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Introduction: Little is known about reasons pregnant people self‐treat health conditions and pregnancy‐related symptoms with cannabis. Methods: We administered a cross‐sectional survey to 3571 pregnant and recently pregnant people from US population‐based panels. Participants who used cannabis at some point during pregnancy were asked which health conditions or symptoms they used cannabis to treat and reasons they used cannabis for self‐treatment. We explored differences in reasons for self‐treatment by sociodemographics. Results: Nine‐hundred forty‐six participants indicated they used cannabis during pregnancy. Fifty‐seven percent (n = 578) of those who used cannabis during pregnancy indicated they used cannabis exclusively for health purposes; 39% (n = 347) indicated they used cannabis for health and recreation. The most common reasons for self‐treatment were believing cannabis was safer and more effective than other medications or treatments. Some participants reported not having health insurance or a health care provider as reasons for self‐treatment. Black and Hispanic people, and people with household income under $25,000, were more likely than White people and people with household income between $25,000–$49,999 to report barriers to other medications or treatments as reasons for self‐treatment. People with high school education were more likely than people with more education to report viewing cannabis as safe and effective for self‐treatment. Discussion and Conclusions: Most pregnant people self‐treating health conditions or symptoms with cannabis are doing so because they consider it safer and more effective than other medications or treatments. Some people, particularly people of colour and low‐income people, may also self‐treat because they face barriers to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Older adults (≥65 years) are the largest consumers of over-the-counter (OTC) medications and exceptionally vulnerable to the risks of these medications, including adverse drug events (ADEs). However, little is known about how older adults select and use OTCs. This is the first multisite study designed to prospectively quantify the type and intended use of OTCs selected by older adults in community pharmacies where products are purchased. Research Design and Methods Older adults (n = 144) were recruited from 10 community pharmacies from a Midwestern health system. Participants were given hypothetical symptoms and asked to select one or more OTCs for self-treatment. They were asked to report how they would use the products at symptom onset and when symptoms persisted or worsened. They also reported their current medication list and health conditions. Participants' OTC selections were evaluated for 4 types of misuse: drug-age, drug-drug, drug-disease, and drug-label. Results Of the 144 participants, 114 (79%) demonstrated at least one type of misuse when describing how they would use their OTC selections at symptom onset. Drug-drug and drug-label misuse had the highest prevalence. Overall, 26 (18%) and 28 (19%) participants showed only drug-drug or drug-label misuse, respectively. Notably, 55 (38%) of participants demonstrated misuse in 2 or more misuse categories. Misuse potential was exacerbated when participants described treating persistent or worsening symptoms. Discussion and Implications The results highlight the high prevalence and complexity of OTC misuse in older adults and the need for additional work to improve OTC safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Self-medication, particularly for oral and dental health problems, stands as a significant health and social concern. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and underlying causes of self-medication for oral and dental health problems. Method Articles published until August 30, 2023, were searched in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. A manual search was also done in Google Scholar, references, citations, and Gray literature. The screening of articles was done independently by two members of the research team. The quality of reporting in the articles was evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist For Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Meta-analysis was performed using the fixed effects model in Stata software (StataCorp, version 16). Results The results of 37 studies involving 12,110 participants with a mean age of 32 years and 48% male were analyzed. Most of the studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. The overall prevalence of self-medication was estimated at 59% [95%CI: 55–63%], with 58% [95% CI: 53–63%] among dental patients, and 60% [95% CI: 52–67%] in the general public. Analgesics (60%) and antibiotics (19%) were the most commonly used drug categories. In terms of the mean proportion, having previous experience, unbearable pain, and lack of time had the highest percentages, and in terms of the number of repetitions among the reviewed articles, economic problems, lack of time, and limited access were the most repeated reasons. The most significant related factors in self-treatment were female gender, higher education, and occupation. Pharmacies were the primary source of self-treatment medications. Conclusion The results showed a very high prevalence of self-medication for oral health problems, necessitating prompt and effective interventions. It is recommended to focus on regulating the consumption of analgesics and antibiotics, addressing financial issues, and overseeing the pharmacy operations.

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Self-treatment with antibiotics, the practice of using antibiotics without professional guidance, is often considered an important contributor to the emergence and spread of AMR. Method This study investigated the drivers of self-treatment in three common types of agricultural communities in northern Tanzania. The research employed a comprehensive array of methods, including cross-sectional surveys (n = 790), interviews (n = 30) and observations (n = 178) targeting both antibiotic (human and animal) providers and users (patients and farmers). Qualitative interview data were analysed using a coding and association matrix, while descriptive analyses were performed on survey and observation data. Results Self-treatment with antibiotics was highly prevalent in all communities. Between 41.0% (self-reported) and 60.3% (observed) of human antibiotics were obtained without a prescription and we observed that veterinary antibiotics were regularly purchased in retail shops without referral by a professional. Structural deficiencies in the healthcare system drove this practice: limited access to healthcare facilities, medication stockouts and prolonged waiting times were identified as key factors. The absence of safety nets like insurance schemes further contributed to self-medication. Retail shops offered a convenient and cost-effective alternative when antibiotics were inaccessible or unaffordable. Notably, informal networks comprising treatment vendors, friends or neighbours, as well as personal experiences played a crucial role in guiding individuals in their self-treatment decisions by providing advice on treatment choice and modalities. Conclusions Addressing self-treatment requires a multi-faceted approach. Improving the availability and accessibility of antibiotics, enhancing healthcare services and involving retail vendors in antibiotic stewardship are essential. Structural issues like access to diagnostics and medicines must be tackled, alongside reducing barriers and incentivising individuals to use professional healthcare services. Training retail vendors to sell specific first-line antibiotics over the counter with guidance on appropriate usage should be considered. Such bottom-up interventions will enable sustainable promotion of responsible antibiotic use, mitigating AMR emergence and securing a healthier future for all.

Abstract Introduction Traditional medicines are commonly used worldwide, especially in Africa—however, there is limited information on the prevalence and types of traditional eye medicine utilization in Ethiopia. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence, the type and nature of traditional eye medicine use and practices related to self-medication for ophthalmic diseases in a rural Ethiopian population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in six randomly selected primary health centers in rural Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Health-seeking behavior, use of self-medication, and traditional eye medicine were assessed in the population using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were computed to determine associated factors for using self-medication and traditional eye medicine. Result Of the 814 participants interviewed, 487 (59.8%) reported using traditional eye medicine, mainly for combinations of symptoms of ocular redness, irritation, and eye discharge (95.5%). Besides, 604 (74.2%) participants reported self-treatment with tetracycline 1% eye ointment. Older age, females, low income, no formal education, and lack of access to media were risks for utilizing traditional eye medicine. Conclusion The use of traditional eye medicine and self-treatment are common in this population. Regulatory legislation, public awareness, and making eye care are vital activities required to monitor such practices.

