Search

Long-term consumption of high-GI (glycemic index) foods can increase insulin resistance and increase the risk of diabetes. The annual production of okara, which is rich in dietary fiber and regulates postprandial glycemic response, is huge. The reconstituted rice with the addition of okara was prepared using extrusion reconstitution technology. The okara decreased gelatinization and enhanced gel strength, aging of the reconstituted rice. It also promoted water migration, formed V-shaped crystals, and increased the relative crystallinity and short-range orderliness. Within a certain range of addition, okara increased the resistant-starch content of reconstituted rice. It also improves glucose adsorption capacity and hysteresis coefficient, slowing down starch digestion in vitro. The results showed that okara altered the physicochemical properties of reconstituted rice and slowed down its starch digestion in vitro.

How to select the transmitting path in MPTCP scheduling is an important but open problem. This paper proposes an intelligent data scheduling algorithm using spatiotemporal synchronous graph attention neural networks to improve MPTCP scheduling. By exploiting the spatiotemporal correlations in the data transmission process and incorporating graph self-attention mechanisms, the algorithm can quickly select the optimal transmission path and ensure fairness among similar links. Through simulations in NS3, the algorithm achieves a throughput gain of 7.9% compared to the PDAA3C algorithm and demonstrates improved packet transmission performance.

Pressure is one basic parameter involved in microfluidic systems. In this study, we developed an easy capillary-based method for measuring fluid pressure at one or multiple locations in a microchannel. The principal component is a commonly used capillary (inner diameter of 400 μm and 95 mm in length), with one end sealed and calibrated scales on it. By reading the height (h) of an air-liquid interface, the pressure can be measured directly from a table, which is calculated using the ideal gas law. Many factors that affect the relationship between the trapped air volume and applied pressure (papplied) have been investigated in detail, including the surface tension, liquid gravity, air solubility in water, temperature variation, and capillary diameters. Based on the evaluation of the experimental and simulation results of the pressure, combined with theoretical analysis, a resolution of about 1 kPa within a full-scale range of 101.6–178 kPa was obtained. A pressure drop (Δp) as low as 0.25 kPa was obtained in an operating range from 0.5 kPa to 12 kPa. Compared with other novel, microstructure-based methods, this method does not require microfabrication and additional equipment. Finally, we use this method to reasonably analyze the nonlinearity of the flow-pressure drop relationship caused by channel deformation. In the future, this one-end-sealed capillary could be used for pressure measurement as easily as a clinical thermometer in various microfluidic applications.

Purpose: Rapid decompressive craniectomy (DC) was the most effective method for the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) with cerebral hernia, but the mortality and disability rate is still high. We suspected that hematoma puncture drainage (PD) + DC may improve the therapeutic effect and thus compared the combined surgery with DC alone. Methods: From December 2013 to July 2019, patients with HICH from Linzhi, Tibet and Honghe, Yunnan Province were retrospectively analyzed. The selection criteria were as follows: (1) altitude ≥1500 m; (2) HICH patients with cerebral hernia; (3) Glascow coma scale score of 4–8 and time from onset to admission ≤3 h; (4) good liver and kidney function; and (5) complete case data. The included patients were divided into DC group and PD + DC group. The patients were followed up for 6 months. The outcome was assessed by Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score, Kaplan-Meier survival curve and correlation between time from admission to operation and prognosis. A good outcome was defined as independent (GOS score, 4-5) and poor outcome defined as dependent (GOS score, 3-1). All data analyses were performed using SPSS 19, and comparison between two groups was conducted using separate t-tests or Chi-square tests. Results: A total of 65 patients was included. The age ranged 34-90 years (mean, 63.00 ± 14.04 years). Among them, 31 patients had the operation of PD + DC, whereas 34 patients underwent DC. The two groups had no significant difference in the basic characteristics. After 6 months of follow-up, in the PD + DC group there were 8 death, 4 vegetative state, 4 severe disability (GOS score 1-3, poor outcome 51.6 %); 8 moderate disability, and 7 good recovery (GOS score 4-5, good outcome 48.4 %); while in the DC group the result was 15 death, 6 vegetative state, 5 severe disability (poor outcome 76.5 %), 4 moderate disability and 4 good recovery (good outcome 23.5 %). The GOS score and good outcome were significantly less in DC group than in PD + DC group (Z = −1.993, p = 0.046; χ2 = 4.38, p = 0.043). However, there was no significant difference regarding the survival curve between PD + DC group and DC group. The correlation between the time from admission to operation and GOS at 6 months (r = −0.41, R2 = 0.002, p = 0.829) was not significant in the PD + DC group, but significant in the DC group (r = −0.357, R2 = 0.128, p = 0.038). Conclusion: PD + DC treatment can improve the good outcomes better than DC treatment for HICH with cerebral hernia at a high altitude.

