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The main characteristics of the 50 most highly cited reviews based on Scopus data, published in 2013–2017, have been studied. A detailed analysis of these reviews is given in terms of topic relevance, authors’ team authority, and sources rating. The majority of reviews were for medicine, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. Many of them were written with the participation of an authoritative expert group from the world’s leading scientific institutions as a regularly updated result review. The largest numbers of authors belonged to the G7 countries, China, and Switzerland. In comparison with these reviews, the Russian practice of preparing review publications has been considered.

Data sharing is one of the cornerstones of modern science that enables large-scale analyses and reproducibility. We evaluated data availability in research articles across nine disciplines in Nature and Science magazines and recorded corresponding authors’ concerns, requests and reasons for declining data sharing. Although data sharing has improved in the last decade and particularly in recent years, data availability and willingness to share data still differ greatly among disciplines. We observed that statements of data availability upon (reasonable) request are inefficient and should not be allowed by journals. To improve data sharing at the time of manuscript acceptance, researchers should be better motivated to release their data with real benefits such as recognition, or bonus points in grant and job applications. We recommend that data management costs should be covered by funding agencies; publicly available research data ought to be included in the evaluation of applications; and surveillance of data sharing should be enforced by both academic publishers and funders. These cross-discipline survey data are available from the plutoF repository.

El Comportamiento Informacional Web y la Experiencia de Usuario son disciplinas científicas que comparten aspectos comunes. No se evidencian estudios precedentes que delimiten las relaciones entre las disciplinas Comportamiento Informacional Web y Experiencia de Usuario desde la perspectiva métrica. Se planteó como objetivo del estudio: caracterizar las relaciones entre las disciplinas Comportamiento Informacional Web y Experiencia de Usuario desde el análisis de la producción científica de las disciplinas del conocimiento. Para la obtención de resultados se emplearon métodos en los niveles teórico y empírico, fundamentalmente el bibliométrico. Se concluye que los estudios de comportamiento informacional de usuarios a nivel internacional contemplan el espacio Web para determinar cómo es la interacción. El análisis de las disciplinas científicas a partir de su producción permitió la identificación de las relaciones en temáticas, instituciones, países, idiomas, entre otras. La relación disciplinar entre relación disciplinar del Comportamiento Informacional Web y la Experiencia de Usuario es incipiente. Existen puntos en común sobre todo en el empleo de técnicas para el estudio de usuario, pero no se concibe explícitamente la relación entre ambas disciplinas. RESUMOO Comportamento da Informação na Web e a Experiência do Utilizador são disciplinas científicas que partilham aspectos comuns. Não existem provas de estudos anteriores que delimitem as relações entre as disciplinas de Comportamento de Informação na Web e Experiência do Utilizador a partir de uma perspectiva métrica. O objectivo do estudo era caracterizar as relações entre as disciplinas de Comportamento de Informação na Web e a Experiência do Utilizador a partir da análise da produção científica das disciplinas de conhecimento. Foram utilizados métodos teóricos e empíricos para obter os resultados, principalmente métodos bibliométricos. Conclui-se que os estudos do comportamento de informação dos utilizadores a nível internacional contemplam o espaço Web para determinar como é a interacção. A análise das disciplinas científicas com base na sua produção permitiu a identificação de relações em assuntos, instituições, países, línguas, entre outros. A relação disciplinar entre o Comportamento de Informação na Web e a Experiência do Utilizador é incipiente. Há pontos em comum, especialmente na utilização de técnicas para o estudo do utilizador, masnão está explicitamente concebida a relação entre ambas as disciplinas. ABSTRACTWeb Informational Behavior and User Experience are scientific disciplines that share common aspects. There are no previous studies that delimit the relationships between the disciplines Web Informational Behavior and User Experience from a metric perspective. The study's objective was to characterize the relationships between the disciplines Web Informational Behavior and User Experience from the analysis of the scientific production of the disciplines of knowledge. To obtain results, methods were used, mainly the bibliometric. It is concluded that the studies of informational behavior of users at an international level contemplate the Web space to determine how the interaction is. The analysis of scientific disciplines from their production allowed the identification of relations around themes, institutions, countries, and languages, among others. The disciplinary relationship between the disciplinary relationship of Web Informational Behavior and User Experience is incipient. There are common points, especially in using techniques for user study, but the relationship between the two disciplines is not explicitly conceived.