Introduction: Self-medication, particularly for oral and dental health problems, stands as a significant health and social concern. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and underlying causes of self-medication for oral and dental health problems. Method: Articles published until August 30, 2023, were searched in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. A manual search was also done in Google Scholar, references, citations, and Gray literature. The screening of articles was done independently by two members of the research team. The quality of reporting in the articles was evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist For Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Meta-analysis was performed using the fixed effects model in Stata software (StataCorp, version 16). Results: The results of 37 studies involving 12,110 participants with a mean age of 32 years and 48% male were analyzed. Most of the studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. The overall prevalence of self-medication was estimated at 59% [95%CI: 55–63%], with 58% [95% CI: 53–63%] among dental patients, and 60% [95% CI: 52–67%] in the general public. Analgesics (60%) and antibiotics (19%) were the most commonly used drug categories. In terms of the mean proportion, having previous experience, unbearable pain, and lack of time had the highest percentages, and in terms of the number of repetitions among the reviewed articles, economic problems, lack of time, and limited access were the most repeated reasons. The most significant related factors in self-treatment were female gender, higher education, and occupation. Pharmacies were the primary source of self-treatment medications. Conclusion: The results showed a very high prevalence of self-medication for oral health problems, necessitating prompt and effective interventions. It is recommended to focus on regulating the consumption of analgesics and antibiotics, addressing financial issues, and overseeing the pharmacy operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine, for the first time, whether the application of a self-management program with global postural re-education (GPR) influences stress and sleep quality in female health science students. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial pilot study, forty-one female health science students were randomized into a control group (n=21) and an intervention group (n=20). Participants underwent 8 weeks of selfmanagement with and without GPR, after familiarization and therapy training. Outcomes included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire and cortisol levels in saliva measured with the "CORTISOL Saliva ELISA SA E-6000" kit. Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a Sleep Diary; total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency (SE), and perceived sleep quality or satisfaction were assessed using the Likert scale. Results: After self-treatment with GPR, participants in the intervention group showed lower cortisol levels compared to the control group (p = 0.041). Additionally, the intervention group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in sleep quality according to their PSQI (p = 0.010), STAI (p = 0.043), SOL (p = 0.049), and SE (p = 0.002). Conclusion: This study shows that self-management through GPR helps reduce stress and improve sleep quality in female health science students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study explores how individuals self-treat psychiatric conditions with psychedelics outside medical guidance bridging the gap in understanding unregulated therapeutic use. Aims: The primary objective was to extract specific factors underlying the effects of psychedelics, exploring their relationship with the need for medication, particularly for mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. Additionally, we aimed to understand how the likelihood of being prescribed pharmacological medication varies based on mental health diagnoses and demographic factors. Methods: This research utilised the Global Drug Survey 2020, an annual online survey focused on substance use patterns and demographics, incorporating modules addressing mental health and psychedelic use. The study employed Exploratory Factor Analysis to discern latent factors underlying the self-reported effects of psychedelics. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to investigate the association between identified factors and the likelihood of current prescribed medication usage. Results: In all, 2552 respondents reported using psychedelics for self-treatment of mental health conditions. Three significant factors were identified: Improved Mental Health, Improved Self-Awareness and Neuro-Sensory Changes. The majority of the sample reported a history of depression (80%) or anxiety (65.6%), with a significant association observed between reported factors of psychedelics' effects and current medication usage for mental health, especially notable in cases of depression or comorbid depression and anxiety. Conclusions: Perceived symptom improvement following psychedelic self-treatment may reduce the need for medically supervised pharmacological interventions. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics to positively influence mental health and self-awareness, paving the way for further research into their therapeutic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: General practitioners are trained to care for patients with a high level of responsibility and professional competency. However, there are few reports on the physical and mental health status of general practitioners (GPs) in China, particularly regarding help seeking and self-treatment. The primary aims of this study were to explore GPs' expectations of their own family doctors and their reflection on role positioning, and to explore the objective factors that hinder the system of family doctors. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: We conducted an online survey of Chinese GPs. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings. Results: More than half of the participants (57.20%) reported that their health was normal over the past year. A total of 420 participants (23.35%) reported having chronic diseases. For sleep duration, 1205 participants (66.98%) reported sleeping 6–8 h per day; 473 participants (26.29%) reported chronic insomnia. Two hundred thirty-one participants (12.84%) had possible depression. A total of 595 (33.07%) participants reported that they had contracted a fixed family doctor. In terms of preventing themselves from contracting for a family doctor, the following factors were identified: lack of sufficient time (54.81%), could solve obstacles themselves (50.97%), and embarrassment (24.24%). The proportion of the contract group (12.44%) taking personal relationship as a consideration was higher than that of the non-contract group (7.64%) (χ2 = 10.934 P = 0.01). Most participants (79.90%) in the non-signed group reported never having seen a family doctor. In terms of obstacles, more than half of the signed group thought that they could solve obstacles themselves, while the non-signed group (39.20%) was less confident in the ability of family doctors than the signed group (29.75%) (χ2 = 15.436, P < 0.01). Conclusions: GPs work under great pressure and lack of self-care awareness, resulting in an increased prevalence of health conditions. Most GPs did not have a regular family doctor. Having a family doctor with a fixed contract is more conducive to the scientific management of their health and provides a reasonable solution to health problems. The main factors hindering GPs from choosing a family doctor were time consumption, abilities to solve obstacles themselves, and trust in the abilities of GPs. Therefore, simplifying the process of family doctor visits, Changing the GPs' medical cognition, and strengthening the policy of GP training would be conducive to promoting a family doctor system that enhances hierarchical diagnosis and treatment. International collaboration could integrate GP health support into global healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traditional medicines are commonly used worldwide, especially in Africa—however, there is limited information on the prevalence and types of traditional eye medicine utilization in Ethiopia. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence, the type and nature of traditional eye medicine use and practices related to self-medication for ophthalmic diseases in a rural Ethiopian population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in six randomly selected primary health centers in rural Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Health-seeking behavior, use of self-medication, and traditional eye medicine were assessed in the population using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were computed to determine associated factors for using self-medication and traditional eye medicine. Result: Of the 814 participants interviewed, 487 (59.8%) reported using traditional eye medicine, mainly for combinations of symptoms of ocular redness, irritation, and eye discharge (95.5%). Besides, 604 (74.2%) participants reported self-treatment with tetracycline 1% eye ointment. Older age, females, low income, no formal education, and lack of access to media were risks for utilizing traditional eye medicine. Conclusion: The use of traditional eye medicine and self-treatment are common in this population. Regulatory legislation, public awareness, and making eye care are vital activities required to monitor such practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ernest Hemingway's tolerance for heavy drinking is legendary. He discovered it in his early teens, and then exploited it to construct his narcissistic image of a redoubtable macho. Nick Adams, his alter ego and younger self, alternatively found in "The Three-Day Blow," that drinking is quite helpful when he needs to get away. At this stage and age, hard liquor could just be an efficient self-treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients' adherence is essential for COPD self-management, as beneficial effects can only be expected in adherent patients. We explored associations between patients’ adherence to COPD exacerbation action plans and health outcomes. Materials and methods: Pooled COPD self-treatment intervention group data from two RCTs were analysed, only including patients who had ≥1 COPD exacerbation or started ≥1 course of oral corticosteroids over one-year follow-up. Optimal adherence was defined as ‘self-treatment initiated ≤1 day before or after exacerbation start’, suboptimal adherence as ‘self-treatment initiated 2 days before or after exacerbation start or no self-treatment initiated for a short (1–3 days) exacerbation’, and significant delay or no treatment as ‘self-treatment initiated >2 days after exacerbation start or no self-treatment initiated for a longer (>3 days) exacerbation’. Regression models were built for several health outcomes, with the number of COPD exacerbation days/patient/year being the primary outcome. Results: Patients with significant delay or no treatment (n = 46) had more exacerbation days/patient/year (33.3 (95 % CI 10.9; 55.6)) than optimal adherent patients (n = 38) (23.7 (95 % CI 1.7; 45.7)). The duration per COPD exacerbation was longer for patients with significant delay or no treatment (15.5 days) compared to optimal adherent patients (7.8 days). No differences in health outcomes were observed between optimal and suboptimal adherent patients. Conclusions: Being adherent to action plans is associated with better health outcomes than significant delayed treatment or no treatment at all. Interestingly, suboptimal adherence demonstrated health benefits comparable to optimal adherence. COPD self-management interventions should prioritise strategies to optimise patients’ adherence to action plans.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine, for the first time, whether the application of a self-management program with global postural re-education (GPR) influences stress and sleep quality in female health science students.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial pilot study, forty-one female health science students were randomized into a control group (n=21) and an intervention group (n=20). Participants underwent 8 weeks of self-management with and without GPR, after familiarization and therapy training. Outcomes included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire and cortisol levels in saliva measured with the “CORTISOL Saliva ELISA SA E-6000” kit. Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a Sleep Diary; total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency (SE), and perceived sleep quality or satisfaction were assessed using the Likert scale.ResultsAfter self-treatment with GPR, participants in the intervention group showed lower cortisol levels compared to the control group (p = 0.041). Additionally, the intervention group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in sleep quality according to their PSQI (p = 0.010), STAI (p = 0.043), SOL (p = 0.049), and SE (p = 0.002).ConclusionThis study shows that self-management through GPR helps reduce stress and improve sleep quality in female health science students.Clinical Trial Registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT05488015.

