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Introduction: The high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has become a widely used respiratory support system, which has proven to be effective in different populations. The facilitation of oral communication and feeding have been described as advantages of this support. Nevertheless, swallowing disorders associated with the use of HFNC have been postulated. However, such evidence is scattered in the literature, not systematically searched, and needs to be adequately summarised. This review aimed to explore the literature, to identify and map the evidence, regarding the frequency and methods of assessment of swallowing disorders in adult HFNC users, in both critical and non-critical units. Materials and methods: A scoping review will be conducted. A systematic search in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CENTRAL, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), and other resources will be conducted. Primary studies, in any language or publication status, assessing the incidence of swallowing disorders in adults with HFNC support will be included. Two reviewers will independently select studies and extract data. Disagreements will be resolved by consensus or a third reviewer. The results will be reported narratively, using tables and figures to support them. Discussion: Positive end-expiratory pressure generated in the airway by HFNC could impair the proper swallowing performance. Knowing the methodological characteristics, the instruments or scales used to assess the presence of dysphagia, and the results of the studies may contribute to considering swallowing assessment in this population on a routine basis, as well as to guide the conduct of new studies that may respond to less researched areas in this topic. Registration: Registration number: INPLASY2022110078. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To examine and compare tobacco marketing in 16 countries while the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control requires parties to implement a comprehensive ban on such marketing. Methods Between 2009 and 2012, a kilometre-long walk was completed by trained investigators in 462 communities across 16 countries to collect data on tobacco marketing. We interviewed community members about their exposure to traditional and non- traditional marketing in the previous six months. To examine differences In marketing between urban and rural communities and between high-, middle- and low-income countries, we used multilevel regression models controlling for potential confounders. Findings Compared with high-income countries, the number of tobacco advertisements observed was 81 times higher in low-income countries (Incidence rate ratio, IRR: 80.98; 95% confidence Interval, CI: 4.15-1578.42) and the number of tobacco outlets was 2.5 times higher In both low- and lower-middle-income countries (IRR: 2.58; 95% 0:1.17-5.67 and IRR: 2.52; CI: 1.23-5.17, respectively). Of the 11842 interviewees, 1184 (10%) reported seeing at least five types of tobacco marketing. Self-reported exposure to at least one type of traditional marketing was 10 times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries (odds ratio, OR: 9.77; 95% CI: 1.24-76.77). For almost all measures, marketing exposure was significantly lower in the rural communities than In the urban communities. Conclusion Despite global legislation to limit tobacco marketing, it appears ubiquitous. The frequency and type of tobacco marketing varies on the national level by Income group and by community type, appearing to be greatest in low-income countries and urban communities. Objectif Examiner et comparer les pratiques de marketing du tabac dans 16 pays, alors que la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac exige aux parties d'instaurer une interdiction globale de ce type de pratiques. Methodes De 2009 a 2012, des enqueteurs qualifies ont rencontre 462 communautes, reparties dans 16 pays, le long d'un parcours d'un kilometre afin de recueillir des donnees sur le marketing du tabac. Nous avons Interroge des membres de ces communautes au sujet de leur exposition aux formes traditionnelles et non traditionnelles de marketing dans les six mois precedents. Nous avons utilise des modeles de regression multiniveaux permettant de controler les facteurs de confusion potentiels pour examiner les differences des pratiques de marketing entre les communautes urbaines et rurales ainsi qu'entre les pays a revenu eleve, intermediaire et faible. Resultats Le nombre de publicites pour le tabac observe dans les pays a revenu faible etait 81 fols plus Important que dans les pays a revenu eleve (rapport des taux d'incidence, RTI: 80,98; Intervalle de confiance (IC) de 95%: 4,15-1578,42) et le nombre de points de vente de tabac etait 2,5 fois plus eleve dans les pays a revenu faible et a revenu intermediaire, tranche inferieure (RTI: 2,58; IC 95%: 1,17-5,67 et RTI: 2,52; IC: 1,23-5,17, respectivement). Sur les 11 842 personnes interrogees, 1184 (10%) ont Indique rencontrer au moins cinq formes de marketing du tabac. Selon leurs declarations, l'exposition a au moins une forme de marketing traditionnelle etait 10 fols plus importante dans les pays a revenu faible que dans les pays a revenu eleve (rapport des cotes: 9,77; IC 95%: 1,24-76,77). Pour presque toutes les mesures, l'exposition aux pratiques de marketing etait sensiblement plus faible dans les communautes rurales que dans les communautes urbaines. Conclusion