the body mass loss in PD cases was from the loss of fat mass. Conclusions: In this longitudinal analysis with objective measures of body composition, we found persistent weight loss in PD cases, predominantly in fat mass, starting a few years before diagnosis. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is associated with functional and metabolic decline and is a risk factor for all noncommunicable diseases. Even though mice are routinely used for modeling human aging and aging-related conditions, no comprehensive assessment to date has been conducted on normative mouse aging. To address this gap, the Study of Longitudinal Aging in Mice (SLAM) was designed and implemented by the National Institute on Aging (NIA/NIH) as the mouse counterpart to the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). In this manuscript, we describe the premise, study design, methodologies, and technologies currently employed in SLAM. We also discuss current and future study directions. In this large population mouse study, inbred C57BL/6J and outbred UM-HET3 mice of both sexes are longitudinally evaluated for functional, phenotypic, and biological health, and collection of biospecimens is conducted throughout their life span. Within the longitudinal cohorts, a cross-sectional arm of the study has also been implemented for the well-controlled collection of tissues to generate a biorepository. SLAM and studies stemming from SLAM seek to identify and characterize phenotypic and biological predictors of mouse aging and age-associated conditions, examine the degrees of functional and biomolecular variability that occur within inbred and genetically heterogeneous mouse populations with age, and assess whether these changes are consistent with alterations observed in human aging in BLSA. The findings from these studies will be critical for evaluating the utility of mouse models for studying different aspects of aging, both in terms of interpreting prior findings and designing and implementing future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the joint associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time with all-cause mortality.Methods: We conducted a harmonised meta-analysis including nine prospective cohort studies from four countries. 44 370 men and women were followed for 4.0 to 14.5 years during which 3451 participants died (7.8% mortality rate). Associations between different combinations of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were analysed at study level using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and summarised using random effects meta-analysis.Results: Across cohorts, the average time spent sedentary ranged from 8.5 hours/day to 10.5 hours/day and 8 min/day to 35 min/day for MVPA. Compared with the referent group (highest physical activity/lowest sedentary time), the risk of death increased with lower levels of MVPA and greater amounts of sedentary time. Among those in the highest third of MVPA, the risk of death was not statistically different from the referent for those in the middle (16%; 95% CI 0.87% to 1.54%) and highest (40%; 95% CI 0.87% to 2.26%) thirds of sedentary time. Those in the lowest third of MVPA had a greater risk of death in all combinations with sedentary time; 65% (95% CI 1.25% to 2.19%), 65% (95% CI 1.24% to 2.21%) and 263% (95% CI 1.93% to 3.57%), respectively.Conclusion: Higher sedentary time is associated with higher mortality in less active individuals when measured by accelerometry. About 30-40 min of MVPA per day attenuate the association between sedentary time and risk of death, which is lower than previous estimates from self-reported data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor sense of smell in older adults may lead to weight loss, which may further contribute to various adverse health outcomes. However, empirical prospective evidence is lacking. We aimed to longitudinally assess whether poor olfaction is associated with changes in body composition among older adults.Methods: A total of 2,390 participants from the Health ABC Study had their olfaction assessed using the Brief Smell Identification Test in 1999-2000. Based on the test score, olfaction was defined as poor (0-8), moderate (9-10), or good (11-12). Total body mass, lean mass, and fat mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry annually or biennially from 1999 to 2007.Results: At baseline, compared to participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction weighed on average 1.67 kg less (95% CI: -2.92, -0.42) in total mass, 0.53 kg less (95% CI: -1.08, 0.02) in lean mass, and 1.14 kg less (95% CI: -1.96, -0.31) in fat mass. In longitudinal analyses, compared to participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction had a greater annual decline in both total mass (-234 g, 95% CI: -442, -26) and lean mass (-139 g, 95% CI: -236, -43). They also tended to have a greater annual loss of fat mass (-113 g, 95% CI: -285, 59), but the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Our results indicate poor olfaction is associated with lower body weight and greater weight loss in older adults. It is imperative for future studies to investigate potential underlying mechanisms and associated adverse health consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]