Abstract Background Self‐medication is a fairly common practice among medical doctors. Although frequently seen in clinical practice, there are few published studies that describe the process of self‐treatment in dermatology, being even lower in number those that evaluate this circumstance among health professionals. Objectives To know the prevalence of self‐medication among medical professionals in our centre, to assess the need for preventive and training actions that help to avoid the misuse of dermatological treatments. Methods Descriptive cross‐sectional study based on the responses of non‐dermatologist medical professionals at the University Hospital of Pontevedra (Spain). Data were collected through a self‐administered, anonymous and voluntary online questionnaire. Results The questionnaire was completed by 283 physicians (50.63% participation rate, 62.90% females). Up to 77.39% of the physicians carried out self‐treatment for any pathology, and 55.12% for dermatological problems. The mean age of the doctors who practiced self‐treatment was significantly higher. The most used drugs were corticosteroids as topical treatment and antihistamines as systemic therapy. Irritant or allergic contact dermatitis was the most frequent pathology considered suitable for self‐medication (18.02%), followed by fungal infections (16.86%). After self‐treatment, the 7.5% needed to be seen by a dermatologist. A large group of 69.23% stated that they would recommend the treatment carried out to someone suffering from a similar process. Conclusions The prevalence of self‐treatment for skin diseases among doctors was strikingly high (55.12%). More than two‐thirds of the surveyed physicians would recommend self‐treatment in the dermatology field. As the literature on this topic is yet scarce, further studies are required to corroborate data collected in this study.

Abstract Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases worldwide and causes great distress to patients. In addition, most acne patients suffer from low self-esteem and social withdrawal. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of acne and its impact on quality of life among medical students. It also evaluates the patterns of self-treatment use. The study population consisted of all medical students from An-Najah National University (ANU) and the hospital. The questionnaire consists of three parts, and the first part consists of questions regarding demographic information. The second part consisted of questions to measure the severity of acne using the acne severity scale as well as the Cardiff Disability Index, which assesses the quality of life concerning acne in medical students. Finally, the third part consisted of questions exploring and assessing acne self-treatment. The mean age of our study sample was 21.3 ± 1.9 years, with a female predominance of 72.3%. The prevalence of acne among medical students was 80.9%, and 36.6% practiced self-medication. Acne was strongly associated with female sex (p

Background: Constipation is characterized by symptoms of straining, hard stool, difficult evacuation, and infrequent bowel movements. Online surveys provide valuable information about patients' perspectives, symptoms, management, treatment satisfaction, and risk factors. Methods: This survey explored subject experiences involving 20 gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. In total, 20,099 respondents in seven countries with varied cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds participated. Post hoc analysis of 'self-reported constipation' and related symptoms experienced within the past 6 months and the last episode of constipation provided data on prevalence, demographics, frequency and duration of episodes and related symptoms, impact on quality of life (QoL), management with or without laxatives, and resulting treatment satisfaction. Results: In total, 10,425 subjects reported constipation within 6 months and 2637 at the last episode. Prevalence was highest in females and younger adults. Most subjects reported various coexisting GI symptoms. Almost 80% of 6865 episodes reported by 5337 subjects occurred every 2–3 months to every 2–3 weeks. A higher frequency of constipation correlated with a greater impact on QoL. On a 10-point scale, the mean impact was 6.4. More than 90% of respondents had episodes ranging from 1 day to 1 week. More than 90% took action; 16% used laxatives, of whom 80.3% were satisfied. Conclusion: Constipation, a highly prevalent disorder, spans cultures and socioeconomic classes. Its chronic recurrence has a significant impact on QoL, resulting in symptom self-management in >90% of subjects. Significantly higher satisfaction rates in subjects treated with than without laxatives reflect subjects' reports that self-reported constipation can be treated effectively with laxatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online self-diagnosis of psychiatric disorders by the general public is increasing. The reasons for the increase include the expansion of Internet technologies and the use of social media, the rapid growth of direct-to-consumer e-commerce in healthcare, and the increased emphasis on patient involvement in decision making. The publicity given to artificial intelligence (AI) has also contributed to the increased use of online screening tools by the general public. This paper aims to review factors contributing to the expansion of online self-diagnosis by the general public, and discuss both the risks and benefits of online self-diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. A narrative review was performed with examples obtained from the scientific literature and commercial articles written for the general public. Online self-diagnosis of psychiatric disorders is growing rapidly. Some people with a positive result on a screening tool will seek professional help. However, there are many potential risks for patients who self-diagnose, including an incorrect or dangerous diagnosis, increased patient anxiety about the diagnosis, obtaining unfiltered advice on social media, using the self-diagnosis to self-treat, including online purchase of medications without a prescription, and technical issues including the loss of privacy. Physicians need to be aware of the increase in self-diagnosis by the general public and the potential risks, both medical and technical. Psychiatrists must recognize that the general public is often unaware of the challenging medical and technical issues involved in the diagnosis of a mental disorder, and be ready to treat patients who have already obtained an online self-diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of global postural re-education (GPR) on sleep quality and stress in female health science lecturers. Methods: A total of 24 female university lecturers were allocated in this randomized controlled trial into intervention (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. The intervention group underwent familiarization and training on the therapy to execute an 8-week treatment with GPR. Data collected on sleep quality were analyzed using 24-h accelerometry (Actigraphy GT3X+) in addition to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire score as well as the StateTrait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) anxiety questionnaire. Data on stress were collected by measuring salivary cortisol. Results: After comparing the GPR of the groups, there was a main effect of the group (F = 5.278, p = 0.044) for PSQI. The post-hoc analysis revealed that both groups decreased scores between pre- and post-treatment. Additionally, post-treatment, there were differences between groups. For sleep latency, there were main effects of group (F = 6.118, p = 0.031) and score × group (F = 9.343, p = 0.011) interactions. The post-hoc analysis revealed that treatment groups decreased scores between pre- and post-treatment, and there were differences between groups (all p < 0.050). Conclusion: The self-administered GPR improves sleep quality in female university lecturers, providing a valuable self-regulation tool for enhanced sleep quality and enhanced academic performance. Further study may help to develop this as a potential tool to help university lecturers’ job performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend of self-medication and self-diagnosis among students has become a growing concern in recent years. This study aims to identify the underlying reasons behind this trend, particularly among students of Sikiru Adetona College of Education Science and Technology, Omu-Ajose, Ogun State. A structured questionnaire was distributed to three hundred (300) students from the school of science, and four variables were utilized to concretely situate this study. The four hypotheses were tested using chi-square, and all of them were rejected at the 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study revealed that students engage in self-medical diagnoses and self-treatment to ensure self-preservation, avoid diagnosis expenses, manage their health in situations where drugs are unavailable, and succumb to peer pressure. However, it is recommended that higher institution students should be encouraged to access professional medical diagnoses and treatment to maintain and sustain healthy living. In conclusion, self-medication and self-diagnosis have become prevalent among students due to several reasons, but it is essential to address these issues through effective educational programs and awareness campaigns that emphasize the importance of seeking professional medical advice. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders in the education and health sectors, as well as policymakers, on the need to prioritize students' health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Self-medication is an important health issue. The rising tendency of self-medication has been a cause for concern. Rheumatic patients, being vulnerable to various symptoms like pain and fever, may resort to self-medication. Although several studies have been conducted among different populations, there is a lack of literature focusing on rheumatic disease patients in India. Aim: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication among patients attending the Rheumatology Outpatient clinic at a tertiary care centre in eastern India. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic in Medical College Kolkata, a tertiary hospital in West Bengal, India, from July 21, 2021, to September 20, 2021. A total of 105 patients attending the rheumatology outpatient clinic were included in the study. Data were collected by conducting interviews with the patients using prestructured and prevalidated questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. The Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of self-medication were assessed, and the data were statistically analysed using Chi-square tests. Results: The mean age of the study population was 38.77 years±12.56 years. Among the 105 subjects, 61 (58.1%) were suffering from arthritis, 26 (24.8%) from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and 6 (5.7%) from kidney disease. A total of 75 (71.4%) study subjects reported that they knew what self-medication was. The majority of the patients (86.7%) were unaware of the common adverse effects. However, 90 (85.7%) stated that self-medication was generally not beneficial, whereas 9 (8.6%) held the opposite view. A total of 64 (61%) reported having practiced self-medication in the past year. Conclusion: The present study reported a self-medication rate of 61%. Self-medication was found to be more frequent among the younger age group, females, and individuals with higher educational qualifications.

Whereas exacerbation action plans to self-manage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) significantly improve health outcomes, patients’ adherence to those action plans is often poor. This study aimed to identify facilitators and barriers of adherence to tailored multi-disease exacerbation action plans. We also explored patients’ perspectives toward disease management roles. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of COPD patients who completed a Dutch-Australian self-management intervention evaluating tailored exacerbation action plans for COPD and relevant comorbidities. Interviews were thematically analyzed using a deductive approach guided by the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation of Behavior (COM-B) model. In 2016, ten patients (5 Australian; 5 Dutch; 6 men; age 59-83 years) were interviewed at the end of their one-year follow-up. Facilitators of adherence included improved patients’ comprehension of disease and treatment, positive feelings about the intervention, improved self-confidence, and professional support. Barriers included difficulties to recognize symptoms, dislike toward daily symptom monitoring, negative feelings about the intervention, negative mood state, and complexity of symptom diaries and action plans. Patients indicated three distinctive perspectives of their own and their healthcare professional’s role in their disease management: 1) patients felt mainly responsible; 2) patients felt shared responsibility with their healthcare professional; and 3) patients felt not responsible as they perceived their healthcare professional to be mainly responsible. We successfully used the COM-B model as a guide to identify facilitators and barriers of patients’ adherence to multi-disease exacerbation action plans. Improving patients’ adherence in future self-management interventions by targeting specific facilitators or barriers should be considered.

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health issue, particularly in resource-constrained countries like Nepal. This case report highlights the consequences of prolonged self-treatment and non-compliance with TB management protocols, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and intervention. Case Presentation A 50-year-old male from Nepal self-medicated with anti-tubercular drugs for 13 years after completing the recommended course of treatment. He experienced worsening symptoms, including respiratory distress and visual impairment. Upon evaluation, he was diagnosed with chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. The patient received comprehensive treatment, including antifungal therapy, steroids, antibiotics, and respiratory support, resulting in significant improvement. Conclusions This case highlights the dangers of self-treatment and non-compliance with TB management protocols. It emphasizes the importance of patient education, awareness programs, and regular follow-up to ensure treatment adherence and detect complications. The case also reveals gaps in the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course) program, including the need for improved surveillance, and a multidisciplinary approach. The ease of over-the-counter purchase of anti-tubercular drugs in Nepal contributed to the patient’s prolonged self-medication, highlighting a concerning. The complications arising from prolonged self-medication underscore the need for increased awareness, intervention, and patient education in TB management. Improving patient education, raising awareness about the risks of self-medication, and integrating ophthalmologic evaluations into standard management are essential for better TB control in Nepal.

Oral mucosal burns can occur after contact with various chemical agents, and commonly manifest as areas of mucosal sloughing and ulceration. Policresulen (Albothyl, Celltrion Pharm Inc.) is an over-the-counter topical antiseptic that is frequently used to treat stomatitis. Policresulen solution is highly acidic, with an approximate pH of 0.6; it can thus cause mucosal injury when improperly applied in the oral cavity. Here, we present a rare case of an oral mucosal burn resulting from incorrect self-administration of policresulen and emphasize the importance of increasing understanding of this adverse drug event among consumers and health professionals.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the effect of global postural re-education (GPR) on sleep quality and stress in female health science lecturers.MethodsA total of 24 female university lecturers were allocated in this randomized controlled trial into intervention (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. The intervention group underwent familiarization and training on the therapy to execute an 8-week treatment with GPR. Data collected on sleep quality were analyzed using 24-h accelerometry (Actigraphy GT3X+) in addition to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire score as well as the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) anxiety questionnaire. Data on stress were collected by measuring salivary cortisol.ResultsAfter comparing the GPR of the groups, there was a main effect of the group (F = 5.278, p = 0.044) for PSQI. The post-hoc analysis revealed that both groups decreased scores between pre- and post-treatment. Additionally, post-treatment, there were differences between groups. For sleep latency, there were main effects of group (F = 6.118, p = 0.031) and score × group (F = 9.343, p = 0.011) interactions. The post-hoc analysis revealed that treatment groups decreased scores between pre- and post-treatment, and there were differences between groups (all p < 0.050).ConclusionThe self-administered GPR improves sleep quality in female university lecturers, providing a valuable self-regulation tool for enhanced sleep quality and enhanced academic performance. Further study may help to develop this as a potential tool to help university lecturers' job performance.

