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Nangqian grey yak (Bos grunniens) is a unique yak population in Qinghai Province, China. In this study, the whole mitogenome sequences of 18 Nangqian grey yaks were sequenced based on the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and annotated. The total length of whole mitogenome sequence is between 16.323 bp and 16.325 bp, including a non-coding control region (D-loop region), 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and two rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA). Maternal genetic diversity based on the mitogenome variations was analyzed. A total of 12 haplotypes were identified among 18 complete mitogenome sequences, the haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of Nangqian grey yak were 0.948±0.033 and 0.001±0.001, respectively. Compared with the wild yak population and six other domestic yak breeds/populations in China, the haplotype diversity of Nangqian grey yak population was higher, indicating abundant maternal genetic diversity in Nangqian grey yak. The phylogenetic tree showed that Nangqian grey yak was most closely related to Tibet alpine, Xueduo, Changtai, Sibu, Zhongdian, Tianzhu white, Ashdan, Jinchuan, Jiulong, Pamir, Pali, Qinghai plateau, Huanhu, Datong, Bazhou and wild yak breeds/populations, closer to Chawula, Muli, Gannan, Niangya and Yushu yak breeds, but far away from other yak breeds (i.e. Leiwuqi and Maiwa yak).

African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity, and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV, providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic technologies.

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic, highly contagious disease in pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Our previous study identified that the ASFV MGF300-2R protein functions as a virulence factor and found that MGF300-2R degrades IKKβ via selective autophagy. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for IKKβ ubiquitination during autophagic degradation still remains unknown. In order to solve this problem, we first pulled down 328 proteins interacting with MGF300-2R through immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Next, we analyzed and confirmed the interaction between the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21 and MGF300-2R and demonstrated the catalytic role of TRIM21 in IKKβ ubiquitination. Finally, we indicated that the degradation of IKKβ by MGF300-2R was dependent on TRIM21. In summary, our results indicate TRIM21 is the E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the degradation of IKKβ by MGF300-2R, thereby augmenting our understanding of the functions of MGF300-2R and offering insights into the rational design of live attenuated vaccines and antiviral strategies against ASF.

Abstract One of the major obstacles hindering the application of zinc metal batteries is the contradictory demands from the Zn metal anode and cathodes. At the anode side, water induces serious corrosion and dendrite growth, remarkably suppressing the reversibility of Zn plating/stripping. At the cathode side, water is essential because many cathode materials require both H+ and Zn2+ insertion/extraction to achieve a high capacity and long lifespan. Herein, an asymmetric design of inorganic solid-state electrolyte combined with hydrogel electrolyte is presented to simultaneously meet the as-mentioned contrary requirements. The inorganic solid-state electrolyte is toward the Zn anode to realize a dendrite-free and corrosion-free highly reversible Zn plating/stripping, and the hydrogel electrolyte enables consequent H+ and Zn2+ insertion/extraction at the cathode side for high performance. Therefore, there is no hydrogen and dendrite growth detected in cells with a super high-areal-capacity up to 10 mAh·cm−2 (Zn//Zn), ~5.5 mAh·cm−2 (Zn//MnO2) and ~7.2 mAh·cm−2 (Zn//V2O5). These Zn//MnO2 and Zn//V2O5 batteries show remarkable cycling stability over 1000 cycles with 92.4% and over 400 cycles with 90.5% initial capacity retained, respectively.

Highlights The porous structure and interconnected conductive pathways accommodate a large amount of iodine, entrap polyiodides and guarantee its efficient utilization. While the Fe single atom catalyst efficiently catalyzes the iodine/polyiodide conversion. With “confinement-catalysis” host, the ZnǀǀI2 battery delivers a high capacity of 188.2 mAh g−1 at 0.3 A g−1, excellent rate capability with a capacity of 139.6 mAh g−1 at 15 A g−1 and ultra-long cyclic stability over 50,000 cycles with 80.5% initial capacity retained under high iodine loading of 76.72 wt%.