Abstract In mid‐May, 2019, the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda invaded Jiangxi Province, China, and caused extensive damage to corn crops. However, little attention has been given to the life‐history traits of the FAW. In the present study, we systematically investigated the life‐history traits of the newly invasive FAW on corn leaves at 19, 22, 25, 28, and 31°C under a photoperiod of LD 15:9 hr. The FAW thrived on the corn leaves with short developmental periods, high survival rates of larvae and pupae, very high mating success rates, and high fecundity. The pupal developmental stage was significantly longer in males than females at all temperatures, thus resulting in a protogyny phenomenon. The pupal weight was heaviest after a relatively shorter larval development stage at a higher temperature (25°C); thus, the FAW did not follow the temperature–size rule. Females were smaller than males, indicating sexual size dimorphism. A small proportion of females delayed their pre‐oviposition period and began to lay eggs on the 7th to 9th day after adult emergence. There were positive relationships between pupal weight and larval developmental time and between adult weight and fecundity. There was a negative relationship between fecundity and longevity. These findings can help us to predict the population dynamics of the FAW on corn and to develop a suitable and practical management strategy.

Backgroundcomputer-aided diagnosis of medical images is becoming more significant in intelligent medicine. Colposcopy-guided biopsy with pathological diagnosis is the gold standard in diagnosing CIN and invasive cervical cancer. However, it struggles with its low sensitivity in differentiating cancer/HSIL from LSIL/normal, particularly in areas with a lack of skilled colposcopists and access to adequate medical resources.Methodsthe model used the auto-segmented colposcopic images to extract color and texture features using the T-test method. It then augmented minority data using the SMOTE method to balance the skewed class distribution. Finally, it used an RBF-SVM to generate a preliminary output. The results, integrating the TCT, HPV tests, and age, were combined into a naïve Bayes classifier for cervical lesion diagnosis.Resultsthe multimodal machine learning model achieved physician-level performance (sensitivity: 51.2%, specificity: 86.9%, accuracy: 81.8%), and it could be interpreted by feature extraction and visualization. With the aid of the model, colposcopists improved the sensitivity from 53.7% to 70.7% with an acceptable specificity of 81.1% and accuracy of 79.6%.Conclusionusing a computer-aided diagnosis system, physicians could identify cancer/HSIL with greater sensitivity, which guided biopsy to take timely treatment.

Abstract The life cycle of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi in southeastern China is complex due to four options for adult development: summer diapause, winter diapause, prolonged diapsuse, and nondiapause. However, detailed information on the multi‐year emergence patterns of diapausing individuals in this beetle has not been documented. In this study, we monitored the adult emergence patterns of diapausing individuals and estimated the influence of the diapause‐inducing temperature and photoperiod on the incidence of prolonged diapause under seminatural conditions for several years. The duration of diapause for adults collected from the vegetable fields in different years varied from several months to 5 years. Approximately 25.9%–29.2% of individuals showed prolonged diapause (emergence more than 1 year after entering diapause) over the 5 years of observation. Furthermore, regardless of insect age, the emergence of diapausing adults from the soil always occurred between mid‐February and March in spring and between late August and mid‐October in autumn, when the host plants were available. The influence of diapause‐inducing temperatures (22, 25, and 28°C) combined with different photoperiods (L:D 12:12 h and L:D 14:10 h) on diapause duration was tested under seminatural conditions. Pairwise comparisons of diapause duration performed by the log‐rank test revealed that the low temperature of 22°C combined with the long photoperiod of L:D 14:10 h induced the longest diapause duration, whereas the low temperature of 22°C combined with the short photoperiod of L:D 12:12 h induced the highest proportion of prolonged diapause. This study indicates that C. bowringi adopts a multi‐year dormancy strategy to survive local environmental conditions and unpredictable risks.

