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1. Quality Control Measures over 30 Years in a Multicenter Clinical Study: Results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial / Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study

Author

M. Bracey, B. French, Brandy N. Rutledge, Sharon B. Schwartz, D. Steinberg, Peter R. Pavan, Xiaoyu Gao, Alan M. Jacobson, David A. Nicolle, C. Canny, Maria F. Lopes-Virella, A. Kitabchi, K. Hansen, M. E. Lackaye, Denis Daneman, Kandace A. Klumpp, David A. Lee, H. Engel, L. Survant, C. Haggan, K. Lee, G. Ziegler, Dawn M. Ryan, Lloyd Paul Aiello, Tom G. Sheidow, Allan Gordon, Allan L. Drash, S. Johnsonbaugh, L. Kaminski, S. Yoser, David J. Brillon, Osama Hamdy, Connie Fountain, N. Silvers, Kusiel Perlman, S. Caulder, M. Szpiech, D. Freking, Paula McGee, George S. Sharuk, D. Counts, H. Solc, David E. Goldstein, L. Bestourous, W. F. Schwenk, E. Brown, S. Cercone, M. Patronas, James L. Kinyoun, G. Castle, Mark H. Schutta, M. L. Schluter, Anton Orlin, E. Chaum, Daniel P. Joseph, F. Goetz, V. Reppucci, D. Etzwiler, E. Golden, A. Iannacone, R. Kirby, Lucy A. Levandoski, Lawrence J. Singerman, P. Salemi, A. Morrison, G. Vagstad, J. Laechelt, Pamela Ossorio, Tae Sup Lee, R. Cuddihy, S. Hitt, Fred W. Whitehouse, Michael H. Brent, Gayle M. Lorenzi, Anthony D. Morrison, B. Zinman, Szilard Kiss, D. Norman, N. Olson, Thomas Donner, John Dupre, M. Swenson, M. Spencer, Jerry P. Palmer, Scott M. Steidl, M. Franz, R. Beaser, H. Martinez, Samuel S. Engel, L. Diminick, J. Mortenson, David S. Schade, S. Yacoub-Wasef, Misty Good, John E. Chapin, Paolo S. Silva, J. Ginsberg, A. Dwoskin, John P. Bantle, J. D. Carey, D. McMillan, R. G. Campbell, Lisa Diminick, C. Cornish, Ramzi K. Hemady, P. Hollander, A. Farr, D. Zimbler, M. Mech, A. Lucas, Jye-Yu C. Backlund, K. Chan, Timothy J. Murtha, V. Asuquo, A. Bhan, A. Galprin, F. Perdikaris, Michael D. Larsen, L. Gill, Pamela A. Silver, S. Brink, Louis M. Luttrell, Sheila Smith-Brewer, D. Ostrowski, M. Bratkowksi, P. Crawford, M. Bryer-Ash, E. Angus, S. Braunstein, John I. Malone, R. Conwit, C. Pittman, Louis A. Lobes, Rodney A. Lorenz, J. Rosenzwieg, Neil H. White, William I. Sivitz, D. J. Becker, Stephen S. Feman, M. Zaucha, M. Reid, M. Jenner, L. Tuason, C. Gauthier-Kelly, C. McDonald, William H. Herman, John Kramer, Jeffrey L. Mahon, A. Campbell, J. L. Canady, A. Degillio, T. Adkins, P. W. Conrad, Senda Ajroud-Driss, L. Dews, Stephan Villavicencio, David G. Miller, Manjot K. Gill, D. Curtin, J. Brown-Friday, M. Basco, Elsayed Z. Soliman, J. Selby, Bradley D. Jones, M. Hebdon, B. Olson, John M. Pach, N. W. Rodger, K. Stoessel, N. Leloudes, J. Floyd, H. Lambeth, G. Lorenzi, Richard M. Hoffman, S. Chang, M. Guiliani, H. Zegarra, N. Bakshi, Dean P. Hainsworth, Murk-Hein Heinemann, S. Dagogo-Jack, Wanjie Sun, J. Warnicki, Dean B. Burgess, D. Kenny, L. McKenzie, B. Rogness, Martin J. Stevens, M. Nutaitis, William V. Tamborlane, L. Schmidt, Deborah K. Schlossman, J. Giangiacomo, C. Williams, R. Liss, Barbara J. Maschak-Carey, Barbara H. Braffett, Stefan Fritz, J. MacIndoe, Tom Clark, M. Novak, Michael H. Goldbaum, A. DeManbey, J. Ahern, L. Jovanovic, D. Finegold, Davida F. Kruger, Mary E. Larkin, M. Johnson, S. Shah, M. Ong, Catherine L. Martin, M. Giotta, R. Reed, B. Levy, Evica Simjanoski, L. Cimino, P. Callahan, S. Crowell, Rodica Pop-Busui, Howard Wolpert, Bernard H. Doft, J. Arch, C. Shipe, Mark R. Palmert, Philip Raskin, B. Schaefer, P. Astelford, Dara D. Koozekanani, R. B. Avery, Michael W. Steffes, Robert A. Rizza, Karen L. Anderson, Charles McKitrick, P. A. Bourne, L. Baker, G. Friedenberg, D. Wood, J. Wesche, M. Phillips, Gaurav K. Shah, John M. Lachin, M. Christofi, Kevin J. Blinder, R. Ehrlich, J. Rinkoff, Morey W. Haymond, Irene Hramiak, Z. Strugula, A. Blevins, R. Hyre, M. Richardson, Mark E. Molitch, I. H. de Boer, Annette Barnie, Mark R. Burge, M. Prince, P. Ramos, R. Chan, R. Hanna, Jong Mu Sun, Suzanne M. Strowig, C. Wigley, Om P. Ganda, R. Harris, Abraham Thomas, K. Klumpp, K. Kelly, David D. Moore, J. Sheindlin, T. J. Declue, Cormac T. Taylor, C. Kwong, Rose Gubitosi-Klug, T. Sandford, Isaac Boniuk, B. Zimmerman, R. Zeitler, S. Rogers, Joseph M. Terry, C. Johnson, Linda Snetselaar, Naji Younes, Ionut Bebu, N. Wimmergren, Rukhsana G. Mirza, K. Gunyou, Karl R. Olsen, H. Bode, J. Fruit, Michael Rubin, G. Grand, Trevor J. Orchard, Douglas A. Greene, J. Quin, R. Birk, W. Mestrezat, P. Pugsley, Anupam Agarwal, L. Mayer, C. Palmer, Timothy J. Lyons, C. Johannes, A. Determan, L. Van Ottingham, J. Gott, Jerry D. Cavallerano, D. Cros, J. Parker, M. May, Robert Bergren, A. Kowarski, L. Delahanty, Katherine A. Morgan, E. A. Tanaka, Robert W. Cavicchi, Thomas J. Songer, Robert G. Devenyi, J. Harth, Jill P. Crandall, T. Thompson, Lee M. Jampol, H. Schrott, Paul G. Arrigg, Orville G. Kolterman, R. Warhol, L. Thomas, S. Kwon, Jane L. Lynch, Arup Das, Theresa M. Williams, Thomas A. Weingeist, Patricia A. Cleary, Matthew A. Thomas, L. Babbione, Amisha Wallia, J. Lipps Hagan, D. Meyer, D. Rubinstein, P. Lindsey, Mark S. Mandelcorn, R. Fahlstrom, John E. Godine, Kathie L. Hermayer, B. Bosco, J. Rich, K. Folino, M. L. Bernal, S. Yalamanchi, S. Barron, J. McConnell, J. K. Jones, J. Vaccaro-Kish, R. Woodwick, P. Colby, Kelvin C. Fong, Ronald K. Mayfield, L. H. Ketai, Julio V. Santiago, M. B. Murphy, S. Schussler, N. Grove, Larry Rand, Robert C. Colligan, Ronald P. Danis, Valerie L. Arends, S. Ferguson, B. Petty, Christine Stevens, P. Ostrosaka, Margaret L. Bayless, S. Moser, Paul A. Edwards, R. Lyon, M. Carney, Katrina Jones, T. Strand, W. Hsu, Alexander J. Brucker, H. Shamoon, Alice T. Lyon, T. Smith, David M. Nathan, P. Lou, Bruce A. Perkins, Janet E. Olson, D. Rosenberg, H. Ricks, J. Gordon, D. Hornbeck, Nikhil D. Patel, Shelly Olson, Ellen J. Anderson, William Dahms, P. Paczan Rath, S. Elsing, L. Steranchak, L. M. Aiello, Saul Genuth, S. Catton, Sandra R. Montezuma, S. Pendegast, Richard M. Bergenstal, Patricia Gatcomb, Igor Grant, B. Braffett, W. Brown, Margaret E. Stockman, N. Burkhart, David M. Kendall, Jyotika K. Fernandes, S. List, J. Soule, Julie A. Nelson, John A. Colwell, M. McLellan, Silva A. Arslanian, N. Rude, B. Vittetoe, M. Driscoll, and E. Weimann