Highlights The strong interaction between Ti3C2Sx and FeN4 species induces the central metal Fe(II) in FeN4 species with intermediate spin state transferred to high spin state, in which the latter is favorable to initiate the reduction of oxygen. This strong interaction induces a remarkable Fe 3d electron delocalization with d band center upshift, boosting oxygen-containing groups adsorption on FeN4 species and oxygen reduction reaction kinetics. The resulting FeN4–Ti3C2S x with FeN4 moieties in high spin state exhibits high half-wave potential of 0.89 V vs. RHE and high limiting current density of 6.5 mA cm−2, enabling wearable zinc–air battery showing a good discharge performance with a maximum power density of 133.6 mW cm−2.

Abstract The white yak, a type of unique and valuable farm animals on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, are mainly distributed in Tianzhu (County of Gansu Province), Menyuan, Huzhu and Ledu (three Counties of Qinghai Province) in China. In the present study, the Y-chromosomal genetic diversity, differentiation and phylogeny of three Chinese white yak breeds/populations (Tianzhu, Huzhu and Menyuan) were comprehensively explored using five Y-SNPs (SRY4, USP9Y, UTY19, AMELY3 and OFD1Y10) and one Y-STR (INRA189) markers. The results showed that six Y-haplotypes (H1Y1, H9Y1, H10Y1, H11Y2, H12Y2 and H13Y2) were identified in 97 male yak from three white yak breeds/populations. Among these haplotypes, H1Y1, H10Y1 and H11Y2 were shared by all of breeds/populations and H12Y2 was shared by Tianzhu and Huzhu populations. However, H9Y1 and H13Y2 haplotypes were only detected in Menyuan and Tianzhu white yak populations, respectively. The Y-haplotype diversity was maximum in Huzhu white yak (0.7500 ± 0.0349), the medium in Tianzhu white yak (0.6881 ± 0.0614) and the lowest in Menyuan white yak (0.5720 ± 0.0657). The total Y-haplotype diversity of three white yak breeds/populations was 0.7567 ± 0.0233, indicating rich paternal genetic diversity in white yak. The F ST values showed a moderate differentiation between Tianzhu and Menyuan (F ST = 0.0763, P 0.05) and Huzhu and Menyuan (F ST = − 0.005, P > 0.05) populations. The clustering analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between Huzhu and Menyuan white yak, both were far from Tianzhu white yak breed. The phylogenetic analyses showed that white yak had two Y-haplogroups/lineages (Y1 and Y2) with two potential paternal origins. The findings of present study provide new insight into the basic information for the formulation of molecular breeding programs of white yak. Moreover, it also contributes to the conservation and utilization of this special animal genetic resource.

Remote sensing images are very vulnerable to cloud interference during the imaging process. Cloud occlusion, especially thick cloud occlusion, significantly reduces the imaging quality of remote sensing images, which in turn affects a variety of subsequent tasks using the remote sensing images. The remote sensing images miss ground information due to thick cloud occlusion. The thick cloud removal method based on a temporality global–local structure is initially suggested as a solution to this problem. This method includes two stages: the global multi-temporal feature fusion (GMFF) stage and the local single-temporal information restoration (LSIR) stage. It adopts the fusion feature of global multi-temporal to restore the thick cloud occlusion information of local single temporal images. Then, the featured global–local structure is created in both two stages, fusing the global feature capture ability of Transformer with the local feature extraction ability of CNN, with the goal of effectively retaining the detailed information of the remote sensing images. Finally, the local feature extraction (LFE) module and global–local feature extraction (GLFE) module is designed according to the global–local characteristics, and the different module details are designed in this two stages. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method performs significantly better than the compared methods in the established data set for the task of multi-temporal thick cloud removal. In the four scenes, when compared to the best method CMSN, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) index improved by 2.675, 5.2255, and 4.9823 dB in the first, second, and third temporal images, respectively. The average improvement of these three temporal images is 9.65%. In the first, second, and third temporal images, the correlation coefficient (CC) index improved by 0.016, 0.0658, and 0.0145, respectively, and the average improvement for the three temporal images is 3.35%. Structural similarity (SSIM) and root mean square (RMSE) are improved 0.33% and 34.29%, respectively. Consequently, in the field of multi-temporal cloud removal, the proposed method enhances the utilization of multi-temporal information and achieves better effectiveness of thick cloud restoration.

