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Issues related to the evolving role of citizen science and open science are reviewed and discussed in this article. We focus on the changing approaches to science, research and development related to the turn to openness and transparency, which has made science more open and inclusive, even for non-researchers. Reproducible and collaborative research, which is driven by the open access principles, involves citizens in many research fields. The article shows how international support is pushing citizen science forward, and how citizens’ involvement is becoming more important. A basic scientometric analysis (based on the Web of Science Core Collection as the source of peer reviewed articles) provides a first insight into the diffusion of the citizen science concept in the field of Geography, mapping the growth of citizen science articles over time, the spectrum of geographical journals that publish them, and their citation rate compared to other scientific disciplines. The authors also discuss future challenges of citizen science and its potential, which for the time being seems to be not fully utilized in some fields, including geographical research.

Most data sets and streams have a geospatial component. Some people even claim that about 80% of all data is related to location. In the era of Big Data this number might even be underestimated, as data sets interrelate and initially non-spatial data becomes indirectly geo-referenced. The optimal treatment of Big Data thus requires advanced methods and technologies for handling the geospatial aspects in data storage, processing, pattern recognition, prediction, visualisation and exploration. On the one hand, our work exploits earth and environmental sciences for existing interoperability standards, and the foundational data structures, algorithms and software that are required to meet these geospatial information handling tasks. On the other hand, we are concerned with the arising needs to combine human analysis capacities (intelligence augmentation) with machine power (artificial intelligence). This paper provides an overview of the emerging landscape and outlines our (Digital Earth) vision for addressing the upcoming issues. We particularly request the projection and re-use of the existing environmental, earth observation and remote sensing expertise in other sectors, i.e. to break the barriers of all of these silos by investigating integrated applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess whether an integrated imaging computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system with embedded decision support for imaging can be accepted clinically. METHODS: The study was performed in a health care delivery network with an affiliated academic hospital. After pilot testing and user feedback, a Web-enabled CPOE system with embedded imaging decision support was phased into clinical use between 2000 and 2010 across outpatient, emergency department, and inpatient settings. The primary outcome measure was meaningful use, defined as the proportion of imaging studies performed with orders electronically created (EC) or electronically signed by an authorized provider. The secondary outcome measure was adoption, defined as the proportion of imaging studies that were ordered electronically, irrespective of who entered the order in the CPOE system. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to estimate trends and the significance of practice settings, examination modality, and body part to outcome measures. Chi-square statistics were used to assess differences across specialties. RESULTS: A total of 4.1 million imaging studies were performed during the study period. From 2000 to 2010, significant increases in meaningful use (for EC studies, from 0.4% to 61.9%; for electronically signed studies, from 0.4% to 92.2%; P < .005) and the adoption of CPOE (from 0.5% to 94.6%, P < .005) were observed. The use of EC studies was greatest in the emergency department and inpatient settings. Meaningful use varied across specialties; surgical subspecialties had the lowest rates of EC studies. CONCLUSIONS: Imaging CPOE with embedded decision support integrated into the IT infrastructure of the health care enterprise and clinicians' workflow can be broadly accepted clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the definition of a European perspective on Digital Earth (DE), identify some actions that can contribute to raise the awareness of DE in the European context and thus strengthen the European contribution to the International Society for Digital Earth (ISDE). The paper identifies opportunities and synergies with the current policy priorities in Europe (Europe 2020, Innovation Union and Digital Agenda) and highlights a number of key areas to advance the development of DE from a European perspective: (1) integrating scientific research into DE; (2) exploiting the Observation Web with human-centred sensing; and (3) governance, including the establishment of stronger linkages across the European landscape of funding streams and initiatives. The paper is offered also as a contribution to the development of this new vision of DE to be presented at the next International DE Conference in Perth, Australia, in August 2011. The global recognition of this new vision will then reinforce the European component and build a positive feedback loop for the further implementation of DE across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that examined the expression and functional activity of endogenous voltage-gated chloride (Cl) channels in glioma cells. Methods used in proving the importance of voltage-gated chloride channels for cell proliferation; Attempts made to demonstrate and analyze the expression of ClC-2, CLC-3 and ClC5 at the mNRA and protein levels and of patch-clamp recordings of chloride currents; Suggestions with regard to an upragulated occurrence of ClC-2 and CLC-3 channels in glioma membranes.

Examines the response of internal transport barriers to central electron heating and current drive on Axi-symmetric divertor experiment. Application of central electron cyclotron heating and current drive to negative central shear discharges; Discussion on magnetohydrodymic stability.