Abstract The seasonal life cycle of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete is complicated because there are three options for pupal development: summer diapause, winter diapause, and nondiapause. In the present study, we tested the influence of temperature, day length, and seasonality on the expression of alternative developmental pathways and compared the differences in life history traits between diapausing and directly developing individuals under laboratory and field conditions. The expression of developmental pathway strongly depended on temperature, day length, and seasonality. Low temperatures induced almost all individuals to enter diapause regardless of day length; relatively high temperatures combined with intermediate and longer day lengths resulted in most individuals developing without diapause in the laboratory. The field data revealed that the degree of phenotypic plasticity in relation to developmental pathway was much higher in autumn than in spring. Directly developing individuals showed shorter development times and higher growth rates than did diapausing individuals. The pupal and adult weights for both diapausing and directly developing individuals gradually decreased as rearing temperature increased, with the diapausing individuals being slightly heavier than the directly developing individuals at each temperature. Female body weight was slightly lower than male body weight. The proportional weight losses from pupa to adult were almost the same in diapausing individuals and in directly developing individuals, suggesting that diapause did not affect weight loss at metamorphosis. Our results highlight the importance of the expression of alternative developmental pathways, which not only synchronizes this butterfly's development and reproduction with the growth seasons of the host plants but also exhibits the bet‐hedging tactic against unpredictable risks due to a dynamic environment.

Objective To analyze the clinical features and microneurosurgical management of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. Methods Sociodemographic characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of 51 patients with intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas treated in Southwest Hospital between January 2003 to January 2013 were reviewed. Results Of the 51 patients, the ratio of male and female was 1.32∶1 (29 males, 22 females). The onset age ranged from 8 to 68 years old, with the average age of 39.21 years. The main symptoms included pain in 41 cases, numbness in 35 cases, hypodynamia in 22 cases, dyspnea in 6 cases and incontinence in 5 cases. The first symptom was pain in 28 cases, numbness in 16 cases and hypodynamia in 9 cases. According to McCormick spinal function scale, 3 cases of the 51 patients were gradeⅠ, 33 cases grade Ⅱ, 11 cases grade Ⅲ and 4 cases grade Ⅳ. Among all the tumors, 3 cases were located in medulla-cervical cord, 24 in cervical spinal cord, 7 in cervical-thoracic spinal cord, 13 in thoracic spinal cord, 2 in thoracic-lumbar spinal cord and 2 in lumbar spinal cord. All patients underwent microsurgical procedure and total excision was achieved in 42 cases (82.35%), subtotal in 7 cases (13.73% ) and partial resection in 2 cases (3.92% ). Postoperative neurological function was improved in 33 patients, while no changes occurred in 14 cases and became worsened in 3 cases. One case died of secondary edema in the upper part of cervical spinal cord. Twenty-nine patients were followed-up from 5 months to 10 years (mean 41.83 months). Eight cases of the 29 patients were McCormick gradeⅠ, 14 cases gradeⅡ, 5 cases gradeⅢ and 2 grade Ⅳ. Conclusion Microneurosurgical procedure was the fundamental measure in treatment of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. Preoperative neurological function, tumor adhesion and surgical technique were the major factors influencing prognosis. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2013.12.005Video: http://www.cjcnn.org/index.php/cjcnn/pages/view/v13n12a5