Golmud yak (Bos grunniens) is mainly lived in the southern Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province, China. Here, the complete mitogenome of the Golmud yak was fi rstly sequenced using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technique and the corresponding sequence characterization also has been identified. Th e mitogenome of Golmud yak was 16,324 bp length with an A + T-biased nucleotide composition (60.97%). It includes 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes and a control region (D-loop region), which is consistent with that of other bovine species. Th e phylogenetic tree showed that Golmud yak was most closely related to Sibu, Huanhu, Zhongdian, Ashdan, Jiulong, Pali, Datong and Bazhou yak breeds, closer to Yushu, Niangya, Qinghai-Gaoyuan, Xueduo, Maiwa and wild yak, but far away from other yak breeds (i.e. Jinchuan, Gannan and Tianzhu white yak). Th e complete mitogenome sequence reported here would provide valuable information for breeding and improvement of Golmud yak.

Introduction Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for acquired hemophilia A (AHA) results in remission within days to months in 60% to 80% of patients. However, little is known regarding the predictors of response. Aim This study aimed to identify the factors that influence response to treatment. Methods The data of 42 patients with AHA from three hospitals were retrospectively analyzed. Results All 42 AHA patients received IST; complete treatment data were available for 34 patients. The response rate was 60% among the 5/34 (14.7%) patients who received steroids alone, 70.8% among the 24/34 (70.6%) patients who received steroids plus cyclophosphamide, and 80% among the 5/34 (14.7%) patients who received steroids plus cyclophosphamide and rituximab. Overall, 29/34 (85.3%) patients achieved CR; 4/34 (13.8%) of them relapsed after a median time of 410 (21–1279) days. Adverse events occurred in 14/34 (41.2%) patients: 13/34 (38.2%) had infections and 1/34 (2.9%) developed pancytopenia. In univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, FVIII inhibitor titer ≥20 BU/mL was the only significant prognostic factor affecting time to CR. No variable had significant effect on OS. Conclusion FVIII inhibitory antibody titer ≥20 BU/mL appears to be an important predictor of time to complete response in patients with acquired hemophilia A treated with immunosuppressive therapy.

The Qinghai Province of China is located in the northeast region of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and carries abundant yak genetic resources. Previous investigations of archaeological records, mitochondrial DNA, and Y chromosomal markers have suggested that Qinghai was the major center of yak domestication. In the present study, we examined the genomic diversity, differentiation, and selection signatures of 113 Qinghai yak, including 42 newly sequenced Qinghai yak and 71 publicly available individuals, from nine yak breeds/populations (wild, Datong, Huanhu, Xueduo, Yushu, Qilian, Geermu, Tongde, and Huzhu white) using high-depth whole-genome resequencing data. We observed that most of Qinghai yak breeds/populations have abundant genomic diversity based on four genomic parameters (nucleotide diversity, inbreeding coefficients, linkage disequilibrium decay, and runs of homozygosity). Population genetic structure analysis showed that Qinghai yak have two lineages with two ancestral origins and that nine yak breeds/populations are clustered into three distinct groups of wild yak, Geermu yak, and seven other domestic yak breeds/populations. FST values showed moderate genetic differentiation between wild yak, Geermu yak, and the other Qinghai yak breeds/populations. Positive selection signals were detected in candidate genes associated with disease resistance (CDK2AP2, PLEC, and CYB5B), heat stress (NFAT5, HSF1, and SLC25A48), pigmentation (MCAM, RNF26, and BOP1), vision (C1QTNF5, MFRP, and TAX1BP3), milk quality (OPLAH and GRINA), neurodevelopment (SUSD4, INSYN1, and PPP1CA), and meat quality (ZRANB1), using the integrated PI, composite likelihood ratio (CLR), and FST methods. These findings offer new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying target traits in yak and provide important information for understanding the genomic characteristics of yak breeds/populations in Qinghai.