Subjects
Adult, Male, 030213 general clinical medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Psychological intervention, lcsh:Medicine, law.invention, Diabetes Complications, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Health care, medicine, Humans, Medical physics, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, Data collection, business.industry, lcsh:R, Quality control, 3. Good health, Surgery, Data quality, Cohort, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Female, lcsh:Q, business, Quality assurance, Follow-Up Studies, Research Article
Abstract

Implementation of multicenter and/or longitudinal studies requires an effective quality assurance program to identify trends, data inconsistencies and process variability of results over time. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the follow-up Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study represent over 30 years of data collection among a cohort of participants across 27 clinical centers. The quality assurance plan is overseen by the Data Coordinating Center and is implemented across the clinical centers and central reading units. Each central unit incorporates specific DCCT/EDIC quality monitoring activities into their routine quality assurance plan. The results are reviewed by a data quality assurance committee whose function is to identify variances in quality that may impact study results from the central units as well as within and across clinical centers, and to recommend implementation of corrective procedures when necessary. Over the 30-year period, changes to the methods, equipment, or clinical procedures have been required to keep procedures current and ensure continued collection of scientifically valid and clinically relevant results. Pilot testing to compare historic processes with contemporary alternatives is performed and comparability is validated prior to incorporation of new procedures into the study. Details of the quality assurance plan across and within the clinical and central reading units are described, and quality outcomes for core measures analyzed by the central reading units (e.g. biochemical samples, fundus photographs, ECGs) are presented.

Published
2015

2. Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Myopia and Hyperopia Provides Evidence for Replication of 11 Loci

