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Surface soils form a major planting base of winter jujube in China were collected and detected for six heavy metals including Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. The concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were 27.6 ± 6.0, 57.9 ± 12.8, 67.1 ± 10.3, 102.6 ± 23.4, 0.24 ± 0.07, and 25.1 ±5.9 mg/kg, respectively, showing an order of Zn > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb > Cd. The contents of the investigated metals were frequently observed higher than their related background values, suggesting that extra metal inputs occurred. Levels of all elements were below the associated risk screening values of agricultural soil in China, indicating healthy planting conditions for the winter jujube cultivation. Nemerow comprehensive pollution indexes of the metals in all the sampling stations were lower than 0.7, revealing a non-pollution status of the soils. Geo-accumulation indexes suggested that Zn and Pb caused no pollution, and Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd seemed to result in slight pollution. Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb had similar sources, which might be related to some natural processes and the use of fertilizers. Extra Cu might be mainly from the use of copper-containing pesticides. Based on our observations, the soils from the planting base of winter jujube in the Yellow River Delta were safe for the cultivation of winter jujube, and the rational utilization of pesticide and fertilizer were proposed to control the new inputs of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of demulsification difficulties in Liaohe Oilfield, 24 kinds of demulsifiers were screened by using the interface generation energy (IFE) module in the molecular dynamics simulation software Materials Studio to determine the ability of demulsifier molecules to reduce the total energy of the oil–water interface after entering the oil–water interface. Neural network analysis (NNA) and genetic function approximation (GFA) were used as technical means to predict the demulsification effect of the Liaohe crude oil demulsifier. The simulation results show that the SDJ9927 demulsifier with ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) values of 21 (EO) and 44 (PO) reduced the total energy and interfacial tension of the oil–water interface to the greatest extent, and the interfacial formation energy reached −640.48 Kcal/mol. NNA predicted that the water removal amount of the SDJ9927 demulsifier was 7.21 mL, with an overall error of less than 1.83. GFA predicted that the water removal amount of the SDJ9927 demulsifier was 7.41mL, with an overall error of less than 0.9. The predicted results are consistent with the experimental screening results. SDJ9927 had the highest water removal rate and the best demulsification effect. NNA and GFA had high correlation coefficients, and their R2s were 0.802 and 0.861, respectively. The higher R2 was, the more accurate the prediction accuracy was. Finally, the demulsification mechanism of the interfacial film breaking due to the collision of fluorinated polyether demulsifiers was studied. It was found that the carbon–fluorine chain had high surface activity and high stability, which could protect the carbon–carbon bond in the demulsifier molecules to ensure that there was no re-emulsion due to the stirring external force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal tax rate of COD and ammonia nitrogen was estimated based on the estimated economic loss caused by domestic sewage and the determined tax base in Binzhou City, The results show that due to the pollution of COD and ammonia nitrogen, the average economic loss of domestic sewage in Binzhou City from 2010 to 2017 was 167.292 million and 178.040 million yuan respectively. The average pollution equivalent amount of COD and ammonia nitrogen in domestic sewage in Binzhou City was43 435 and 3 900 t respectively, and the average optimal tax rate of COD and ammonia nitrogen was 3,85 and 45,65 yuan/kg respectively. That is, residents should pay a pollution tax of 3.85 yuan for every 1 kg of COD discharged and a pollution tax of 45,65 yuan for every 1 kg of ammonia nitrogen discharged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed total factor productivity of Binzhou City, and key factors that influence its economic growth and effluent discharge. The results shoved that (i) production efficiency of the city during 2005-2013 kept stable, mean of Malmquist-Luenberger index was 1.044,9 without considering effluent discharge, and the average annual increase rate was 4.49%, and that vitas 1.020,4 considering effluent discharge, the average annual increase rate was 2.04%, and the increase rate reduced by 2.45%. (ii) GDP growth showed significant negative correlation and positive correlation with capital input and energy input, but insignificant negative correlation and positive correlation with labor force input and technological progress. (iii) Effluent discharge showed insignificant negative correlation and positive correlation with capital input and energy input, but significant negative correlation and positive correlation with labor force input and technological progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the total factor productivity of Shandong Province and its impact on the local economic environment through Malmquist-Luenbetger productivity index. The results of the paper were included as follows. Without consideration of the environmental constraints, Index M of the total factor productivity of Shandong Province from high to low was Heze, Jinan, Qingdao, Weihai, Dongying, Zaozhuang, Jining, Tai'an, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Yantai, Zibo, Weifang, Linyi, Binzhou, Rizhao, Laiwu, among which Index M of Linyi, Binzhou, Rizhao, Laiwuwere were less than 1; taking the environmental constraints into account, Index ML of the total factor productivity of Shandong Province was reduced, from high to low was Jinan, Qingdao, Weihai, Yantai, Heze, Liaocheng, Tai'an, Weifang, Jining, Linyi, Zibo, Dongying, Zaozhuang, Rizhao, Laiwu, Binzhou, Dezhou, among which Index ML of 9 cities behind Jining were less than 1. In terms of the development mode, Jinan, Qingdao, Tai'an, Weihai, Jining and Heze were resource-conserving and environment-friendly cities; Dongying and Zaozhuang were resourceconserving and environment-polluted cities; Liaocheng, Linyi, Weifang and Yantai were resource-wasted and environment-friendly cities; Binzhou, Dezhou, Laiwu, Rizhao and Zibo were resource-wasted and environment-polluted cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between environmental pollution and economic development in Binzhou during 2001-2013 were studied through an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The results showed that with the increase of GDP per capita, the emissions of industrial wastewater, COD and ammonia nitrogen in Binzhou City increased at first and then decreased during 2001-2013, showing inverted-U-shaped curves where turning points appeared in the middle; the emission of domestic sewage showed an upward trend, and a turning point would not appear in a short term; the emissions of domestic COD and ammonia nitrogen dropped firstly and then rose gradually, showing U-shaped curves, and they would not decrease in a short time. The turning points of industrial wastewater, COD and ammonia were at (4.29,14 550), (2.46, 44 803) and (2.27, 2 708) respectively; domestic sewage had no turning point, and domestic COD and ammonia nitrogen would not reach the turning points in a short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through PRB simulated device and orthogonal test, we discussed the treatment effect of groundwater polluted by landfiil leachate with three reaction mediums of zero-valent iron powder, activated carbon and zeolite. We considered four factors of iron powder mass, activated carbon mass, particle size of iron powder and zeolite mass, and designed a two-level orthogonal test. It concluded that effluent pH appeared to fall or rise as the reaction proceeded, which changed during 7 - 8 . The removal rates of CODCr in eight reactors were during 60.7% - 7 8 . 3%, and the removal rates of NH3-N were during 34.0% -58.8%. Activated carbon mass and the interaction of iron powder mass and activated carbon mass had significant influences on the removal of CODCr, while iron powder mass, particle size of iron powder and zeolite mass had insignificant influences on the removal of CODCr. Zeolite mass and activated carbon mass had significant influences on the removal of NH3, while iron powder mass, particle size of iron powder and the interaction with activated carbon mass had insignificant influences on the removal of NH3-N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable utilization state of wafer resource in Binzhou City was studied by ecological footprint. Results showed that the per capita ecological footprints of living wafer, producing wafer and ecological wafer were respectively 0.071, 1.105 and 0.032 hm2/person. The total per capita ecological footprint was 1. 208 hm2/person, and the total per capita ecological carrying capacity was 1. 357 hm2/person. The per capita ecological surplus of wafer resource was 0.149 8 hm2/person. If illustrated that the development and utilization of wafer resource in Binzhou City were overall sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]