In this paper, we have investigated the nonlinear optical response and theoretical efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx thin films from the optical transmission and reflection measurements. The dispersion of the complex refractive index is evaluated using the Wemple–DiDomenico single oscillator model. The oscillator energy (E0) of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx follows by an empirical relationship with optical bandgap (Eg) as E0 ≈ 2.41 Eg for chemical dip coating, spray, and E0 ≈ 1.63 Eg for dipping deposited samples, respectively. The long wavelength refractive index, average oscillator wavelength, and oscillator strength are also determined using the Sellmeier oscillator equation. The estimated third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility is found to be the order of 10−12 esu. The incident photon and charge carrier interaction in CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is studied from the dielectric response of the samples. The charge carrier excitation is found higher at lower wavelength and experienced bulk excitation in volume while surface excitation on the surface region. The optical conductivity of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is notably high, which leads to an increase in carrier transfer through the extrinsic halide perovskite material expedient for higher conversion efficiency. The highest theoretical efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is estimated to be 17.4%, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental report. From photosensitivity study, it is confirmed that CH3NH3PbI3−xClx films are highly photosensitive. All these results comprehend that CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is a potential candidate for photonic applications.

Tongde County is located in the southeast of Qinghai Province, China, harboring rich yak genetic resources. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Tongde yak (Bos grunniens) was firstly sequenced using Illumina sequencing technique and the corresponding sequence characterization was identified. Our results showed that the mitogenome of Tongde yak is a circular molecule with 16,323 bp length consisting of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes) and a non-coding control region (D-loop), which is consistent with most bovine species. The overall nucleotide composition was found as: A (33.72%), T (27.27%), C (25.80%), and G (13.21%), respectively, yielding a higher AT content (60.99%). The complete mitogenome sequence of Tongde yak would provide useful information for further studies on its genetic resource conservation and molecular breeding programmes in the future.

In this study, the aqueous extract Ziziphora clinopodioides was used to biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles. A green, productive, and environmentally method was developed for the valuable study and the effective preparation of the green-synthesis of iron nanoparticles using aqueous extracts from the leaf of Ziziphora clinopodioides as a result of reducing and stabilizing factor. The simplicity of the synthesis procedures and easy work up are the benefits of the present study. The structural and morphological characterization of green‐synthesized FeNPs was performed by Uv–Vis. and FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. The SEM images have exhibited an equal and uniform spherical morphology in size of 30.04. We also investigated the anti-hemolytic anemia property of FeNPs in an animal model of hemolytic anemia. In vivo assay, induction of hemolytic anemia was done by phenylhydrazine in mice. FeNPs significantly reduced the weight and volume of liver and spleen and the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the body weight, the anti-inflammatory cytokines concentration, and the total platelet, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, monocyte, and basophil counts, and RBC parameters as compared to the untreated mice. About the biochemical parameters, FeNPs significantly increased GPx, CAT, and SOD in serum, liver, and spleen, and also HDL, total protein, and albumin in serum, and decreased GR in serum, liver, and spleen, and also erythropoietin, ferritin, ferrous, creatinine, urea, LDL, triglyceride, cholesterol, GGT, ALT, AST, and ALP in serum as compared to the anemic mice. DPPH test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for FeNPs and Butylated hydroxytoluene. FeNPs had low cell viability dose-dependently against HUVEC cell line. It appears that FeNPs can be administrated as a hematoprotective and anti-hemolytic anemia drug or supplement for the treatment of hemolytic anemia in the clinical trial.