Author

Mario Pirastu, G. E. Munn, L. H. Ketai, K. Taylor, Angela Döring, R. Chan, Jeffrey L. Mahon, Bradley D. Jones, M. Hebdon, Williams L. Dews, Douglas A. Greene, Michael D. Weiss, Sapna Gangaputra, E. A. Tanaka, J. Ginsberg, Ben A. Oostra, Alka Jain, D. Singer, M. Burger, Szilard Kiss, David A. Bluemke, Barbara H. Braffett, Jugnoo S Rahi, L. Sun, C. Clark, Richard M. Bergenstal, Patricia Gatcomb, Paul Mitchell, R. Trail, D. Ryan, Robert Bergren, D. D. Joseph, G. Grand, Blanche M. Chavers, J. M.Verhoeven Virginie, David S. Schade, C. Cowie, Sharon B. Schwartz, G. Ziegler, Lloyd Paul Aiello, Michael H. Brent, John I. Malone, C. Pittman, M. Reid, Stephen S. Feman, Maurizio Fossarello, Kathie L. Hermayer, J. Parker, M. N. Iyer, Hamid Mojibian, Rose Gubitosi-Klug, P. W. Conrad, Daniel T. Lackland, Michael Brändle, C. Canny, Alan F. Wright, M. E. Lackaye, David A. Lee, Rickey E. Carter, J. Brown-Friday, J. K. Jones, J. Distad, A. Thomas, Gordon C. Weir, S. Caulder, M. Szpiech, R. Gstalder, D. Rubinstein, Fred W. Whitehouse, T. Adkins, Gayle M. Lorenzi, L. Survant, Naji Younes, Robert Detrano, Lucy A. Levandoski, Charles Campbell, Lawrence J. Singerman, Johannes R. Vingerling, Joao A.C. Lima, D. Counts, V. Gama, D. M. Nathan, John Dupre, Cornelia M. van Duijn, N. Wong, Anita Harrington, Caroline Hayward, Shelley B. Bull, R. Hackel, William I. Sivitz, Enrico Cagliero, M. Spencer, Albert Hofman, Samuel S. Engel, John E. Hokanson, Julio V. Santiago, David M. Kendall, O. Crofford, T. Thompson, Lee M. Jampol, Kevin Morgan, R. Sussman, James W. Albers, Anita Agarwal, Kevin J. Blinder, Anthony D. Morrison, Nikhil D. Patel, R. Prusak, S. Hitt, Alexander R. Lyon, Saul Genuth, J. Sheindlin, J. Vaccaro-Kish, Goran Benčić, P. Titus, Lisa Diminick, N. Wimmergren, Shelly Olson, Z. Strugula, L. Goings, Lennart C. Karssen, A. Blevins, Harjit Chahal, Ronald K. Mayfield, S. Pendegast, T. J. Lyons, Ozren Polasek, Matthew A. Thomas, Annette Barnie, P. Lindsey, L. Funk, James L. Kinyoun, Neil H. White, L. Mayer, Rodney A. Lorenz, Susan G. Elner, R. L. Pate, E. Simjanoski, R. Beaser, J. Gothrup, Tien Yin Wong, Thomas Bettecken, Jae-Ho Lee, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Ronald P. Danis, Phillippa M. Cumberland, J. Selby, Pamela Rath, H. Martinez, S. Neill, D. Rosenberg, D. Zheng, R. Devenyi, Murk-Hein Heinemann, Albert V. Smith, Alicia J. Jenkins, Rukhsana G. Mirza, Konrad Oexle, Osama Hamdy, John D. Brunzell, Trevor J. Orchard, Daniel Cornfeld, K. Nickander, Igor Rudan, L. Kim, T. Williams, Christopher M. Ryan, William Dahms, P. Paczan Rath, S. Elsing, Matthew J. Budoff, Orville G. Kolterman, Seang-Mei Saw, Lisa A. Prosser, A. Determan, M. Espeland, L. Van Ottingham, B. Petty, A. Farr, Brandy N. Rutledge, Patricia A. Cleary, Margaret L. Bayless, E. Cupelli, Ronald J. Prineas, Jonathan Goldstein, Stefan Fritz, J. Harth, K. Stoessel, Jerry P. Palmer, J. Soule, John A. Colwell, Stephen W. Scherer, Cyndi F. Liu, M. Phillips, Alexander J. Brucker, B. Rogness, Caroline C W Klaver, Joan E. Bailey-Wilson, Claire L. Simpson, Gaurav K. Shah, Louis A. Lobes, S. Mohsen Hosseini, Veronique Vitart, Dwight