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Purpose. To demonstrate, with the help of an example of cognitive treatment for patients with chronic low back pain, how a systematic description of the content and theoretical underpinnings of treatment can help to improve clinical practice.Methods. A conceptual analysis, two types of theories, and a programme-theory framework were instrumental in systematically specifying the content of the treatment and the underlying assumptions.Results. A detailed description of the cognitive treatment, including: (i) The intended outcomes; (ii) the related treatment components; (iii) the therapeutic process that is expected to mediate between outcomes and components, (iv) the conditions for optimal application; and (v) the guiding principles.Conclusions. The systematic description of the treatment revealed important issues for clinical practice, such as the patient and therapist characteristics that are needed for optimal provision of cognitive treatment. The discussions on the role of theory in rehabilitation practice are taken one step further in this clinical commentary: instead of simply describing the problems, we also demonstrated a means to tackle them.