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Petroleum was the most-consumed energy source in the world during the past century. With the continuous global consumption of conventional oil, shale oil is known as a new growth point in oil production capacity. However, medium–low mature shale oil needs to be exploited after in situ conversion due to the higher viscosity of oil and the lower permeability of shale. This paper summarizes previous studies on the process of kerogen cracking to generate oil and gas, and the development of micropore structures and fractures in organic-rich shale formations during in situ conversion. The results show that the temperature of kerogen cracking to generate oil and gas is generally 300–450 °C during the oil shale in situ conversion process (ICP). In addition, a large number of microscale pores and fractures are formed in oil shale formation, which forms a connecting channel and improves the permeability of the oil shale formation. In addition, the principles and the latest technical scheme of ICP, namely, conduction heating, convection heating, reaction-heat heating, and radiation heating, are introduced in detail. Meanwhile, this paper discusses the influence of the heating mode, formation conditions, the distribution pattern of wells, and catalysts on the energy consumption of ICP technology in the process of oil shale in situ conversion. Lastly, a fine description of the hydrocarbon generation process of the target formation, the development of new and efficient catalysts, and the support of carbon capture and storage in depleted organic-rich shale formations after in situ conversion are important for improving the future engineering efficiency of ICP.

The advent of the era of big data has promoted the reform of sports governance, and intelligent governance is becoming a strategic choice and a new trend to promote the physical fitness development of college students. Based on the profound analysis of the current situation of college students’ physical fitness, this study examines the great value of big data for the intelligent governance of physical fitness, and further constructs the model to achieve intelligent governance of college students’ physical fitness. The study also provides specific strategies to promote this process. According to the study, although the current situation of college students’ physical fitness is still not optimistic, data-driven intelligent governance of physical fitness provides a new solution to a personalized, refined, and diversified way of governance. By creating an intelligent governance concept with data thinking, building an intelligent governance platform supported by data, and by such measures as improving the data literacy of physical education teachers in colleges and universities and upgrading stadiums with intelligent techniques, the study seeks to break through the bottleneck of college students’ physical fitness governance and open up a new path to realize the effective governance of college students’ physical fitness.

Camellia nitidissima is an endangered species. This species contains two varieties. Here, we report on the chloroplast genomes of C. nitidissima var. nitidissima from Fangcheng (GenBank accession MT157617) and Nanning (MT157618), as well as one sample of C. nitidissima var. microcarpa (MT157619) from Nanning. The total chloroplast genomes of C. nitidissima var. nitidissima Fangcheng and Nanning samples are 156,596 bp and 157,567 bp in length, respectively. C. nitidissima var. microcarpa (MT157619) genome is 157,407 bp in length. The three samples possess GC contents of 37.3%, 128 genes, comprising 86 protein-coding genes, 34 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes.

In this study, we report on the complete chloroplast genomes of Camellia perpetua and Camellia indochinensis for the first time. The complete chloroplast genome of C. perpetua is 156,804 bp in length and is comprised of two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,996 bp each), a large single copy (LSC) region (86,570 bp), and a small single copy (SSC) region (18,242 bp). The chloroplast genome of C. perpetua harbors 86 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes, with an overall GC content of 37.32%. The chloroplast genome of C. indochinensis showed similar characteristics as that of C. perpetua. The total length of C. indochinensis chloroplast genome is 156,571 bp, which includes 26,053 bp each of the two IR regions, 86,246 bp of the LSC region, and 18,219 bp of the SSC region. C. indochinensis chloroplast genome contains 85 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes, with an overall GC content of 37.34%. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the chloroplast genome sequences of the two species, and their phylogenetic positions were determined.

Study Design. This prospective observational study included 22 patients who were diagnosed with symptomatic degenerative disc disease treated via artificial disc replacement (ADR) with a laparoscopic technique. Objective. The current study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of ADR using a laparoscopic technique for lumbar disc herniation. Summary of Background Data. Symptomatic degenerative disc disease is the major cause of low back pain with lumbar segmental instability. ADR has increased in popularity as an alternative treatment for lumbar disc herniation. However, the traditional approach to spinal surgery carries the risk of catastrophic bleeding from injury to major vessels, as well as iatrogenic injury to the viscera and associated structures. Therefore, laparoscopic lumbar discectomy and ADR may represent a useful alternative. Methods. Twenty-two patients (8 males and 14 females) who were diagnosed with symptomatic degenerative disc disease were included in this study. Seven cases involved the L4/5 level, and 15 cases involved the L5/S1 level. All patients were ineffective after at least 6 months of conservative treatments; all patients were informed of the surgery before the operation and provided consent. Three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (3D-CTA) of the iliac great blood vessels was completed before the surgery. All surgical procedures were performed under a laparoscope. All patients were followed up. Results. All surgeries were successfully completed. The average operation time was 120 minutes (range 110-150 min), and the average hemorrhage was 145mL (range 80-360 mL). All cases underwent X-rays at 3 days, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and the final postoperative follow-up. The outcome indicated that there was no mobilization, displacement, or subsidence in all patients with the exception of one case with prosthesis migration. The follow-up time was 43.8 months (range 24-64 months). The mean visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry scores were decreased postoperatively. The mean improvement rate of the VAS score was 73.5%. Conclusion. Lumbar ADR using a laparoscope represents a novel, minimally invasive treatment for symptomatic degenerative disc disease and severe lumbar discogenic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of a new generation bisphosphonate, incadronate, in established adjuvant arthritis rats were evaluated according to the arthritis index, hind paw volume, and radiological and histopathological examinations. Incadronate suppressed the radiological and histopathological changes of hind paws, as well as the joint swelling in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the arthritis control rats showed drastic joint inflammation, marked destruction of bone and articular cartilage. The remains of articular cartilage lost Safranin O staining, and were attached with numerous TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. Some of resorption lacunas could be seen at the cartilage matrix nearby the TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. As regards the chondroprotective effects of bisphosphonates, we speculate that it is probably concerned with the inhibition of the chondroclasts. These data indicate that bisphosphonates may be a class of effective agent that can be considered for treatment of various arthritic conditions, including human rheumatoid arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different concentrations (0–0.10 mg/mL) of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide (MCP) on the physicochemical properties (potential, particle size, surface hydrophobicity, and sulfhydryl groups), structural properties (determined by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and electrophoresis) and microstructure of myosin were investigated. The interaction mechanism between myosin and MCP was elucidated. The results showed that the interaction force between myosin and MCP changed with increasing MCP, and myosin-MCP complexes and myosin-myosin aggregates were formed mainly through electrostatic interaction force and hydrophobic interaction, thereby increasing the turbidity of the myosin-MCP mixed system, decreasing the potential and surface hydrophobicity, widening the range of particle size distribution, and reducing the average particle size (D50). Besides, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy also confirmed that myosin structure changed with increasing MCP concentration.