Stambolian, Mark S. Mandelcorn, John E. Godine, Gabriel Virella, A. Cochrane, David A. Nicolle, Timothy J. Lyons, S. Schussler, Abbas E. Kitabchi, N. Grove, Matthew D. Davis, Andrew K. Vine, Joseph F. Polak, Helen Lambeth, Ayad A. Jaffa, S. Rogers, Samuel Dagogo-Jack, C. Siebert, K. Hansen, H. Shamoon, David J. Brillon, D. Schlossman, H. Ricks, Toby A. Gardner, Mary Frances Cotch, J. Quin, Om P. Ganda, Fernando Rivadeneira, F. Thoma, Brian Fleck, K. Klumpp, Manjot K. Gill, R. J. van der Geest, Hunter Wessells, P. Salemi, P. Gaston, Tae Sup Lee, T. Woodfill, Scott M. Steidl, Thomas Meitinger, Laura Portas, John E. Chapin, Robert Wojciechowski, Martin J. Stevens, Z. M. Zhang, John D. Maynard, Paul G. Arrigg, S. Yacoub-Wasef, Andrew D. Paterson, Barbara J. Maschak-Carey, Ramzi K. Hemady, J. Dingledine, Sheila Smith-Brewer, D. Ostrowski, D. Kenny, Leslie J. Raffel, R. Jarboe, E. Angus, G. Sharuk, Jie Jin Wang, Jye-Yu C. Backlund, K. Chan, R. K. Mayfield, M. Nutaitis, William V. Tamborlane, Emily Y. Chew, Michael H. Goldbaum, S. Kwon, Davida F. Kruger, Mary E. Larkin, Catherine L. Martin, M. Novak, David E. Goldstein, J. Rosenzwieg, D. J. Becker, A. E. Boulton, Jean M. Bucksa, Richard S. Crow, Thomas Donner, Philip A. Low, J. Fradkin, K. Folino, M. L. Bernal, Daniel L. McGee, R. D′Agostino, David G. Miller, Evrim B. Turkbey, Eva L. Feldman, Larry Rand, Harry Campbell, Mark R. Palmert, N. Silvers, M. Driscoll, M. Bracey, Mark E. Molitch, Boniuk Burgess, John P. Bantle, J. D. Carey, Edward Chaum, Philip Raskin, I. H. de Boer, Peter R. Pavan, C. Wigley, Maria F. Lopes-Virella, Pirro G. Hysi, C. Sommer, R. Eastman, B. Schaefer, Maren Nowicki, K. Lee, S. Braunstein, Hugh D. Wabers, A. F. Burrows, M. Johnson, B. Zinman, M. Ong, Samir S. Deeb, C. Gauthier-Kelly, S. Novella, C. Miao, S. Strowig, S. Crowell, Teri A. Manolio, S. Yalamanchi, Christian Gieger, D. Meyer, Louis M. Luttrell, Janie Lipps, William H. Herman, Michael W. Steffes, A. Galprin, A. Iannacone, Federico Murgia, E. Steuer, KyungMann Kim, James F. Wilson, S. Genuth, André G. Uitterlinden, Dean P. Hainsworth, J. Giangiacomo, Wanjie Sun, Aruna V. Sarma, R. Liss, S. Catton, Rodica Pop-Busui, S. Moser, Bernard H. Doft, A. Malayeri, B. Gloeb, W. T. Garvey, Andrew P. Boright, Alan M. Jacobson, Larry D. Hubbard, Barbara E.K. Klein, Shyam M. Thomas, Allan Gordon, Allan L. Drash, S. Yoser, S. Johnsonbaugh, L. Kaminski, G. Meekins, Jonathan Q. Purnell, B. Burzuk, John M. Lachin, M. Geckle, Ronald J. Oudiz, Isaac Boniuk, Xiaohui Li, V. Reppucci, H. Wolpert, D. Etzwiler, M. Brabham, Maria Schache, E. Golden, M. Fox, Jyotika K. Fernandes, Jerome I. Rotter, Paul N. Baird, Michael Bryer-Ash, M. Stern, H. Engel, M. Hawkins, Najaf Amin, C. O′Donnell, M. McLellan, G. Comer, Ronald Klein, D. Sandstrom, H. Zegarra, J. Gordon, M. B. Murphy, P. A. Bourne, L. Baker, Cristina Venturini, D. Wood, H.-Erich Wichmann, M. May, A. Kowarski, Timothy W. Olsen, Thomas J. Songer, Christopher J Hammond, P. Lou, Jill P. Crandall, Miao, Xiaoping, Ophthalmology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Epidemiology, Clinical Genetics, and Internal Medicine