Objective To study the efficacy of posterior lamina internal fixation for the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation with craniovertebral junction region malformation. Methods In April 2010 to November 2011, 12 patients suffered from atlantoaxial dislocation complicated with craniovertebral junction region malformation were treated at our department. All patients underwent posterior decompressed reduction and screw ⁃ titanium rod (plate) system internal fixation. CT thin layer scanning and 3D CT reconstruction were performed. Pre⁃ and post⁃operative atlanto⁃dental interval (ADI), Chamberlain's line (CL) distance and McRae's line (ML) distance were measured. The degree of spinal cord compression was evaluated by cervicomedullary angle (CMA). Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was used to assess the improvement of cervical medullary function. Electroneurophysiology was applied to detect nerve conduction function. Clinical effect of this surgical procedure was analysed. Results All patients were followed up for 4-20 months (mean 13 months). The differences of preoperative and postoperative ADI [(4.42 ± 2.91) mm vs (2.96 ± 2.08) mm], CL [(10.31 ± 3.80) mm vs (7.16 ± 3.19) mm], ML [(3.24 ± 2.92) mm vs (0.29 ± 2.36) mm], CMA [(127.83 ± 8.75)° vs (134.10 ± 8.38)°] and JOA [(9.75 ± 2.59) scores vs (14.83 ± 2.94) scores] were all statistically significant. In electroneurophysiological examination, preoperative waveform was abnormal in 10 cases, while 7 cases recovered to normal. Imaging examination showed bony fusion at bone grafting area, and no abnormal appearances after internal fixation. In follow⁃up period no complication occurred. Conclusion Posterior lamina internal fixation for the treatment of craniovertebral junction region malformation with atlantoaxial dislocation is safe, feasible and effective. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.04.014

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly undergoes an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil; adult emergence is spread over several months to more than 2 years, with prolonged diapause occurring in certain adults under natural conditions. The relationship between natural duration of diapause and postdiapause reproduction was investigated at 25°C under 12L: 12D photoperiod. The mean body weight of postdiapause adults with the long diapause duration of 21 months was significantly greater than with the shorter diapause duration of 5, 11 and 17 months. The longevity and mean total egg production of the postdiapause adult females with the long diapause duration of 21 months was significantly greater than that of postdiapause females with shorter diapause duration of 5, 11 and 17 months. All results demonstrate that extended diapause is associated with a high level of postdiapause reproductive performance. There is no negative trade off between diapause duration and the post-diapause reproductive traits that we measured in C. bowringi.

Effect of pre-diapause temperature on summer and winter diapause intensity was examined under both laboratory and field conditions. Under short photoperiods of 8L : 16D and 10L : 14D, all pupae entered diapause at 15, 18 and 20°C and the incidence of diapause dropped to 82.3% and 85.5% at 22°C, respectively. Under long photoperiods of 14L : 10D and 16L : 8D, the incidence of diapause decreased with increasing temperature and there were significant differences among temperatures. The incidence of diapause at 16L : 8D was significantly lower than that under14L : 10D at 20 and 22°C. By transferring diapause pupae induced under various temperatures (18, 20 and 22°C) at a short day of 10L : 14D or a long day of 14L : 10D, to 12.5L : 11.5D, 20°C, the duration of summer diapause induced under 22°C (mean 76.1 days) was significantly shorter than those under 20°C (mean 85.9 days) and 18°C (mean 90.9 days), showing that the incidence of summer diapause was positively linked to the intensity of summer diapause; whereas the duration of winter diapause induced under 10L : 14D was similar at 18°C (89.2 days), 20°C (88.7 days) and 22°C (89.2 days) and there were no significant differences. Field experiments also showed that the high rearing temperatures significantly decreased the incidence and intensity of summer diapause, but had no significant affect on the intensity of winter diapause. When the naturally aestivating pupae from the first spring generation (formed on 24 April) and second spring generation (formed on 15 May) were kept under summer conditions, the diapause duration of the first generation lasted for 107-166 days (mean 146 days), about twenty days longer than that of the second generation [lasted for 92-151 days (mean 126 days)]. All results reveal that the sensitivity to temperature prior to aestivation and hibernation was quite different.

The brassica leaf beetle, Phaedon brassicae Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), one of the pests infesting cruciferous vegetables in China and Japan, is a multivoltine species that oversummers and overwinters as an adult. The effects of both temperature and photoperiod on reproductive diapause induction were systematically investigated in this beetle. Under 16L : 8D, most of the beetles entered reproductive diapause at 12-30°C, indicating that photoperiod played a crucial role in estivation diapause induction. Under 12L : 12D, all adults developed without diapause at 28 and 30°C; less than 25% of the individuals entered reproductive diapause at 16-24°C; however, 46.1% of the individuals entered diapause at 12°C, suggesting that low temperature also had a relatively important influence on the determination of diapause. The photoperiodic response curves indicate that this species is a typical short-day species. The critical day-lengths at 20, 24 and 28°C were 13.2, 13.6 and 13.8 h, respectively. Transferring them from 16L : 8D to 12L : 12D or vice versa at different ages and/or stages during their development revealed that the photoperiod experienced by adults during the first 11 days might be important for diapause determination, even though an effect of photoperiod on the larval and pupal stages can not be excluded. Transferring individuals kept at a photoperiod of 12L : 12D from 25°C to 12°C or vice versa at different ages and/or stages during their development revealed that the temperature cue for diapause is mainly perceived by the late instar larvae and pupae.