As one of the most important biogeochemical cycles, the carbon dioxide (CO2) cycle between atmosphere and biosphere has a profound impact on the life on earth. Therefore, the search for sustainable solutions to normalize the currently unbalanced carbon dioxide cycle is the central research topic of many scientific disciplines. The green and sustainable electrocatalysis offers a very promising answer to currently unbalanced carbon dioxide cycle. In this review, recent advances in electrocatalysis enabled CO2 cycle including the electrochemical carboxylation of CO2 and decarboxylative functionalization of carboxylic acids are highlighted.

The purpose of this research is a specify of interrelationships of various scientific disciplines based on the official declarations of scientists. The most required scientific disciplines was identified for multidisciplinary research. Undirected graphs with the specified parameters was used for modelling of community structure. Based on open database POLON a graph was constructed for the connections among disciplines of science. A number of scientist in particular branches and disciplines of science was presented. As well the connections with in the branches of science and disciplines was shown. Four different measures were considered: percentage of double declarants, vertex degree, weighted vertex degree and betweenness centrality. We found disciplines with highest level of interdisciplinarity, namely: biomedical engineering, informatics, culture and religious sciences, health sciences, and security sciences. In the contrary, very isolated disciplines was found, as following: musical arts, astronomy, visual arts and conservation of cultural heritage, veterinary medicine, and archeology. Finally, we concluded that two of research branches (medicals sciences or management and quality sciences) are the most interdisciplinary in Poland.

Overall, the current reality and the scientifically represented world are much more than hitherto characterized by problems of cross-disciplinary or “inter-areal” connections of diverse topical research fields within complex and highly interconnected real, model, and quasi-artificial systems. Here, we will address the respected problem of the humanities and social sciences somewhat by the rather old-fashioned contrast to the natural sciences. In the main part, I shall sketch my own approach that I call (scheme-) interpretations or methodological interpretative constructivism. This methodological concept seems to me to make possible a bridge between the disciplines – at least by going higher level in one’s methodology. The next part will turn to the historical and methodological questions of text interpretations or methodological hermeneutics thus amounting to a prominent special case of the scheme-interpretations approach. Finally, the last part draws some methodological conclusions regarding an abstract interpretation of “reunification” between the different scientific disciplines and everyday understanding.

The discovery of the mortal remains of the apostle Peter in the Vatican caves, in the 1940s, has aroused several doubts among scholars. In any case, there is consensus on this not being Peter&rsquo, s first burial site on the Vatican Hill. The recent studies on Maria Valtorta&rsquo, s mystical writings have shown that they contain a lot of data open to check through disparate scientific disciplines. Every time this check has been done, unexpected results have been found, as if her writings contain data not ascribable to her skills and awareness. Maria Valtorta describes also Peter&rsquo, s first burial site, which, she writes, was not on the Vatican Hill. The analysis of these particular texts, checked against the archeology of Rome in the I century and its catacombs, has allowed us to locate Peter&rsquo, s first burial site in a hypogeum discovered in 1864 but not yet fully explored, near the beginning of Via Nomentana, in Rome. A mathematical estimate of the probability that Maria Valtorta, by chance, invented the data that lead to this particular site shows that it is very small and reinforces the conclusion, already reached with archeology, that casualness is very doubtful. The full exploration of this hypogeum would assess the reliability of this alleged Peter&rsquo, s first burial site.

The ocean is a lifeline for human existence, but current practices risk severely undermining ocean sustainability. Present and future social−ecological challenges necessitate the maintenance and development of knowledge and action by stimulating collaboration among scientists and between science, policy, and practice. Here we explore not only how such collaborations have developed in the Nordic countries and adjacent seas but also how knowledge from these regions contributes to an understanding of how to obtain a sustainable ocean. Our collective experience may be summarized in three points: 1) In the absence of long-term observations, decision-making is subject to high risk arising from natural variability; 2) in the absence of established scientific organizations, advice to stakeholders often relies on a few advisors, making them prone to biased perceptions; and 3) in the absence of trust between policy makers and the science community, attuning to a changing ocean will be subject to arbitrary decision-making with unforeseen and negative ramifications. Underpinning these observations, we show that collaboration across scientific disciplines and stakeholders and between nations is a necessary condition for appropriate actions.