Introduction: Self-medication is an important health issue. The rising tendency of self-medication has been a cause for concern. Rheumatic patients, being vulnerable to various symptoms like pain and fever, may resort to self-medication. Although several studies have been conducted among different populations, there is a lack of literature focusing on rheumatic disease patients in India. Aim: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication among patients attending the Rheumatology Outpatient clinic at a tertiary care centre in eastern India. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic in Medical College Kolkata, a tertiary hospital in West Bengal, India, from July 21, 2021, to September 20, 2021. A total of 105 patients attending the rheumatology outpatient clinic were included in the study. Data were collected by conducting interviews with the patients using prestructured and prevalidated questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. The Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of self-medication were assessed, and the data were statistically analysed using Chi-square tests. Results: The mean age of the study population was 38.77 years±12.56 years. Among the 105 subjects, 61 (58.1%) were suffering from arthritis, 26 (24.8%) from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and 6 (5.7%) from kidney disease. A total of 75 (71.4%) study subjects reported that they knew what self-medication was. The majority of the patients (86.7%) were unaware of the common adverse effects. However, 90 (85.7%) stated that self-medication was generally not beneficial, whereas 9 (8.6%) held the opposite view. A total of 64 (61%) reported having practiced self-medication in the past year. Conclusion: The present study reported a self-medication rate of 61%. Self-medication was found to be more frequent among the younger age group, females, and individuals with higher educational qualifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health issue, particularly in resource-constrained countries like Nepal. This case report highlights the consequences of prolonged self-treatment and non-compliance with TB management protocols, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and intervention. Case Presentation: A 50-year-old male from Nepal self-medicated with anti-tubercular drugs for 13 years after completing the recommended course of treatment. He experienced worsening symptoms, including respiratory distress and visual impairment. Upon evaluation, he was diagnosed with chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. The patient received comprehensive treatment, including antifungal therapy, steroids, antibiotics, and respiratory support, resulting in significant improvement. Conclusions: This case highlights the dangers of self-treatment and non-compliance with TB management protocols. It emphasizes the importance of patient education, awareness programs, and regular follow-up to ensure treatment adherence and detect complications. The case also reveals gaps in the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course) program, including the need for improved surveillance, and a multidisciplinary approach. The ease of over-the-counter purchase of anti-tubercular drugs in Nepal contributed to the patient's prolonged self-medication, highlighting a concerning. The complications arising from prolonged self-medication underscore the need for increased awareness, intervention, and patient education in TB management. Improving patient education, raising awareness about the risks of self-medication, and integrating ophthalmologic evaluations into standard management are essential for better TB control in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growing numbers of people are using psychedelics for personal psychotherapy outside clinical settings, but research on such use is scarce. Aims: This study investigated the patterns of use, self-reported outcomes and outcome predictors of psychedelic 'self-treatment' of mental health conditions or specific worries/concerns in life. Methods: We use data from the Global Drug Survey 2020, a large online survey on drug use collected between November 2019 and February 2020. In all, 3364 respondents reported their self-treatment experiences with lysergic acid diethylamide (N = 1996) or psilocybin mushrooms (N = 1368). The primary outcome of interest was the 17-item self-treatment outcome scale, items reflecting aspects of well-being, psychiatric symptoms, social-emotional skills, and health behaviours. Results: Positive changes were observed across all 17 outcome items, with the strongest benefits on items related to insight and mood. Negative effects were reported by 22.5% of respondents. High intensity of psychedelic experience, seeking advice before treatment, treating with psilocybin mushrooms and treating post-traumatic stress disorder were associated with higher scores on the self-treatment outcome scale after averaging values across all 17 items. Younger age, high intensity of experience and treating with LSD were associated with increased number of negative outcomes. Conclusions: This study brings important insights into self-treatment practices with psychedelics in a large international sample. Outcomes were generally favourable, but negative effects appeared more frequent than in clinical settings. Our findings can help inform safe practices of psychedelic use in the community, and inspire clinical research. Future research can be improved with utilisation of prospective designs and additional predictive variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroup: the widespread COVID-19 infection worldwide has resulted in the inability of healthcare facilities to receive all infected patients; therefore, most are treated at home. In addition, factors such as high mortality, types and severity of symptoms, and the prevalence of unreliable information have prompted patients to resort to self-treatment. Objectives: To assess prevention, treatment, degree of symptoms, and sources of information among patients with COVID-19 in Arab countries Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in seven Arab countries: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Tunisia, and the United Arab of Emirates. People who have recovered from COVID-19 completed the study questionnaire. Score of symptoms during and after COVID-19 infection has been calculated by giving the participants a list of 13 symptoms. Results: A total of 3519 participants completed the survey. Mostly females (68.3%), and aged between 18 and 40 years old (59.4%). Prophylaxis treatments, including vaccines and antibiotics, have been used in around 40% of the participants. The total average score of symptoms during the infection period was found 7.31 ± 3.66 out of 13. However, the symptoms score upon recovery was low (0.48 ± 1.11 score). The significant associations with increased incidence of symptoms during infection were reported with older people, married, divorced or widowed, people with chronic diseases, and obese. Moreover, significant associations with decreased symptoms were reported with those who worked in the health sector, non- or ex-smokers, and vaccinated people. Conclusion: The use of medication and other treatments to prevent infection with COVID-19 was common among the participants in the seven countries. Taking the vaccine was the only effect on the number of symptoms experienced by patients. Although nearly two years have passed since the onset of the disease, there is still a need to raise treatment awareness among patients at home.