Effect of photoperiod on the duration of summer and winter diapause was investigated in the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete. By keeping naturally induced aestivating and hibernating pupae under various photoperiods, it was shown that diapause duration of aestivating pupae was significantly longer at long than at short daylengths, whereas diapause duration of hibernating pupae was significantly shorter at long than at short daylengths, suggesting both aestivating and hibernating pupae require opposite photoperiodic signals to promote diapause development. By transferring diapausing pupae, induced under various photoperiods, to 20°C with a naturally changing summer daylength, the diapause induced by short daylengths was easier to terminate than diapause induced by long daylengths. When naturally induced aestivating and hibernating pupae were kept under natural conditions, aestivating pupae had a long diapause (mean 155 days) and wide range of emergence (90 days), whereas hibernating pupae had a short diapause (mean 105 days) and a relatively synchronized emergence (lasted 30 days). Finally, the ecological significance of photoperiodic regulation of diapause duration is discussed.

The zygaenid moth Thyrassia penangae is a typical long-day species, entering winter diapause as a prepupa in a cocoon in response to short-day conditions during autumn. The previous photoperiodic responses under non-24-h light-dark cycle and Nanda-Hamner experiments (greatly extended dark periods coupled with a short photophase or a long photophase) revealed that the moth measured day length rather than night length in the determination of diapause. In this study, we further extend non-24-h light-dark cycle experiments and use the Bünsow experiment (the extended scotophase or photophase interrupted by 1-h light pulse or 1-h dark interruption) to test the photoperiodism for diapause induction of this moth. The extended non-24-h light-dark cycle experiment showed that when the length of photophase exceeded critical day length, diapause incidence was quite low regardless of scotophase duration. No circadian rhythmicity was found in Bünsow experiments. The incidence of diapause was consistently low when preinterruption photophase was longer than the critical day length. The two experiments provide further evidence that this moth measures day length instead of night length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily distributions of eclosion and mating activities of Pseudopidorus fasciata Walker (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) were recorded under natural and various laboratory conditions. Eclosion of this insect exhibited circadian gating in constant darkness (DD) but not in constant light (LL) at 28 C. Under natural conditions, the majority of adults emerged in midmorning with an eclosion peak around 1000 hours. The eclosion distribution was significantly affected by ambient temperature but not by photoperiod under laboratory conditions. Eclosion was more spread out at 22°C than at higher temperatures, and peak eclosion times were advanced at higher temperatures up to 30°C. Under natural and laboratory diurnal cycles, adults of P. fasciata preferred tomate at dusk, within a few hours before the start of the scotophase. Photoperiod and ambient temperature interacted in regulating the mating distribution in P. fasciata. Mating rhythmicity disappeared under DD and LL, under which the insect eithermated arrhythmically (DD) or barelymated (LL).Overall, eclosion rhythmin this insect was predominantly regulated by temperature rather than photoperiod, whereas photoperiod appeared to be more influential than temperature in rhythmic gate of mating patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), enters facultative diapause as fully grown larva in response to short-day conditions during the autumn. Photoperiodic response curves showed a stable critical daylength of ca. 13.5 h at 25, 28, and 30 °C, which is nearly identical with the critical daylength between 13 h 22 min and 13 h 27 min in the field. The incidence of diapause obviously declined during ultra-long nights (14-22 h scotophases) and DD (i.e., constant darkness). The required day number (RDN) for a 50% response differed significantly between short- and long-night cycles at different temperatures, indicating that the effect of one short night was equivalent to the effect of three long nights at 25 and 28 °C. The third instar was the stage most sensitive to the photoperiod. Night-interruption experiments with a 1-h light pulse at L9:D15 and L12:D12 exhibited a broad trough of diapause inhibition. In experiments using non-24-h light-dark cycles, only the cycles containing a long night of 12 h resulted in high incidence of diapause, regardless of the duration of the accompanying light period, indicating that the duration of the dark period was of greater importance than that of the light period. The Nanda-Hamner and Bünsow experiments in O. furnacalis did not show any rhythmic fluctuations with a period of ca. 24 h