The effect of the outer membrane (outer sheath) of Treponema denticola on bone resorption was studied. Bone resorption was measured by the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from the shafts of the radii and ulnae of 19-day fetal rats. A treated-over-control ratio (T/C ratio) significantly greater than 1 indicated the stimulation of bone resorption by the test substance. The addition of outer membrane of T. denticola increased the release of 45Ca from the assay bones. The minimum concentrations required to yield significant 45Ca release from the assay bones were 15, 22 and 75 μg protein/ml for serovars a, b and c, respectively. These protein values corresponded to estimated lipopolysaccharide contents of 0.6, 0.8 and 2.8 μg/ml, based on 3-deoxy-2-manno-octulosonate analysis. Heat treatment of outer membrane (60° for 30 min) did not change the effect on 45Ca release. Parathyroid hormone or prostaglandin E2, known to act synergistically with lipopolysaccharides in bone resorption, was also added to the assay system. Neither prostaglandin E2 at 10-7 M nor parathyroid hormone at 40 ng/ml, by itself, increased 45Ca release. However, in the presence of 10 μg protein/ml of outer membrane of serovar b at 120 h, the T/C ratio was increased to 1.31 ± 0.07 and 1.58 ± 0.118, respectively. These results suggest that a lipopolysaccharide-like material is present in the outer membrane of T. denticola that may be responsible for bone resorption in the in vitro system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of psychological pain caused by discussions of do not resuscitate status with patients is addressed. Case histories of patients with such distress are given. We propose that not all patients should be informed of their do not resuscitate status, that the information about such status be given incrementally, and that the giving of further information be guided by the patient's reaction to earlier information. While some affirm the duty of the physician always to inform the patient about his or her do not resuscitate status, we affirm the duty of the physician to determine whether the patient wishes to enter into this discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: The pathological hallmarks of multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease are, respectively, misfolded-α-synuclein-laden glial cytoplasmic inclusions and Lewy bodies. CSF-soluble misfolded α-synuclein aggregates (seeds) are readily detected in people with Parkinson's disease by α-synuclein seed amplification assay (synSAA), but identification of seeds associated with multiple system atrophy for diagnostic purposes has proven elusive. We aimed to assess whether a novel synSAA could reliably distinguish seeds from Lewy bodies and glial cytoplasmic inclusions., Methods: In this multicentre cohort study, a novel synSAA that multiplies and detects seeds by fluorescence was used to analyse masked CSF and brain samples from participants with either clinically diagnosed or pathology-confirmed multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (IRBD), disorders that were not synucleinopathies, or healthy controls. Participants were from eight available cohorts from seven medical centres in four countries: New York Brain Bank, New York, USA (NYBB); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (UPENN); Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany (DeNoPa and KAMSA); Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Spain (BARMSA); Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (EKUT); Göteborgs Universitet, Göteborgs, Sweden (UGOT); and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (KIMSA). Clinical cohorts were classified for expected diagnostic accuracy as either research (longitudinal follow-up visits) or real-life (single visit). Sensitivity and specificity were estimated according to pathological (gold standard) and clinical (reference standard) diagnoses., Findings: In 23 brain samples (from the NYBB cohort), those containing Lewy bodies were synSAA-positive and produced high fluorescence amplification patterns (defined as type 1); those containing glial cytoplasmic inclusions were synSAA-positive and produced intermediate fluorescence (defined as type 2); and those without α-synuclein pathology produced below-threshold fluorescence and were synSAA-negative. In 21 pathology-confirmed CSF samples (from the UPENN cohort), those with Lewy bodies were synSAA-positive type 1; those with glial cytoplasmic inclusions were synSAA-positive type 2; and those with four-repeat tauopathy were synSAA-negative. In the DeNoPa research cohort (which had no samples from people with multiple system atrophy), the novel synSAA had sensitivities of 95% (95% CI 88-99) for 80 participants with Parkinson's disease and 95% (76-100) for 21 participants with IRBD, and a specificity of 95% (86-99) for 60 healthy controls. Overall (combining BARMSA, EKUT, KAMSA, UGOT, and KIMSA cohorts that were enriched for cases of multiple system atrophy), the novel synSAA had 87% sensitivity for multiple system atrophy (95% CI 80-93) and specificity for type 2 seeds was 77% (67-85). For participants with multiple system atrophy just in research cohorts (BARMSA and EKUT), the novel synSAA had a sensitivity of 84% (95% CI 71-92) and a specificity for type 2 seeds of 87% (74-95), whereas cases from real-life cohorts (KAMSA, KIMSA, and UGOT) had a sensitivity of 91% (95% CI 80-97) but a decreased specificity for type 2 seeds of 68% (53-81)., Interpretation: The novel synSAA produced amplification patterns that enabled the identification of underlying α-synuclein pathology, showing two levels of fluorescence that corresponded with different pathological hallmarks of synucleinopathy. The synSAA might be useful for early diagnosis of synucleinopathies in clinical trials, and potentially for clinical use, but additional formal validation work is needed., Funding: Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Amprion., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests YM, CMF, HN, and LC-M are Amprion employees and declare employee stock option ownership and invention of patents related to SAA assigned to Amprion. YM declares patent or patent application numbers US11970520B2, US20230084155A1. CMF declares patent or patent application numbers US11970520B2, US11959927B2, and US20230084155A1. HN declares patent or patent application numbers US20230084155A1. LC-M declares patent or patent application numbers US11970520B2, US11959927B2, US20190353669A1, US20230084155A1, and US20210223268A1. UJK is on the scientific advisory board of Amprion, on the data monitoring committee for UCB, and a consultant for NurrOn. MSy has received consultancy honoraria from Ionis, UCB, Prevail, Orphazyme, Servier, Reata, GenOrph, AviadoBio, Biohaven, Zevra, Solaxa, and Lilly, all unrelated to the present manuscript. HZ has served at scientific advisory boards or as a consultant, or both, for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave; has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Roche; is chair of the Alzheimer's Association Global Biomarker Standardization Consortium; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg, which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program. RNA received consultation fees from Biogen, Biohaven, Capsida, Gain Therapeutics, Genzyme/Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and Vanqua Bio. TFT serves as a clinical trial advisory board member for Bial. KBr is on the advisory boards of F Hoffman La Roche, VanquaBio, and the Michael J Fox Foundation. PS is a DSMB member in Amulet study in MSA for Lundbeck. BM has received honoraria for consultancy or educational presentations, or both, from GE, Bial, Roche, Biogen, and AbbVie, and is member of the executive steering committee of the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative of the Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research and has received research funding from Aligning Science Across Parkinson's disease Collaborative Research Network. CP has received honoraria financed by Bial. AS declares consultancy for Acadia, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Mitzubishi, GE Healthcare, and Capsida. AS declares participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Wave Life Sciences, Inhibikase, Prevail, Alterity, Healy ALS Consortium (Massachusetts General Hospital), and Huntington Study Group. KBl has served as a consultant or on an advisory board for Abbvie, AriBio, ALZpath, BioArctic, AC Immune, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Roche Diagnostics, and Siemens Healthineers, and produced or participated in educational programmes for Biogen, Eisai, and Roche Diagnostics., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)

