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Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms which may be employed in several fields. Amongst them, an emerging but promising sector of application is their usage for the remediation of wastewaters. They result particularly effective in treating municipal wastewaters, often resulting in nitrate concentrations exceeding the requirements for discharging treated wastewater into the sea. Furthermore, another advantage of using microalgae in civil wastewater treatment is the cooperation with heterotrophic bacteria which may naturally occur in the water or be introduced through sewage sludge in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs). Microalgae, in fact, produce oxygen which may be used by these bacteria reducing the overall operational costs of the WTP. The assessment of nitrogen compound concentrations in wastewater involves various techniques, with ionic chromatography (IC) and spectrometric methods being commonly used in laboratory settings. However, these methods have drawbacks such as the need for skilled personnel, time-consuming processes, and impracticality for in situ and real-time analysis. To address these issues, electrochemical sensors present a viable alternative. These sensors require portable instruments with low power requirements and can be miniaturized using nanotechnology. Electrochemical sensors operate by reducing/oxidizing the target analyte on the working electrode surface. The choice of electrode material is crucial for sensor sensitivity, and copper is found to exhibit excellent electrocatalytic properties for reducing nitrate ions in acidic media. In this study, a cost-effective electrochemical sensor made of copper was developed for quantifying nitrate in wastewater. The entire electrochemical cell was constructed from a common substrate used in Printed Circuit Boards (PCB). The whole fabrication procedure was optimized in order to obtain a reproducible fabrication procedure. The reference and counter electrodes were modified with graphite and Ag/AgCl paste, respectively. The results demonstrated that the sensor can effectively quantify nitrate ions in wastewater. Moreover, it can be employed during microalgal treatment to assess the in vivo reduction of nitrate, offering a practical and efficient solution for real-time monitoring of nitrogen compounds in wastewater treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae have been reported to be excellent producers of bioactive molecules. Lutein is a pigment reported to have various beneficial effects for humans, and especially for eye well-being. In the current review, we summarize various methods that have been developed to optimize its extraction and bioactivities reported for human health. Several protective effects have been reported for lutein, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activity. This review also reports attempts to increase lutein production by microalgae by changing culturing parameters or by using pilot-scale systems. Genetic engineering lutein production is also discussed. Considering the increasing aging of the worldwide population will create an increased need for lutein, a viable economic and eco-sustainable method to produce lutein is needed to face this market demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As known, microalgae are an appealing source of chemicals and high-value compounds which find application in nutraceuticals, cosmetics and pharmaceutics. Fatty acids (FA), in particular, have drawn attention to the possibility of employing them as a source of biodiesel alternatively to fossil fuels. In addition, several lipid derivatives have been found in microalgae and may be employed in several biotechnological applications. Hydroxy fatty acids can be substrates for several industrial applications thanks to their functionalization, which increases their reactivity and, for this reason, can be used as functional building blocks to produce a multitude of bio-based materials. Recently, a promising method for the chemical modification of unsaturated-FAs (U-FA) has appeared. In fact, U-FA may be modified by members of the hydratase enzyme family to produce saturated and unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids with high stereo- and regio-selectivity. These enzymes are able to introduce a water molecule to the double bond present in the free fatty acids (FFA) Oleic Acid (OA), Linoleic Acid (LA), producing 10-hydroxy fatty acids (10-hydroxy-FAs). Furthermore, the carbohydrate component of the microalgal biomass may be converted into furfuryl compounds and, in particular in 5-hydroxyl methyl furfural (5-HMF). This is one of the chemical bio-compound different from petroleum-derived ones with the highest added value and may be obtained through lignocellulosic biomasses or hexoses sugars through acid catalysis. It is defined platform molecule because it is the precursor of several compounds for the chemical industry. In this work, we aimed to optimize a circular bioprocess by performing, starting from the same biomass, two different processes: the biotransformation of microalgal FFAs through the employment of a genetically modified E. coli on one side, and the conversion of the remaining biomass in furfuryl products. The first process allowed the production of very interesting lipid derivatives with biotechnological applications, including 10 hydroxy-stearic acid and 10-hydroxy-octadecenoic acid. The second process was obtained through heterogeneous catalysis based on niobium phosphate. This procedure represents a high-innovative application of microalgal biomass and allows the simultaneous exploitation of FAs and carbohydrates. This may result in an increase in the commercial value of microalgal biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their implications for human health have gained scientific attention to their extraction from biological sources, not being produced by the human body. Most known industrial productions of omega-3 fatty acids often work under operating conditions that may degrade these components and they often use toxic or flammable solvents that can adversely affect human health. In this sense, innovative and interesting prospects are provided by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). In this work, two parallel studies were carried out: an experimental activity in a laboratory apparatus using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and preliminary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, limited to the hydrodynamic aspects of the process. In the experimental apparatus a Sulzer® EX structured packing, made up of corrugated metal gauze sheets, was used as the column filler. The study made it possible to identify the optimal operating conditions leading to an enrichment of the starting mixture in Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), target products. CFD simulations were based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach, suitable to the present complex multiphase system with two phases in close contact (transesterified fish oil and scCO2). The meatus created by the corrugations of the metal gauze was chosen as the calculation domain representative of the system. The computations were performed by the commercial software Ansys Fluent®, which allowed the prediction of the hydrodynamic evolution of the system through transient simulations. CFD predictions were