Subjects
Male, Linkage disequilibrium, Refractive error, genetic structures, Epidemiology, Genome-wide association study, Plant Science, Eye, Linkage Disequilibrium, ASSOCIATION SCANS, MULTIPLE, Medicine and Health Sciences, Myopia, 80 and over, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Age of Onset, FAMILIAL AGGREGATION, Genetics, Aged, 80 and over, Multidisciplinary, AUSTRALIAN SCHOOL-CHILDREN, COMMON VARIANTS, Single Nucleotide, Middle Aged, RETINAL-PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, OUTDOOR ACTIVITY, Hyperopia, Phenotype, Genetic Epidemiology, Medicine, Female, Research Article, Genetic Markers, Adult, General Science & Technology, Science, DCCT/EDIC Research Group, European Continental Ancestry Group, Locus (genetics), Single-nucleotide polymorphism, and over, Biology, Disease Surveillance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, White People, medicine, Genome-Wide Association Studies, Humans, Inherited Eye Disorders, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Allele, Polymorphism, Eye Disease and Disorders of Vision, Alleles, Genetic Association Studies, Aged, Whites, Human Genome, Biology and Life Sciences, Computational Biology, Human Genetics, Heritability, Plant Pathology, medicine.disease, Genome Analysis, GENE, eye diseases, Ophthalmology, REFRACTIVE ERROR, Genetics of Disease, LINKAGE-DISEQUILIBRIUM, Age of onset
Abstract

Refractive error (RE) is a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and its axial length that causes object images to be focused off the retina. The two major subtypes of RE are myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness), which represent opposite ends of the distribution of the quantitative measure of spherical refraction. We performed a fixed effects meta-analysis of genome-wide association results of myopia and hyperopia from 9 studies of European-derived populations: AREDS, KORA, FES, OGP-Talana, MESA, RSI, RSII, RSIII and ERF. One genome-wide significant region was observed for myopia, corresponding to a previously identified myopia locus on 8q12 (p = 1.25×10-8), which has been reported by Kiefer et al. as significantly associated with myopia age at onset and Verhoeven et al. as significantly associated to mean spherical-equivalent (MSE) refractive error. We observed two genome-wide significant associations with hyperopia. These regions overlapped with loci on 15q14 (minimum p value = 9.11×10-11) and 8q12 (minimum p value 1.82×10-11) previously reported for MSE and myopia age at onset. We also used an intermarker linkage- disequilibrium-based method for calculating the effective number of tests in targeted regional replication analyses. We analyzed myopia (which represents the closest phenotype in our data to the one used by Kiefer et al.) and showed replication of 10 additional loci associated with myopia previously reported by Kiefer et al. This is the first replication of these loci using myopia as the trait under analysis. "Replication-level" association was also seen between hyperopia and 12 of Kiefer et al.'s published loci. For the loci that show evidence of association to both myopia and hyperopia, the estimated effect of the risk alleles were in opposite directions for the two traits. This suggests that these loci are important contributors to variation of refractive error across the distribution.

Published
2014
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