Background: Preferences for risk disclosure in population-based studies assessing Parkinson's disease (PD) risk have not been assessed so far., Objectives: To examine preferences for risk disclosure in a subset of the European Healthy Brain Aging (HeBA) multicenter study., Methods: After a remote PD risk assessment, a structured pilot-questionnaire on risk disclosure was first presented to participants (≥50 years, without neurodegenerative diseases) during in-person visits at the Innsbruck study site., Results: From the included 81 participants (63% females, median age 65 years), 79% expressed an unconditional desire to be informed about their PD risk. Confronted with a hypothetical scenario of a positive, specific PD test, most would try to live a healthier lifestyle. Regarding future placebo-controlled disease-modification trials, 66% stated they would probably or definitely participate., Conclusions: This pilot-study shows an open-minded view of participants towards disclosure of risk for future PD and a proactive attitude regarding dealing with one's risk., (© 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders Clinical Practice published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.)

Background: Perinatal depression affects 10-15% of mothers and approximately 5% of fathers. However, only a small number of affected individuals seek treatment. If left unrecognized and untreated, it can have negative long-term consequences for the family's health, leading to subsequent high costs. Early treatment is crucial, yet there is a notable underdiagnosis and undertreatment. Affected individuals are often seen during this time, e.g. in paediatric practices, but not by specialists in mental health. Consequently, this study aims to increase detection and treatment rates of affected individuals by implementing a screening for depression and psychosocial stress in perinatal and postpartum parents within routine obstetric and paediatric care with subsequent advice and-if necessary-further referral to a mental health specialist., Methods: UPlusE is a prospective, cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted in an outpatient setting. Obstetric and paediatric practices will be randomized into an intervention and control group (1:1 ratio). Practices and enrolling patients will be required to use specific smartphone apps (practice apps) for interaction. The screening will occur with the apps at each paediatric checkup up to the child's age of 12 months, using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), KID-PROTEKT questionnaire, and the scale 1 (impaired bonding) of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ-1). The goal is to screen 10,000 patients across Germany. Gynaecologists and paediatricians will receive certified training on peripartum depression. Participants in the intervention group with scores above cut-offs (EPDS ≥ 10, KID-PROTEKT ≥ 1, PBQ-1 ≥ 12) will receive counselling through their treating gynaecologists/paediatricians and will be provided with regional addresses for psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and "Frühe Hilfen" (early prevention) as well as family counselling centres, depending on symptom severity. At each screening, participants will be asked whether they sought support, where, and with whom (utilization). Utilization is the primary outcome., Discussion: The screening is designed to reduce underdiagnosis to enable suitable support at an early stage (especially for those often overlooked, such as individuals with "high-functioning depression") and hence to avoid manifestation of mental health problems in the whole family, especially infants who are exceptionally dependent on their parents and their well-being will benefit from this program., Trial Registration: German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00033385. Registered on 15 January 2024., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate {24} An ethics vote was obtained from the Ethics Committee at University Medicine Greifswald, (BB 120/23 dated 08.08.2023). All participants will be thoroughly informed through the practice app and can access the patient information at any time. They will provide their consent within the practice app, which they can review at any time. The consent is unequivocally attributable to the participating individual. Consent for publication {32} No images or videos relating to individual persons will be gained. Hence, a consent for publication is not applicable. Competing interests {28} SKS is the PI of the Babylotsen project and study in Würzburg, which is funded by Deutsches Hilfswerk, Stiftung SeeYou, and Lion’s Club Würzburg. This is a similar screening project but only screening patients and guiding them to the suitable support services within the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at the University Hospital Würzburg. All the other authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)