En depit de la legislation mondiale visant a limiter les pratiques de marketing du tabac, celles-ci sont tres repandues. A l'echelle nationale, leur frequence et leur type varient en fonction des tranches de revenus et du type de communaute, etant plus Importantes dans les pays a revenu faible et les communautes urbaines. Objetivo Examinar y comparar la publicidad del tabaco en 16 paises mientras el Convenio Marco de la OMS para el Control del'Tabaco obliga a las partes a implementar una prohibicion generalizada en este tipo de publicidad. Metodos Entre 2009 y 2012, Investigadores entrenados completaron una ruta kilometrica en 462 comunidades de 16 paises para recopilar datos sobre la publicidad del tabaco. Se entrevisto a miembros de cada comunidad sobre su exposicion a la publicidad tradicional y no tradicional durante los seis meses previos. Se utilizaron modelos de regresion en multiples niveles que controlaran los posibles factores de confusion para examinar las diferencias en la publicidad entre las comunidades urbanas y rurales y entre los paises de ingresos altos, medios y bajos. Resultados En comparacion con los paises de Ingresos altos, la cantidad de anuncios sobre tabaco encontrados fue 81 veces superior en los paises de ingresos bajos (razon de tasas de incidencia, IRR: 80,98; intervalo de confianza, IC, del 95%: 4,15-1578,42) y el numero de estancos era 2,5 veces superior tanto en los paises de ingresos bajos como en los paises de ingresos medios mas bajos (IRR: 2,58 (IC del 95%: 1,17-5,67 e IRR: 2,52; IC: 1,23-5,17, respectivamente). De los 11.842 entrevistados, 1.184 (10%) informaron haber visto al menos cinco tipos de publicidad del tabaco. La exposicion autodeclarada a al menos una clase de publicidad tradicional fue 10 veces mas alta en los paises de ingresos bajos que en los paises de ingresos altos (cociente de posibilidades: 9,77 (ICdel 95%: 1,24-76,77). En practicamente todas las mediciones, la exposicion era significativamente mas baja en las comunidades rurales que en las comunidades urbanas. Conclusion A pesar de la legislacion global para limitar la publicidad del tabaco, esta parece ubicua. La frecuencia y la clase de publicidad del tabaco varian en un nivel nacional por grupo de Ingresos y tipo de comunidad, y parece ser mayor en los paises de ingresos bajos y en las comunidades rurales., Introduction Tobacco is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, responsible for an estimated 18%, 11% and 4% of deaths in high-, middle- and low-income countries, respectively. (1) Since the [...]

Cholesterol metabolism is important at the physiological level as well as in several diseases, with small RNA being an element to consider in terms of its epigenetic control. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify differences between bacterial small RNAs present at the gut level in hypercholesterolemic and normocholesterolemic individuals. Twenty stool samples were collected from hypercholesterolemic and normocholesterolemic subjects. RNA extraction and small RNA sequencing were performed, followed by bioinformatics analyses with BrumiR, Bowtie 2, BLASTn, DESeq2, and IntaRNA, after the filtering of the reads with fastp. In addition, the prediction of secondary structures was obtained with RNAfold WebServer. Most of the small RNAs were of bacterial origin and presented a greater number of readings in normocholesterolemic participants. The upregulation of small RNA ID 2909606 associated with Coprococcus eutactus (family Lachnospiraceae) was presented in hypercholesterolemic subjects. In addition, a positive correlation was established between small RNA ID 2149569 from the species Blautia wexlerae and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Other bacterial and archaeal small RNAs that interacted with the LDL receptor (LDLR) were identified. For these sequences, the prediction of secondary structures was also obtained. There were significant differences in bacterial small RNAs associated with cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic and normocholesterolemic participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adult and pediatric patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) requiring invasive ventilatory support, sedation, and muscle blockade may present neuromusculoskeletal deterioration. Different physical rehabilitation interventions have been studied to evaluate their effectiveness in improving critically ill patients' outcomes. Given that many published systematic reviews (SRs) aims to determine the effectiveness of different types of physical rehabilitation interventions, it is necessary to group them systematically and assess the methodological quality of SRs to help clinicians make better evidence-based decisions. This overview of SRs (OoSRs) aims to map the existing evidence and to determine the effectiveness of physical rehabilitation interventions to improve neuromusculoskeletal function and other clinical outcomes in adult and pediatric critically ill patients. Methods: An OoSRs of randomized and non-randomized clinical trials involving critically ill adult and pediatric patients receiving physical rehabilitation intervention will be conducted. A sensitive search of MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, and other search resources will be conducted. Two independent reviewers will conduct study selection, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment. Discrepancies will be resolved by consensus or a third reviewer. The degree of overlap of studies will be calculated using the corrected covered area. The methodological quality of the SRs will be measured using the AMSTAR-2 tool. The GRADE framework will report the certainty of evidence by selecting the "best" SR for each physical rehabilitation intervention and outcome. Discussion: The findings of this overview are expected to determine the effectiveness and safety of physical rehabilitation interventions to improve neuromusculoskeletal function in adult and pediatric critically ill patients based on a wide selection of the best available evidence and to determine the knowledge gaps in this topic by mapping and assessing the methodological quality of published SRs. Registration number: CRD42023389672. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exercise interventions have a positive impact on people with stroke. However, access to exercise interventions is variable, and there may be a delay in the start of rehabilitation. Telerehabilitation has enabled the delivery of exercise interventions replacing the traditional face-to-face approach. Aspects related to the safety of people with stroke should be considered to avoid adverse events during the delivery of exercise interventions remotely. However, such information is scattered in the literature, and the detail with which measures taken during the implementation of exercise interventions for people with stroke are reported is unknown. Objective: To summarise measures or aspects targeted at reducing the incidence of adverse events during the delivery of exercise interventions through telerehabilitation in patients after stroke. Materials and methods: A scoping review will be conducted. A systematic search in MEDLINE-Ovid, Embase-Ovid CENTRAL, CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), and other resources will be carried out. We will include primary studies, published in full text in any language, involving people with stroke who undergo telerehabilitation where exercise is the main component. Two reviewers will independently select studies and extract data, and disagreements will be resolved by consensus or a third reviewer. The results will be reported in a narrative form, using tables and figures to support them. Discussion: To implement this strategy within rehabilitation services, one of the first aspects to be solved is to ensure the safety of people. The results of this scoping review could contribute an information base for clinicians and decision-makers when designing remotely delivered exercise intervention programs. Registration number: INPLASY202290104. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims In a multinational South American cohort, we examined variations in CVD incidence and mortality rates between subpopulations stratified by country, by sex and by urban or rural location. We also examined the contributions of 12 modifiable risk factors to CVD development and to death. Methods and results This prospective cohort study included 24 718 participants from 51 urban and 49 rural communities in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. The mean follow-up was 10.3 years. The incidence of CVD and mortality rates were calculated for the overall cohort and in subpopulations. Hazard ratios and population attributable fractions (PAFs) for CVD and for death were examined for 12 common modifiable risk factors, grouped as metabolic (hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, and high non-HDL cholesterol), behavioural (tobacco, alcohol, diet quality, and physical activity), and others (education, household air pollution, strength, and depression). Leading causes of death were CVD (31.1%), cancer (30.6%), and respiratory diseases (8.6%). The incidence of CVD (per 1000 person-years) only modestly varied between countries, with the highest incidence in Brazil (3.86) and the lowest in Argentina (3.07). There was a greater variation in mortality rates (per 1000 person-years) between countries, with the highest in Argentina (5.98) and the lowest in Chile (4.07). Men had a higher incidence of CVD (4.48 vs. 2.60 per 1000 person-years) and a higher mortality rate (6.33 vs. 3.96 per 1000 person-years) compared with women. Deaths were higher in rural compared to urban areas. Approximately 72% of the PAF for CVD and 69% of the PAF for deaths were attributable to 12 modifiable risk factors. For CVD, largest PAFs were due to hypertension (18.7%), abdominal obesity (15.4%), tobacco use (13.5%), low strength (5.6%), and diabetes (5.3%). For death, the largest PAFs were from tobacco use (14.4%), hypertension (12.0%), low education (10.5%), abdominal obesity (9.7%), and diabetes (5.5%). Conclusions Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases account for over two-thirds of deaths in South America. Men have consistently higher CVD and mortality rates than women. A large proportion of CVD and premature deaths could be averted by controlling metabolic risk factors and tobacco use, which are common leading risk factors for both outcomes in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death worldwide. Standard cardiac rehabilitation (face-to-face sessions) has shown benefits in increasing muscle strength and functional exercise capacity in adults and older people. However, it is unknown whether hybrid cardiac rehabilitation (a first face-to-face phase + a second remote monitoring phase) will have similar benefits in adults versus older subjects. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a hybrid exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program on muscle strength and functional exercise capacity in "adult" versus "older" people with coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that a hybrid exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program would improve muscle strength and functional exercise capacity, but the impact would be smaller in the older group than the adult individuals. This study is part of a larger project (The Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation Trial-HYCARET). We subjected 22 adult (<60 y) females and males (ADULT; n = 5/17 (f/m); 52 ± 5 y; 28.9 ± 3.4 kg·m-2) and 20 older (≥60 y) females and males (OLDER; n = 6/14 (f/m); 66 ± 4 y; 27.4 ± 3.9 kg·m-2) with coronary artery disease to 12 weeks of hybrid exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program. Prior to and after 12 weeks of a hybrid exercisebased cardiac rehabilitation program, grip strength (handgrip), leg strength (chair stand test), and functional exercise capacity (6-minute walk test, 6MWT) were assessed. The hybrid exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program resulted in a 9.4 ± 14.6% and a 6.2 ± 12.1% grip strength increase, a 14.4 ± 39.4% and a 28.9 ± 48.1% legs strength increase, and a 14.6 ± 26.4% and a 6.8 ± 14.0% functional exercise capacity improvement in ADULT and OLDER, respectively (p < 0.05) with no differences between groups. In conclusion, a hybrid exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program could increase muscle strength and improve functional exercise capacity in adults and older people with coronary artery disease. More future studies comparing effectiveness among these age groups are needed to strengthen this conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (ICCPR) is developing a registry (ICRR) specifically for low-resource settings, where the burden of cardiovascular diseases is greatest and the need for program development highest. Herein we describe the development process, including the variable selection process. Method: Following a literature search on registry best practices, a stepwise model for ICRR development was identified. Then, based on recommendations by Core Outcome Set-STAndards for Development (COS-STAD), we underwent a process to identify variables. All available CR registries were contacted to request their data dictionaries, reviewed CR quality indicators and guideline recommendations, and searched for common data elements and core outcome sets; 35 unique variables (including patient-reported outcomes) were selected for potential inclusion. Twenty-one purposively-identified stakeholders and experts agreed to serve on a Delphi panel. Panelists rated the variables in an online survey, and suggested potential additional variables; A webcall was held to reach consensus on which to include/exclude. Next, panelists provided input to finalize each variable definition, and rated which associated indicators should be used for benchmarking in registry dashboards and a patient lay summary; a second consensus call was held. A 1-month public comment period ensued. Results: First, registry objectives and governance were approved by ICCPR, including data quality and access policies. The protocol was developed, for public posting. For variable selection, the overall mean rating was 6.1 ± 0.3/7; 12 were excluded, some of which were moved to a program survey, and others were revised. Two variables were added in an annual follow-up, resulting in 13 program and 16 patient-reported variables. Legal advice was sought to finalize ICRR agreements. Ethics approvals were obtained. Usability testing is now being initiated. Conclusion: It is hoped this will serve to harmonize CR assessment internationally and enable quality improvement in CR delivery in low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Dietary guidelines recommend limiting red meat intake because it is a major source of medium- and long-chain SFAs and is presumed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Evidence of an association between unprocessed red meat intake and CVD is inconsistent. Objective The study aimed to assess the association of unprocessed red meat, poultry, and processed meat intake with mortality and major CVD. Methods The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study is a cohort of 134,297 individuals enrolled from 21 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Food intake was recorded using country-specific validated FFQs. The primary outcomes were total mortality and major CVD. HRs were estimated using multivariable Cox frailty models with random intercepts. Results In the PURE study, during 9.5 y of follow-up, we recorded 7789 deaths and 6976 CVD events. Higher unprocessed red meat intake (≥250 g/wk vs. <50 g/wk) was not significantly associated with total mortality (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.02; P -trend = 0.14) or major CVD (HR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.11; P -trend = 0.72). Similarly, no association was observed between poultry intake and health outcomes. Higher intake of processed meat (≥150 g/wk vs. 0 g/wk) was associated with higher risk of total mortality (HR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.10; P -trend = 0.009) and major CVD (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.98; P -trend = 0.004). Conclusions In a large multinational prospective study, we did not find significant associations between unprocessed red meat and poultry intake and mortality or major