in their photoperiodic response curves; the incidence of diapause was low when the scotophase length exceeded 16 h. The rearing daylengths of 11 and 12 h evoked a greater intensity of diapause than did 13 h at 25 and 28 °C. By transferring naturally overwintering larvae from natural conditions to a short photoperiod of L12:D12 or a long photoperiod of L15:D9 combined with 25 °C, photoperiod appeared to have a significant influence on diapause development during the early phase of diapause. Field observations for 2 years revealed that pupation and adult emergence of overwintering individuals (50% responses) occurred in early May and mid-May, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The space environment monitor (SEM), onboard the Chinese meteorological satellites FengYun-3A/B, has the abilities to measure proton flux in 3-300-MeV energy range and electron flux in 0.15-5.7-MeV energy range. SEM can also detect the heavy ion compositions, satellite surface potential, the radiation dose in sensors, and the single events. The space environment information derived from SEM can be utilized for satellite security designs, scientific studies, development of radiation belt models, and space weather monitoring and disaster warning. In this paper, the SEM's instrument characteristics are introduced, and the postlaunch calibration algorithm is presented. The applications in monitoring space weather events and the service for manned spaceflights are also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which is widely distributed in China, undergoes an imaginal diapause in the soil. In this study, we investigated the influences of parental geographic origin, host plant, and rearing density on the diapause incidence of progeny in this beetle. In studies conducted at 25 °C and L12:D12 photoperiod, the proportions of adults entering diapause were significantly different among latitudes from which the parents had been collected. The incidence of diapause increased with increasing latitude. Reciprocal cross tests between post-diapause adults from different latitudes showed that there were significant differences in diapause incidence between pure-bred and hybrid adults, suggesting that diapause incidence among progeny was determined by both the female and male, although the female appeared to have a stronger effect than the male. These results revealed that parental origin has an important influence on progeny diapause. Parental host plant species not only affected diapause incidence of the current generation, but also affected the incidence of diapause in the progeny produced by the non-diapause parents; yet, the parental host plant had no influence on the incidence of diapause in the progeny produced by the post-diapause parents. Rearing density of the parental generation had no significant effect on the incidence of diapause in the progeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of thermoperiods on diapause induction under continuous darkness (DD), continuous light (LL), and an L12:D12 photoperiod were investigated in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a short-day species. Diapause could be induced by thermoperiod under both LL and DD; however, in the range of 24–30 °C, lower incidences of diapause were observed under LL than under DD. The critical cryophase was found to be dependent on the mean temperature of the thermoperiod applied. Although the thermoperiodic response pattern was similar under LL and DD, the incidence of diapause was higher under LL when the duration of the cryophase did not exceed 12 h. In contrast, when the duration of the cryophase was longer than 12 h, the incidence of diapause under LL was lower or equal to that under DD. When a thermoperiod of 24 °C (cryophase) and 28 °C (thermophase) was applied, the incidence of diapause was higher under LL than under DD, regardless of the duration of the cryophase. Thermoperiodic responses under a photoperiod of L12:D12 and under DD further revealed that induction of diapause was strongly influenced by the photophase temperature. Moreover, the incidence of diapause was lower when the thermophase coincided with the photophase than when the cryophase coincided with the photophase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabbage beetles, Colaphellus bowringi, undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil, show a great difference in diapause duration (from several months to more than 3 years) under natural conditions. The effects of diapause duration on future reproduction in the beetle are investigated at 25 °C with an LD 14 : 10 h photoperiod and under natural conditions. The fecundity of postdiapause adults with a short diapause of 5 months and nondiapause adults is similar, showing that a short diapause has no affect on reproduction, whereas the longevity of postdiapause adults with a short diapause of 5 months is significantly shorter than nondiapause adults, showing that a short diapause has a negative affect on longevity. The mean total egg production per female and longevities of