Introduction. Retrospective studies of the human-society-environment system are increasingly ranked among the interdisciplinary problems of philosophy, ecology, paleography, history, ethnology and other scientific disciplines. Scientists are beginning to understand that the current ecological conditions require increased interest not only towards the environment as such but also towards deep historical research of the relationship between man and nature, require further studies and preservation efforts for natural, historical, and cultural heritage. Goals. The paper analyzes archaeological sites and places of worship for the possibility of correlating their locations with real geoactive zones through the example of the Barguzin Valley, and seeks to identify features of the territory, comparing it to separate Mongolia-based places of worship. Materials and Methods. The work attempts to apply an interdisciplinary approach in characterizing the origin of sites of worship from the standpoint of different disciplines, such as geology, geography, history, archeology, ethnology, and folkloristics. Results. The interdisciplinary approach to the research of places of worship makes it possible to once again highlight challenges faced by scholars engaged therein more broadly, and involve materials that have not been previously examined in this perspective. Nowadays, this constitutes a most urgent problem in contexts of aggravated man-nature relations, violations of harmonious ties, and increased anthropogenic impacts in certain areas for extensive use of natural resources contrary to opinions of the local population.

The promise of machine learning has been explored in a variety of scientific disciplines in the last few years, however, its application on first-principles based computationally expensive tools is still in nascent stage. Even with the advances in computational resources and power, transient simulations of large-scale dynamic systems using a variety of the first-principles based computational tools are still limited. In this work, we propose an ensemble approach where we combine one such computationally expensive tool, called discrete element method (DEM), with a time-series forecasting method called auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and machine-learning methods to significantly reduce the computational burden while retaining model accuracy and performance. The developed machine-learning model shows good predictability and agreement with the literature, demonstrating its tremendous potential in scientific computing., Comment: 25 pages and 6 figures

The “Aging Science Talks: Science for the Community” daily online seminar series was established in reaction to the cancellation of a myriad of regional, national, and international meetings focused on the biology of aging due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The inability to attend scientific meetings has far-reaching implications for our field, as we lose the ability to 1) disseminate both published and non-published data through talks and posters; 2) network and establish new collaborations to produce innovative science in the aging field; and 3) continue the career development of early career researchers (ECRs). Through these virtual seminars, we hope to offset the negative effects of these canceled meetings. We established the program rapidly using a “lean” approach, making use of existing technologies broadly available at academic institutions. Here, we provide an initial description of how this program was developed and implemented. We discuss advantages and limitations of this approach, including “real-time” participation and the creation of an on/off-line community of inquiry (CoI). In the future, we hope to formally evaluate the success of this program in building engagement, creating a community, and enhancing the development of ECRs, and to capture metrics associated with the continued progress of science. Our approach to building a CoI may be applied across multiple scientific disciplines during this time of uncertainty, and may offer a valuable example of how to continue to advance science during pandemics or similar events.

One of the most fundamental aspects of ecological research and monitoring is accurate species identification, but cryptic speciation and observer error can confound phenotype‐based identification. The CRISPR‐Cas toolkit has facilitated remarkable advances in many scientific disciplines, but the fields of ecology and conservation biology have yet to fully embrace this powerful technology. The recently developed CRISPR‐Cas13a platform SHERLOCK (Specific High‐sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing) enables highly accurate taxonomic identification and has all the characteristics needed to transition to ecological and environmental disciplines. Here we conducted a series of “proof of principle” experiments to characterize SHERLOCK’s ability to accurately, sensitively and rapidly distinguish three fish species of management interest co‐occurring in the San Francisco Estuary that are easily misidentified in the field. We improved SHERLOCK’s ease of field deployment by combining the previously demonstrated rapid isothermal amplification and CRISPR genetic identification with a minimally invasive and extraction‐free DNA collection protocol, as well as the option of instrument‐free lateral flow detection. This approach opens the door for redefining how, where and by whom genetic identifications occur in the future.

espanolAunque las emociones se encuentran en el nucleo de quienes somos, su naturaleza y estructura continuan siendo hoyen dia un amplio campo de investigacion para diferentes disciplinas cientificas. No obstante, como muchos otrostemas de investigacion actual las emociones tienen unos antecedentes y una historia que conviene tener presentepara ubicar los conceptos, los debates y las diversas aproximaciones teoricas en el marco cultural y las tradicionesde pensamiento que les dieron origen. En este articulo haremos un breve recorrido por la historia de las emocionesen la epoca medieval, de tal manera que el lector pueda reconocer, a grandes rasgos, las interpretaciones y posturasoriginales que desencadenaron multiples comprensiones teoricas en torno a estos fenomenos fisicos y mentales queconforman nuestra existencia. EnglishAlthough emotions are at the core of who we are, their nature and structure continue to be subject of research fordifferent scientific disciplines. However, like many other current re-search topics, emotions have a background andhistory that should be taken into account to contextualize the concepts, debates and diverse theoretical approacheswithin the cultural framework and schools of thought that gave rise to them. In this article we make a brief tourthrough the history of emotions in the Middle Ages in such a way that the reader can recog-nize, in general terms,the original interpretations and postures that triggered the development of multiple theoretical approaches aroundthese physical and mental phenomena that shape our existence.