This article reports on the methodology and results of a small research project that aimed to investigate whether 100 days of self-administered direct moxibustion had meaningful outcomes for patients suffering from Long COVID. Although firm conclusions cannot be made due to the limitations of the evidence, the early results were encouraging, and concur with research previously conducted by Moxafrica on moxibustion for drug resistant tuberculosis. Based on these positive results, Moxafrica has started a remote treatment programme to provide free equipment and instruction on treatment to people suffering from Long Covid anywhere in the world - especially those living in countries where there is no other medical treatment available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the self-management practices of persistent symptoms of SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) is critical given the misinformation that has been presented about this disease in the U.S. The purpose of this descriptive study is to assess the self-management of persistent symptoms of COVID-19 with commonly used and misused substances (i.e., alcohol, marijuana and commonly prescribed medications) among adults in the U.S. Methods: The data for this study comes from a cross-sectional survey of U.S. adults that was designed to broadly assess symptom burden, persistent symptom patterns, self-efficacy for symptom management and self-management strategies among people who experienced persistent/Long COVID. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess how symptom length of COVID-19 was associated with the use of several substances to manage these persistent symptoms. Results: The analysis found that adults who had COVID-19 symptoms that persisted for 13 weeks or longer had higher rates of using alcohol (27.3%), marijuana (30.9%) and prescription tranquilizers (21.4%) to manage these symptoms when compared to their adult peers who had COVID-19 symptoms persist for only 4 weeks or less. For instance, the odds of indicating the use of marijuana (AOR = 4.21 95% CI = 1.68,10.5) to manage COVID-19 related symptoms was roughly four times higher for respondents who had COVID-19 symptoms persist for 13 weeks or longer when compared to respondents whose COVID-19 symptoms persisted for only 4 weeks or less. Conclusion: The findings suggest that screening of substance use disorders should be considered among healthcare providers who are treating adults who have persistent symptoms of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas exacerbation action plans to self-manage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) significantly improve health outcomes, patients’ adherence to those action plans is often poor. This study aimed to identify facilitators and barriers of adherence to tailored multi-disease exacerbation action plans. We also explored patients’ perspectives toward disease management roles. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of COPD patients who completed a Dutch-Australian self-management intervention evaluating tailored exacerbation action plans for COPD and relevant comorbidities. Interviews were thematically analyzed using a deductive approach guided by the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation of Behavior (COM-B) model. In 2016, ten patients (5 Australian; 5 Dutch; 6 men; age 59-83 years) were interviewed at the end of their one-year follow-up. Facilitators of adherence included improved patients’ comprehension of disease and treatment, positive feelings about the intervention, improved self-confidence, and professional support. Barriers included difficulties to recognize symptoms, dislike toward daily symptom monitoring, negative feelings about the intervention, negative mood state, and complexity of symptom diaries and action plans. Patients indicated three distinctive perspectives of their own and their healthcare professional’s role in their disease management: 1) patients felt mainly responsible; 2) patients felt shared responsibility with their healthcare professional; and 3) patients felt not responsible as they perceived their healthcare professional to be mainly responsible. We successfully used the COM-B model as a guide to identify facilitators and barriers of patients’ adherence to multi-disease exacerbation action plans. Improving patients’ adherence in future self-management interventions by targeting specific facilitators or barriers should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Malaria is still a huge social and economic health problem in the world. It especially affects the developing countries of Africa. A particular problem is the misuse and abuse of over-the-counter antimalarials. This problem could lead to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the subsequent elimination of more antimalarials from the list of effective antimalarials in Ghana. Methods: During the implementation of the study, an original questionnaire was used to collect data among Ghanaians on their knowledge of malaria, attitude towards antimalarials and their use of antimalarials. Results: The proportion in the analyzed subgroups was compared using the chi-square test. The analysis was conducted using TIBCO Software Inc., Krakow, Poland (2017) and Statistica (data analysis software system), version 13. In total, 86.29% of respondents knew the symptoms of malaria (p = 0.02) and 57.2% knew the cause of malaria (p < 0.001). Respondents with higher education were significantly more likely to know the symptoms of malaria (96%) p < 0.001. In the study group, only 74.59% of the respondents consulted medical personnel before taking the antimalarial drug (p = 0.51) and only 14.2% of the remaining respondents performed a rapid diagnostic test for malaria. Conclusions: The awareness of Accra and Yendi native inhabitants about the causes and symptoms of malaria and alternative ways of prevention is quite high. People's education very significantly influences the way Accra residents deal with suspected malaria. Widespread public education and awareness and accessibility to places where antimalarial drugs are sold play a very important role in the proper use of antimalarial drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is natural for people to think that the increasing popularity of seeking medical treatment and the continuous development of medicine are the important embodiment of the progress of human civilization. Generally speaking, the progress of medical technology and the abundance of medical resources mean that the phenomenon of self-treatment is reduced. However, this study of Chinese medical history found that it had always been a common choice to seek self-treatment for people in all social classes, from literati and bureaucrats to ordinary people in remote mountainous areas, especially during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. Such records can be seen especially when looking through historical materials such as medical books, local chronicles, genealogies, notes, and anthologies. Although medical skills in Ming-Qing era were more developed than previous eras and the local medical resources were more abundant, from ordinary people in remote areas to elite groups such as literati and officials, people often regarded self-treatment as a basic choice when they or their family members fell ill, no matter whether they had the ability or the opportunity to delay medical treatment. This article aims to explore the logic and root behind this seemingly contradictory phenomenon. Therefore, this research first raises the question: what accounted for this seemingly contradictory phenomenon? In response to this question, this study confirms the following: Firstly, low barriers to entry and high rewards drove people of varying qualifications into the medical profession, and good doctors were hard to find; thus, self-treatment was no worse than the alternatives. Secondly, in the Ming-Qing dynasties, Confucian physicians tended to write more practical prescriptions, which gave many people the opportunity to improve their own medical knowledge and provided great convenience for self-treatment. Thirdly, since the mid-Ming Dynasty, the high medical cost had caused serious difficulties for ordinary people to seek professional medical care, so they tried their best to save themselves when they fell ill. On this basis, this study further found that the deeper reason for this phenomenon lies in the incoordination between the high degree of daily life style of traditional medical treatment and the corresponding low degree of medical specialization and professionalism. Then, this leads to another question: is this incongruity a historical norm or a product of a certain historical stage? This article argues that during the Ming-Qing era, in the macro trend, the two showed a competitive relationship. However, in the context of a broader and more microscopic time and space, is this competitive relationship valid? Especially at present, chronic non-communicable diseases are becoming the biggest threat to human health. With the professional development of medical technology, the trend of medical life-style has also become a reasonable way to fill the gap from highly authoritative medical treatment and take on the responsibilities of their own health. This kind of medical specialization and life-style seems to be developing in parallel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the dissonance between the two is only the product of a certain historical period. Finally, this study raises another relevant question: what are the social and cultural implications behind the parallel development of medical life and specialization? This is a question to be answered in future research on the topic.