postdiapause adults with long diapause periods of 16, 22, 29 and 34 months are similar to nondiapause adults, but the mean daily egg production per female is significantly higher than nondiapause adults, showing that extended diapause has a positive effect on postdiapause reproduction. The offspring of postdiapause parents require a relatively shorter time for egg development compared with the offspring of nondiapause parents, showing that diapause has a positive effect on their offspring's performance. However, there are no significant differences among offspring performance in terms of survival, adult longevity, mean egg production per female and mean daily egg production per female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of crucifers in China, undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil. The effects of host plants on diapause incidence were tested in the beetle. The ratio of adults entering diapause was significantly low when they fed on the mature leaves of Chinese cabbage Shanghaiqin (Brassica chinesis var communis) than those feeding on Chinese cabbage Suzhouqin (Brassica chinesis var communis), radish (Raphanus sativus var longipinnatus) and stem mustard (Brassica juncea var tumida) at 25°C combined with 13: 11 (L: D) h. Fewer adults entered diapause on young leaves compared to physiologically aged and mature radish leaves at 25°C combined with 13: 11 (L: D) h. The effect of host plant species on diapause induction was also evident under continuously dark rearing conditions or at different photoperiods. These experimental results demonstrate that host plant mediation of diapause induction exists in the cabbage beetle. However, at temperatures < 20°C or photoperiods of 16: 8 (L: D) h combined with 25°C, all individuals entered diapause regardless of the host plants, indicating that the effects of host plants on diapause induction could be expressed only within a limited range of temperatures and photoperiods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of thermoperiods on diapause induction in continuous darkness or under a 12: 12 h LD photoperiod were investigated in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly, a typical short-day species. The diapause response curves both at different constant temperatures and at the thermocycle of format CT x: (24 - x) h (16:28°C) under continuously dark rearing conditions showed that the incidence of diapause depended mainly on whether or not the mean temperature was ≤20 °C or >20 °C. If the mean temperature was ≤20 °C, all individuals entered diapause; if >20 °C, the incidence of diapause declined gradually with increasing mean temperatures. The thermocycle (CT 12: 12 h) with a series of different cryophases (8-22 °C) and thermophases (24-32 °C) under continuous darkness demonstrated a cryophase response threshold temperature of approximately 19°C and a thermophase response threshold temperature of approximately 31°C. Thermoperiodic amplitude (temperature difference between cryophase and thermophase) was shown to have a significant influence on diapause induction at the mean temperatures of 22, 23 and 24°C, but not at ≥25 °C. Thermoperiodic responses under LD 12:12 h clearly showed that the incidence of diapause was influenced strongly by the photophase temperature. The thermoperiod under LD 12:12 h induced a much lower incidence of diapause than the thermoperiod with the same temperature in continuous darkness. The ecological significance of thermoperiodic induction of diapause in this species is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sized-based sorting and trapping of particles and cells from a mixture utilizing a hydrodynamic microvortex has been a flourishing area of inertial microfluidics in recent years. From the point of view of fluid mechanics, many fundamental issues remain unrevealed in this research area. Here, using a high-speed microscopic imaging system, we experimentally investigated the formation and evolution of isolated particle recirculating orbits induced by a hydrodynamic microvortex within a square microcavity (400 µm  ×  400 µm). The influence of the inlet Reynolds number (Re) over a wide range (88–244) on the evolution of recirculating orbits of particles with different diameters (d  =  10 µm and 20 µm) at relatively very low concentration was systematically investigated to further previous studies. We also observed an intriguing phenomenon that a larger single-particle (d  =  35 µm) always occupied the outer orbit, while a smaller single-particle (d  =  20 µm) occupied the inner orbits at Re  =  155. This result is contrary to previous reports and we explored the reason for it. Moreover, we quantitatively characterized the dimensionless particle orbit areas (A) and critical inlet Reynolds number (Rec), which determines the formation of particle orbits. The results provide further insights into the fundamental understanding of particle behaviors of trapping and orbiting and a useful guideline for microvortex-based microfluidics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]