The science of oil paint cleaning is an interdisciplinary and challenging field of study due to the complex nature of both paintings and cleaning materials. The topic requires an intimate and iterative collaboration between conservation scientists and paintings conservators. In such an interdisciplinary field, it can sometimes be difficult to interpret the practical applicability of the available literature. This review aims to bring both conservators and scientist up-to-date on the recent advances in the literature on oil paint cleaning and proposes a framework for experimental and theoretical investigations into solvent transport in oil paint. We define the physicochemical processes that occur simultaneously during cleaning as solvent action and investigate how these processes vary with the polymeric structure of the oil binding medium. The sections in this overview of the technical cleaning literature are divided into solubility, swelling and diffusion, leaching, solvent evaporation and retention and solvent-mediated chemical reactions. Models that have been used to predict varnish solubility or oil paint swelling, such as Teas chart, are critically reviewed from the perspective of the most recent developments in the various scientific disciplines involved. Technological developments in the field of modern materials for solvent- and water-based cleaning are also discussed. Finally, an outlook for the field of cleaning science is presented.

In the geosciences, data are acquired, processed, analysed, modelled and interpreted in order to generate knowledge. Such a complex procedure is affected by uncertainties related to the objective (e.g. the data, technologies and techniques employed) as well as the subjective (knowledge, skills and biases of the geoscientist) aspects of the knowledge generation workflow. Unlike in other scientific disciplines, uncertainty and its impact on the validity of geoscientific outputs have often been overlooked or only discussed superficially. However, for geological outputs to provide meaningful insights, the uncertainties, errors and assumptions made throughout the data acquisition, processing, modelling and interpretation procedures need to be carefully considered. This special issue illustrates and brings attention to why and how uncertainty handling (i.e. analysis, mitigation and communication) is a critical aspect within the geosciences. In this introductory paper, we (1) outline the terminology and describe the relationships between a number of descriptors often used to characterise and classify uncertainty and error, (2) present the collection of research papers that together form the special issue, the idea for which stems from a 2018 European Geosciences Union's General Assembly session entitled “Understanding the unknowns: recognition, quantification, influence and minimisation of uncertainty in the geosciences”, and (3) discuss the limitations of the “traditional” treatment of uncertainty in the geosciences. “The efforts of many researchers have already cast much darkness on the subject, and it is likely that, if they continue, we will soon know nothing about it at all.” – Mark Twain, Lucía Pérez-Díaz is supported by the European Research Council, H2020 Research Infrastructures, (DEEP TIME; grant no. 639003). Juan Alcalde is funded by MICINN (Juan de la Cierva fellowship; grant no. IJC2018-036074-I). Clare E. Bond was funded by a Royal Society of Edinburgh Research Sabbatical Award.

In principle, humour studies would be significantly enhanced by a comprehensive understanding of laughter and amusement. Members of various scientific disciplines, however, often approach laughter from distinct, rather narrow, experimental or observational paradigms, and rarely make direct challenges to broader theories that are generaly accepted as incomplete, but also difficult to falsify. Evaluating, comparing, and ranking such theories is possible, however, using the concept of explanatory scope. To better establish the range of questions a comprehensive theory of laughter must resolve, I reviewed 525 peer-reviewed journal articles and recorded a total of 852 topics addressed by the authors. These were categorized into 29 themes. The list provided should allow scholars to more effectively assess the strengths and weaknesses of existing laughter theories and help guide future endeavours to more fully understand this important behavior.

The issue of work in itself is a problem that can be analyzed on many levels and looked at through the prism of many scientific disciplines. Economics in her nature is a social science that studies the state of world economic life using mathematical methods. A fascinating issue for understanding work in economics is the business cycles, which clearly affect unemployment patterns around the world. The nature of economics, which is concerned with studying human activities in times of recession and, just as in times of prosperity, sets the course for politicians, entrepreneurs but also ordinary workers. This is made possible by analysing and observing the behaviour in the economic markets of the world. This article is leaning towards unemployment and employment in France since the beginning of the 21st century, since France is one of the leading economies, alongside Germany, in the European Union.

In order for science to develop and also stay abreast of developments in both the natural and social world, it is important that scientific disciplines regularly assess and renew their research age...