The problem of self-treatment of patients is relevant, both for countries with strict regulatory regulation and the release of drugs and for countries with weak control of restrictions on population access to prescription drugs. Sociological survey of the population (n = 762) using Google Forms. Statistical analysis was performed using the International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) Statistical 25 program, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. A third of respondents constantly or often turn to a pharmacy worker for advice. The most common answer about the frequency of use of online resources, to search for information about drugs, was 3-4 times a month, and 1 time a month. The most popular resource is an online pharmacy apteka.ru. 65% of respondents partially understand specialized medical/pharmaceutical literature. About a third of respondents constantly or often self-prescribe drugs after reading online resources. More than half of the patients surveyed rated the effectiveness of self-medication as constant or frequent. The high frequency of pharmaceutical consultation needs proves the public's confidence in pharmacy workers. The popularization and availability of specialized information can lead to an increase in self-medication and the use of drugs, and a partial understanding of the information can lead to a decrease in compliance or errors in drug therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Owing to absence of definitive treatment to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and vaccine hesitancy, the general population sought information from various sources to prevent or treat the disease. Consequently, self-treatment (ST) was boosted in many parts of the world. Aim: The current study aimed to assess ST knowledge, beliefs and practice during the COVID-19 pandemic among Egyptians. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was conducted using different social media platforms to recruit participants. The survey assessed the sociodemographic characteristics, past COVID-19 infection and vaccination, exposure to ST, and reasons for ST. Results: A total of 400 participants completed the questionnaire; their mean age was 34.9±11.5, females represented 67.8%, married (63.3%), living in urban areas (76.8%) and had chronic diseases (28%). About 67.5% had received vitamins or minerals, antibiotics or herbals or food supplements either due to ST (59.6%) or non-ST (40.4%). Among the ST group, vitamins were used by (81.9%), antibiotics (45.9%), and herbals and supplements (40.9%). Conclusion: ST may delay medical advice seeking leading to worsening of the patient's health. Efforts to raise public awareness about risks of ST should be done by healthcare members especially in the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the widespread COVID-19 infection worldwide has resulted in the inability of healthcare facilities to receive all infected patients; therefore, most are treated at home. In addition, factors such as high mortality, types and severity of symptoms, and the prevalence of unreliable information have prompted patients to resort to self-treatment. To assess prevention, treatment, degree of symptoms, and sources of information among patients with COVID-19 in Arab countries A cross-sectional study was conducted in seven Arab countries: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Tunisia, and the United Arab of Emirates. People who have recovered from COVID-19 completed the study questionnaire. Score of symptoms during and after COVID-19 infection has been calculated by giving the participants a list of 13 symptoms. A total of 3519 participants completed the survey. Mostly females (68.3%), and aged between 18 and 40 years old (59.4%). Prophylaxis treatments, including vaccines and antibiotics, have been used in around 40% of the participants. The total average score of symptoms during the infection period was found 7.31 ± 3.66 out of 13. However, the symptoms score upon recovery was low (0.48 ± 1.11 score). The significant associations with increased incidence of symptoms during infection were reported with older people, married, divorced or widowed, people with chronic diseases, and obese. Moreover, significant associations with decreased symptoms were reported with those who worked in the health sector, non- or ex-smokers, and vaccinated people. The use of medication and other treatments to prevent infection with COVID-19 was common among the participants in the seven countries. Taking the vaccine was the only effect on the number of symptoms experienced by patients. Although nearly two years have passed since the onset of the disease, there is still a need to raise treatment awareness among patients at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this brief commentary, I present a comparison of the two tragicomedy 'Nose' stories, authored by Nikolai Gogol and Ryunosuke Akutagawa. Though, Gogol's story had attracted the attention of psychoanalysts and literati, Akutagawa's story had failed to receive equal attention. Methods: English translation of both 'Nose' stories, originally published in Russian and Japanese languages, in 1836 and 1915 respectively were studied. Results: In two tables, specific details of both 'Nose' stories are compared and their plot summaries are provided. In both stories, the main protagonist is an unmarried man with a nasal deformity. Whereas in Gogol's story, there are four more named supporting characters, Akutagawa's story doesn't contain any named supporting characters. Gogol's story describes the anxieties and shame suffered by an individual who had 'lost' his nose temporarily. Akutagawa's story is a case study of the mental turbulence of a temple priest who undergoes an exotic treatment for nose reduction and its consequences. Conclusion: Both of the 'Nose' stories have become literary classics for their presentation of patient suffering and medical humor; thus, they deserve recognition in the medical humanities curriculum for students in healthcare training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low back pain is a highly prevalent health problem across the world, responsible for serious suffering and disability, loss of labor force, reduction in labor productivity and significant economic loss. It has key influences on society affecting the economy of the country where the individual lives. This research work is an explorative study design to collect data on knowledge of the risk factors, prevention of low back pain and assessing the knowledge of the incidence of low back pain among health care workers at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. The study was carried out in Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital located in Oshogbo between September 1 and September 28, 2020. The responses were analyzed using Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS) (Windows Version 10.0 Chicago IL, USA). This current research reflects the awareness of risk factors, the contributory patient care factors that impact on LBP as well as management such as the use of drugs and the extent of protective role offered by exercise against low back pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-treatment of dietary supplements may contribute to interactions and severe side effects. Limited studies have constructed a scale that can measure the disclosure practice of supplements to healthcare providers and the influencing factors., Objective: The study aims to investigate the supplement disclosure practice among the public in the UAE using a developed and validated supplement disclosure assessment scale tool., Design: A cross-sectional survey study that targeted those residing in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) aged 18 years and above from both genders through an online survey., Methods: A novel scale tool was developed and examined for its validity and reliability through three pilot studies., Results: The study included three validity and reliability pilot studies before the main study evaluation: pilot 1 ( n  = 104), pilot 2 ( n  = 101), pilot 3 ( n  = 37), and study data ( n  = 407). A total of 407 respondents provided feedback from which 137 stated that they consumed supplements. A significant indirect effect of healthcare provider initiation of enquiry (HPE) on patient-informing practice (PI) was observed through two mediating variables, patient's beliefs (PB) and pharmacist counseling regarding supplements interactions (PC) ( B  = 0.106, t  = 2.120, p  = 0.03 and B  = 0.077, t  = 2.011, p  = 0.04, respectively). Most respondents were not asked about their supplement consumption by the hospital and community pharmacists (52.94 and 50.74, respectively). Most respondents (54.89%) stated that pharmacists did not counsel them about any possible interaction of supplements with laboratory tests. The mean construct scores were 1.096 for PI, 2.618 for PC, 1.552 for HPE, and 1.412 for PB., Conclusion: The instrument demonstrates desirable validity and reliability. The study results revealed a direct effect of PB and PC on the supplement disclosure practice. HPE indirectly affected PI through two mediating variables: PB and PC. The results showed a moderate HPE and PC and an excellent PB and PI construct., (© The Author(s), 2024.)

Introduction: Patients' adherence is essential for COPD self-management, as beneficial effects can only be expected in adherent patients. We explored associations between patients' adherence to COPD exacerbation action plans and health outcomes., Materials and Methods: Pooled COPD self-treatment intervention group data from two RCTs were analysed, only including patients who had ≥1 COPD exacerbation or started ≥1 course of oral corticosteroids over one-year follow-up. Optimal adherence was defined as 'self-treatment initiated ≤1 day before or after exacerbation start', suboptimal adherence as 'self-treatment initiated 2 days before or after exacerbation start or no self-treatment initiated for a short (1-3 days) exacerbation', and significant delay or no treatment as 'self-treatment initiated >2 days after exacerbation start or no self-treatment initiated for a longer (>3 days) exacerbation'. Regression models were built for several health outcomes, with the number of COPD exacerbation days/patient/year being the primary outcome., Results: Patients with significant delay or no treatment (n = 46) had more exacerbation days/patient/year (33.3 (95 % CI 10.9; 55.6)) than optimal adherent patients (n = 38) (23.7 (95 % CI 1.7; 45.7)). The duration per COPD exacerbation was longer for patients with significant delay or no treatment (15.5 days) compared to optimal adherent patients (7.8 days). No differences in health outcomes were observed between optimal and suboptimal adherent patients., Conclusions: Being adherent to action plans is associated with better health outcomes than significant delayed treatment or no treatment at all. Interestingly, suboptimal adherence demonstrated health benefits comparable to optimal adherence. COPD self-management interventions should prioritise strategies to optimise patients' adherence to action plans., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Joanne Sloots,1 Mirthe Bakker,1 Job van der Palen,1,2 Michiel Eijsvogel,1 Paul van der Valk,1 Gerard Linssen,3 Clara van Ommeren,1 Martijn Grinovero,4 Monique Tabak,5,6 Tanja Effing,7 Anke Lenferink1,8 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; 2Department of Research Methodology, Measurement & Data Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; 3Department of Cardiology, Hospital Group Twente, Almelo and Hengelo, the Netherlands; 4Amiko Digital Health Limited, London, UK; 5eHealth Group, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, the Netherlands; 6Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; 7College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 8Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social sciences, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: Joanne SlootsDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Koningsplein 1, Enschede, 7512 KZ, the NetherlandsTel +31651660063Email