Bus service is of great significance to urban residents. With the convergence of bus lines and the formation of bus hubs, a multi-line operation mode which can realize the centralized management of vehicles is applied to the daily bus service planning. To solve the bus service planning problem systematically in the multi-line operation mode, we propose an integrated framework for bus timetabling (TT) and vehicle scheduling (VS), which are the two fundamental processes of bus service planning. Firstly, the determination processes of TT and VS are correlated by constructing the multiple vehicles’ trip-link chains with departure time information to facilitate simultaneous optimization. Secondly, a multi-objective optimization model is constructed, which considers higher service quality and lower operating costs as objectives. Logic and operational rules are also considered as constraints to ensure the implementation of the solutions. Thirdly, we propose and implement a heuristic solution algorithm based on neighborhood search to achieve high-performance solutions. Finally, we validate the efficiency and effectiveness of our framework under the actual bus operation scenario in Chongqing, China. The Pareto frontier solutions are provided to bus operators as alternative operation schemes.

The objective of this study was to probe into the polymorphism of Y-STR INRA189 and identify the geographical distribution pattern of its alleles in the Chinese domestic yak gene pool. We examined the variation at INRA189 locus in 682 male yaks representing 15 breeds/populations in China. The results showed that six alleles, including five reported previously (149, 155, 157, 159, and 161 bp) and a new one identified in this study (139 bp), were detected at INRA189 locus based on genotyping analysis. The frequencies of six alleles varied among the 15 yak breeds/populations with a clear phylogeographical pattern, which revealed the paternal genetic difference among Chinese yak breeds/populations. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) among the 15 yak breeds/populations was 0.32, indicating INRA189 to be an intermediate polymorphic Y-STR marker (0.25 < PIC < 0.5) in yak. Sequence alignment revealed that the variations among six alleles at INRA189 were defined by a TG dinucleotide repeat motif, which repeated for 12, 17, 20, 21, 22, and 23 times, corresponding to the alleles of 139, 149, 155, 157, 159, and 161 bp, respectively. Therefore, we believe that the polymorphic yak Y-STR INRA189 can be used to characterize male-mediated genetic events, including paternal genetic origin, diversity, and evolution.

The extensive cerebral cortex and subcortical structures are considered as the major regions related to the generalized epileptiform discharges in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. However, various clinical syndromes and electroencephalogram (EEG) signs exist across generalized seizures, such as the loss of consciousness during absence seizures (AS) and the jerk of limbs during myoclonic seizures (MS). It is presumed that various functional systems affected by discharges lead to the difference in syndromes of these seizures. Twenty epileptic patients with MS, 21 patients with AS, and 21 healthy controls were recruited in this study. The functional network connectivity was analyzed based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. The statistical analysis was performed in three groups to assess the difference in the functional brain networks in two types of generalized seizures. Twelve resting-state networks were identified in three groups. Both patient groups showed common abnormalities, including decreased functional connectivity in salience network (SN), cerebellum network, and primary perceptional networks and decreased connection between SN and visual network, compared with healthy controls. Interestingly, the frontal part of high-level cognitive resting-state networks showed increased functional connectivity (FC) in patients with MS, but decreased FC in patients with AS. Moreover, patients with MS showed decreased negative connections between high-level cognitive networks and primary system. The common alteration in both patient groups, including SN, might reflect a similar mechanism associated with the loss of consciousness during generalized seizures. This study provided the evidence of brain network in generalized epilepsy to understand the difference between MS and AS.

Objective: The expression of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) protein and its regulation by chemotherapeutics were analyzed in primary acute leukemic cells. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood was collected from 16 patients with acute leukemia on days 0, 1, 3, and 5 of chemotherapy. The mononuclear cells were separated from the peripheral blood, and TRAIL expression was assessed by flow cytometry. The bone marrow mononuclear cells of patients with acute leukemia were separated before chemotherapy and cultured in vitro with VP-16 and/or interferon (IFN). The TRAIL expression level was detected after the cell culture. Results: TRAIL expression in the mononuclear cells of peripheral blood was significantly upregulated on day 1 (p0.05). Conclusion: OA single chemotherapy mechanism for leukemia may suffice to induce TRAIL expression and promote the apoptosis of leukemic cells.