Crowdsourcing and crowdfunding have been successfully used in a range of scientific disciplines and present opportunities for forensic researchers to draw on the power of large numbers of people to contribute to research projects through participation or by providing an alternative source of funding. This review aimed to examine whether contributors to crowd science and crowdfunding for scientific research are motivated to participate or provide financial support by the same factors, and to examine recruitment strategies in an attempt to identify a potential crowd for forensic researchers to approach. There was found to be limited research into crowdfunding for scientific research that addressed the motivations of contributors or recruitment strategies used, and no conclusions could be made. There is a need to overcome low response rates and high attrition over the lifetime of a crowd science project or crowdfunding appeal. It is necessary to target a large number of people who are interested in the subject studied and who want to make a difference in some way and contribute to science. True crime podcast audiences are proposed as they present large numbers of listeners who are interested in forensic science, criminal investigation or law enforcement. These audiences have been targeted for successful fundraising efforts and invitations to participate in crowd activities previously. They should be considered by forensic researchers who are looking to venture into crowdsourcing or crowdfunding for research projects.

Issues related to the evolving role of citizen science and open science are reviewed and discussed in this article. We focus on the changing approaches to science, research and development related to the turn to openness and transparency, which has made science more open and inclusive, even for non-researchers. Reproducible and collaborative research, which is driven by the open access principles, involves citizens in many research fields. The article shows how international support is pushing citizen science forward, and how citizens’ involvement is becoming more important. A basic scientometric analysis (based on the Web of Science Core Collection as the source of peer reviewed articles) provides a first insight into the diffusion of the citizen science concept in the field of Geography, mapping the growth of citizen science articles over time, the spectrum of geographical journals that publish them, and their citation rate compared to other scientific disciplines. The authors also discuss future challenges of citizen science and its potential, which for the time being seems to be not fully utilized in some fields, including geographical research.

The objective of this investigation was to analyze scientific production assessed by indexed doctoral theses in the Ordered Spanish Theses (TESEO) database, on the topic of the sport of handball in Spain. Productivity was analyzed on the basis of variables grouped by contextual information, methodologies and procedures. Seventy-two indexed theses from between 1976 and 2021 were analyzed. A progressive increase was identified in scientific production based on these theses during this period. The scientific disciplines that presented the highest number of theses were Sport Sciences (n = 33) and Sport Pedagogy (n = 19). The main results show that quantitative approaches are the most common (n = 49), doctoral theses using descriptive studies based on systematic observation represent the majority (73%), the predominant type of data collection was the use of cross-sectional studies (70.8%) versus longitudinal studies (26.4%), and the most used sampling method was that of convenience (n = 65). The results make it possible to ascertain the reality of this research topic, the methodological positioning and research tendencies, and to draw the basic lines for development.

International audience; The European Federation for Medicinal chemistry and Chemical biology (EFMC) is a federation of learned societies. It groups organizations of European scientists working in a dynamic field spanning chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. New ideas, tools, and technologies emerging from a wide array of scientific disciplines continuously energize this rapidly evolving area. Medicinal chemistry is the design, synthesis, and optimization of biologically active molecules aimed at discovering new drug candidatesa mission that in many ways overlaps with the scope of chemical biology. Chemical biology is by now a mature field of science for which a more precise definition of what it englobes, in the frame of EFMC, is timely. This article discusses chemical biology as currently understood by EFMC, including all activities dealing with the design and synthesis of biologically active chemical tools and their use to probe, characterize, or influence biological systems.

Studies of primate personality have become increasingly common over the past three decades. Recently, studies have begun to focus on the health, welfare and conservation implications of personality, and the potential applications of incorporating quantitative personality assessments into animal management programmes. However, this literature is dispersed across a multitude of settings and scientific disciplines. We conducted a review of nonhuman primate personality studies relevant to these issues published since 2010, following on from an earlier review. The databases ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science were used to identify relevant articles. After eliminating irrelevant or duplicate papers, 69 studies were selected. Our review reveals that, while primate personality research is carried out on a range of species, there is strong taxonomic bias. While 28 species appeared within the reviewed literature, 52% of studies were carried out on just five species. Further, the most common research focus (43%) was validating new assessment methods or describing personality in different species, rather than exploring the links between personality and animal welfare using existing validated methods. However, among the remaining studies that did explore the role of animal personality in husbandry, health, and welfare, we identified progression towards integrating personality data into various aspects of animal management. Evidence suggests the assessment of personality may benefit social group management, enrichment practices, training protocols, health and welfare monitoring, and conservation planning for endangered species. We argue that further research which develops our understanding of primate personality and its influence in these areas will provide a valuable tool to inform animal management practices.