J.Sloots@mst.nlBackground: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart failure (CHF) often coexist and share periods of symptom deterioration. Electronic health (eHealth) might play an important role in adherence to interventions for the self-management of COPD and CHF symptoms by facilitating and supporting home-based care.Methods: In this pilot study, an eHealth self-management intervention was developed based on paper versions of multi-morbid exacerbation action plans and evaluated in patients with both COPD and CHF. Self-reporting of increased symptoms in diaries was linked to an automated decision support system that generated self-management actions, which was communicated via an eHealth application on a tablet. After participating in self-management training sessions, patients used the intervention for a maximum of four months. Adherence to daily symptom diary completion and follow-up of actions were analyzed. An add-on sensorized (Respiro®) inhaler was used to analyze inhaled medication adherence and inhalation technique.Results: In total, 1148 (91%) of the daily diaries were completed on the same day by 11 participating patients (mean age 66.8 ± 2.9 years; moderate (55%) to severe (45%) COPD; 46% midrange left ventricular function (LVF) and 27% reduced LVF). Seven patients received a total of 24 advised actions because of increased symptoms of which 11 (46%) were followed-up. Of the 13 (54%) unperformed advised actions, six were “call the case manager”. Adherence to inhaled medication was 98.4%, but 51.9% of inhalations were performed incorrectly, with “inhaling too shortly” (< 1.25 s) being the most frequent error (79.6%).Discussion: Whereas adherence to completing daily diaries was high, advised actions were inadequately followed-up, particularly the action “call the case manager”. Inhaled medication adherence was high, but inhalations were poorly performed. Future research is needed to identify adherence barriers, further tailor the intervention to the individual patient and analyse the intervention effects on health outcomes.Keywords: telemedicine, chronic conditions, self-treatment, disease management, dry powder inhalers

In Fall 2020, a female physical therapist (PT) developed mild changes in gait, infrapatellar tendon pain, and lateral patellar tracking. As a PT in good physical condition, she did not access her employer's occupational health clinic but instead she self-treated. Two months after symptom onset and self-treatment, she was diagnosed with an intramuscular myxoma within her left vastus lateralis, the largest muscle within the quadricep. The employee was at risk of slips, trips, and falls as the mass grew. Due to the location and increasing size of the mass, the employee required surgical treatment. Healthcare workers, particularly those who provide treatment, are likely to self-treat rather than seek assistance from the occupational health professional. The employee was seen by a plastic surgeon for an unrelated medical condition which is when the myxoma was diagnosed. Further delay may have led to occupational injury associated with the balance and gait disturbances. Opportunity exists for the occupational health professional to provide a review of services, including screening for musculoskeletal changes associated with occupational injury such as those described herein. This is especially important among those healthcare workers who tend to self-treat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-treatment with medicines including treatment with antibiotics is a growing global concern, as it can cause public health problems, such as antibiotic resistance and drug toxicity. Therefore, the significance of the self-medication impact of COVID-19 in any region can have an influence on the prevalence of such problems. The review aimed to investigate the self-treatment with antibiotics among the general population in Eastern Mediterranean region countries during COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive review of literature in four databases was conducted for the pandemic period from January 2020 to the end of March 2022. Nine studies related to self-treatment with antibiotics were found. The studies were homogeneous in terms of assessing the antibiotic self-treatment usage during the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population and among community pharmacies. The prevalence of self-treatment with antibiotics ranged from 20.8% to 45.8% between the studies. The main reasons for that were cost-saving, fear of COVID-19 infection, quarantine, and ease of accessibility without time limits. Antibiotic self-treatment has been high during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, it was less reported during the study period than before the time of the pandemic. There is a need for more restrictions on dispensing antibiotics from community pharmacies. In addition, there is a need to raise awareness among the population regarding self-treatment with antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Test anxiety remains a challenge for students and has considerable physiological and psychological impacts. The routine practice of slow, Device-Guided Breathing (DGB) is a major component of behavioral treatments for anxiety conditions. This paper addresses the effectiveness of using DGB as a self-treatment clinical tool for test anxiety reduction. This pilot study sample included 21 healthy men and women, all college students, between the ages of 20 and 30. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: DGB practice (n = 10) and wait-list control (n = 11). At the beginning and the end of 3-weeks DGB training, participants underwent a stress test, followed by measures of blood pressure and reported anxiety. Anxiety reduction in the DGB group as compared to controls was not statistically significant, but showed a large effect size. Accordingly, the clinical outcomes suggested that daily practice of DGB may lead to reduced anxiety. We assume that such reduction may lead to improved test performance. Our results suggest an alternative treatment for test anxiety that may also be relevant for general anxiety, which is likely to increase due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Test anxiety remains a challenge for students and has considerable physiological and psychological impacts. The routine practice of slow, Device-Guided Breathing (DGB) is a major component of behavioral treatments for anxiety conditions. This paper addresses the effectiveness of using DGB as a self-treatment clinical tool for test anxiety reduction. This pilot study sample included 21 healthy men and women, all college students, between the ages of 20 and 30. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: DGB practice (n = 10) and wait-list control (n = 11). At the beginning and the end of 3-weeks DGB training, participants underwent a stress test, followed by measures of blood pressure and reported anxiety. Anxiety reduction in the DGB group as compared to controls was not statistically significant, but showed a large effect size. Accordingly, the clinical outcomes suggested that daily practice of DGB may lead to reduced anxiety. We assume that such reduction may lead to improved test performance. Our results suggest an alternative treatment for test anxiety that may also be relevant for general anxiety, which is likely to increase due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Cannabis sativa, whose flowers are also known as marijuana or marihuana, is a recreational plant that contains many chemicals that are constantly being studied by scientists around the world. One of these substances is cannabidiol (CBD), which has gained widespread popularity on the internet as a cure for mental health problems, leading many people to use CBD to self-treat depression and anxiety. This article presents an exploratory cohort study (n = 90) of a group of people aged 16–69 using CBD to self-heal depression symptoms. The survey included basic sociodemographic questionnaire and validated Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale. And was distributed via the Internet. The results were statistically analyzed. High school degree was the most commonly held education (46%), large city was the most popular place of living (33%) and majority of the respondents have a full-time job (53%). Only 19% of the respondents consult their doctor or pharmacists about taking CBD. On the group of psychiatric patients, only 49% of respondents tell their psychiatrist about using the compound. Psychiatrists should be aware of CBD use in their patients during their daily practice, as CBD use can be found within people from all walks of life, and due to public interest, there is a need for education and research on the efficacy and safety of CBD use for mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the frequency of use, sources of information, and selection criteria of Greek residents regarding over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as well as their opinion about their dispensing in nonpharmacy settings. This was a survey study in which an anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, habits, and attitudes about OTC drugs. Data were collected from March 2017 to July 2017 in Thessaloniki, the second largest city in Greece. Logistic regression was used to investigate significant factors that affect the participants' behavior. A total of 782 participants completed the questionnaire. The population had a mean (SD) age of 46 (17) years and 55.1% were females. About one-third (32.5%) of the participants used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs more than once per week. OTC drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract were used to a lower extent (13.2%). The majority (84%) of the respondents consult a healthcare professional about the information on OTC drugs. Furthermore, when not sure about which OTC drug to use, 510 participants (65.6%) valued their physician's advice, whereas 480 participants (60.2%) valued their pharmacist's advice. Most participants (61.2%) were negatively inclined toward the purchase of OTC drugs in nonpharmacy settings, with younger participants being more receptive to out-of-pharmacy OTC drug purchase than older ones (odds ratio 2.20; 95% confidence interval 1.37-3.54). Healthcare professionals play an important role in providing people information on their selection of OTC drugs. This could be the main reason why participants prefer to buy OTC drugs from community pharmacies rather than retail shops. • Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in recommending effective and safe over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and informing consumers about them. • About two-thirds of the respondents were able to distinguish the majority of OTC and prescription drugs. • The majority of the respondents rejected the idea of purchasing OTC drugs in nonpharmacy settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]