CVD. Conversely, a higher intake of processed meat was associated with a higher risk of mortality and major CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The World Health Organization has estimated that by 2030, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be the third leading cause of death worldwide. Most knowledge of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is based on studies performed in Europe or North America and little is known about the prevalence, patient characteristics and change in lung function over time in patients in developing countries, such as those of Latin America. This lack of knowledge is in sharp contrast to the high levels of tobacco consumption and exposure to biomass fuels exhibited in Latin America, both major risk factors for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies have also demonstrated that most Latin American physicians frequently do not follow international chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnostic and treatment guidelines. The PRISA Study will expand the current knowledge regarding chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and risk factors in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay to inform policy makers and health professionals on the best policies and practices to address this condition. Methods/Design PRISA is an observational, prospective cohort study with at least four years of follow-up. In the first year, PRISA has employed a randomized three-staged stratified cluster sampling strategy to identify 6,000 subjects from Marcos Paz and Bariloche, Argentina, Temuco, Chile, and Canelones, Uruguay. Information, such as comorbidities, socioeconomic status and tobacco and biomass exposure, will be collected and spirometry, anthropometric measurements, blood sampling and electrocardiogram will be performed. In year four, subjects will have repeat measurements taken. Discussion There is no longitudinal data on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease incidence and risk factors in the southern cone of Latin America, therefore this population-based prospective cohort study will fill knowledge gaps in the prevalence and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, patient characteristics and changes in lung function over time as well as quality of life and health care resource utilization. Information gathered during the PRISA Study will inform public health interventions and prevention practices to reduce risk of COPD in the region.

Importance: Depression is associated with incidence of and premature death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer in high-income countries, but it is not known whether this is true in low- and middle-income countries and in urban areas, where most people with depression now live.Objective: To identify any associations between depressive symptoms and incident CVD and all-cause mortality in countries at different levels of economic development and in urban and rural areas.Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter, population-based cohort study was conducted between January 2005 and June 2019 (median follow-up, 9.3 years) and included 370 urban and 314 rural communities from 21 economically diverse countries on 5 continents. Eligible participants aged 35 to 70 years were enrolled. Analysis began February 2018 and ended September 2019.Exposures: Four or more self-reported depressive symptoms from the Short-Form Composite International Diagnostic Interview.Main Outcomes and Measures: Incident CVD, all-cause mortality, and a combined measure of either incident CVD or all-cause mortality.Results: Of 145 862 participants, 61 235 (58%) were male and the mean (SD) age was 50.05 (9.7) years. Of those, 15 983 (11%) reported 4 or more depressive symptoms at baseline. Depression was associated with incident CVD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24), all-cause mortality (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.25), the combined CVD/mortality outcome (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11-1.24), myocardial infarction (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10-1.37), and noncardiovascular death (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.13-1.31) in multivariable models. The risk of the combined outcome increased progressively with number of symptoms, being highest in those with 7 symptoms (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.12-1.37) and lowest with 1 symptom (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.92 -1.19; P for trend < .001). The associations between having 4 or more depressive symptoms and the combined outcome were similar in 7 different geographical regions and in countries at all economic levels but were stronger in urban (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.13-1.34) compared with rural (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.19) communities (P for interaction = .001) and in men (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.13-1.38) compared with women (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.06-1.23; P for interaction < .001).Conclusions and Relevance: In this large, population-based cohort study, adults with depressive symptoms were associated with having increased risk of incident CVD and mortality in economically diverse settings, especially in urban areas. Improving understanding and awareness of these physical health risks should be prioritized as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]