in qualitative agreement with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As well known, microalgae are eukaryotic or procaryotic microorganisms able to photosynthesize, namely transforming inorganic substrates and sun light into organic compounds and chemical energy. They result very promising in treating civil wastewaters thanks to their ability to employ nitrates and phosphates as nutrients (Lima et al., 2019). Autotrophic microalgae are, anyway, not useful in decreasing the organic carbon content of wastewaters, and for this reason, they cooperate with heterotrophic bacteria. The usefulness of microalgae- bacteria consortia in treating wastewaters and the ratio of their inoculum was investigated in a previous work (Lima, 2022a). Contrarily to autotrophic microalgae, mixotrophic microalgae are able to decrease the organic content of the matrix in which they are grown. In this work, we preliminarily investigated the capability of the autochthonous microalga Chlorella sp. CW2 to grow in mixotrophy and decrease the organic content of the artificial wastewater in which they are grown. Several batch cultivations were performed with glucose in different concentrations. Kinetic parameters were obtained and employed to determine the dilution rate (D) ideal for the abatement of glucose from the artificial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Nb2O5 solid catalysts have been prepared to be used for the catalytic dehydration of glucose and sugars from algae Chlorella sp. into added value furans. The glucose transformation gave rise to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Chlorella sp. was used in the same catalytic conditions to be valorised to furans. By preliminary studies we concluded that the algae aqueous suspension needed a previous treatment in the presence of SiO2 pellets to liberate the carbohydrates that in the catalytic reaction in the presence of Nb2O5 materials gave rise 5-HMF and furfural. The best operative conditions and Nb2O5 catalysts were individuated. The most performant Nb2O5 catalyst also showed an excellent reusability without deactivation. The selectivity to furans was related to the acidity of the solid used as catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can employ some inorganic pollutant compounds as nutrients, for example nitrates and phosphates. Traditional wastewater treatment comprises oxidation ponds in which the Activated Sludge performs the oxidation of the organic matter. Microalgae may be well applied in these processes. In this work, we tested the potential of remediation of a mixture of a local microalga, Chlorella sp. Pozzillo, and activated sludge and compared it to controls of only microalga and only activated sludge. We found that the mixture of bacteria and microalgae leads to an improvement in nitrogen removal up to the 83,68%, while phosphorous removal is improved when the autochthonous microalgae are used alone. The abatement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand was of 59,17% when using the microalgae and activated sludge consortium, while it was higher (-76,67%±0) when using the only activated sludge. The biomass was also analysed for its content in lipids and carbohydrates. This information may be useful to assess the best industrial application for the biomass obtained from civil wastewaters remediation process, in accordance with principles of circular economy and waste-to-resources view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are unicellular and photosynthetic microorganisms which grow thanks to inorganic salts, CO2 and light, and find applications in several fields thanks to their variety. The industrial application of microalgae has not often been fully exploited because of a lack of information about how microalgae respond to inputs and to different growth environments. In the present work a model able to predict the microalgae growth in reactors with different geometries was developed. We combined a Monod-like model for the specific growth rate with the Lambert-Beer law of homogeneous light distribution in thick photobioreactors. Kinetic parameters related to the cultivation of the microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana were obtained, for the first time through batch cultivation under different photon flux densities inside a quasi-isoactinic photobioreactor, in order to obtain a practically homogeneous light distribution. The maximum specific growth rate and saturation constant resulted, respectively as µmax = 0.0256 h−1 and Ik = 15.28 µE s−1m−2. These parameters were applied to the model to obtain data on microalgae growth in different geometries. Model simulation results are presented and discussed. Furthermore, biochemical analysis was performed on the biomass obtained at the end of each batch cultivation, grown both under different light intensities and in reactors with different configurations. Results indicated that lipid content increases with increasing average photon flux density. The fatty acid and carotenoids profiles markedly shift when the average light intensity varies: the PUFA content decreases and the SFA content increases when the average light intensity rises, and an accumulation of carotenoids at lower photon flux densities is observed. In conclusion, the model resulted in a useful tool, able to predict the growth of the microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana in reactors with different configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A huge amount of waste oil is produced worldwide. Also substantial amount of virgin oils is available that are interesting candidates for upgrading into syngas. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) can be considered as an aqueous phase reforming process to produce syngas from oils. In this work, a variety of waste and virgin oils were gasified in a continuous down-flow autoclave reactor at supercritical conditions. Experiments were carried out at 430 °C and 660 °C, 25 MPa, with a residence time in the range 103-170 s, in order to investigate gasification and carbon efficiency, hydrogen yield and composition of the produced gas. All the analysed feedstocks were suspended in water at various concentrations before gasification. Pyrolysis bio-oil showed a gasification efficiency of 74 % and 86 % for mixtures with 3 and 10 oil/water wt ratio, respectively. Waste motor oil, suspended in water at a concentration of 1 % wt thanks to the use of surfactants, was successfully gasified with a gasification efficiency of 73 %. Virgin motor oil gasification efficiency higher than 60% had been obtained for both analysed concentrations (5 % wt and 10 % wt of oil). Gasification of rapeseed oil at 5 % wt showed a gasification efficiency close to 88 %. On the contrary, the gasification of sunflower oil at 430 °C showed that this temperature is not high enough to obtain acceptable gasification efficiencies that varied from 20 % to 15 % for concentrations of oil from 2 % wt to 8 % wt, respectively. The analysis of the gas composition, in all the studied cases, showed that the obtained gas stream was rich in H2, CH4 and CO2, with variable quantities of light hydrocarbons (C2H4, C2H6 and C3H8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Passive control devices for combustion noise reduction in gas turbine engines and/or other general flow noises. In this paper, a novel model is proposed for the numerical simulation of noise-attenuating perforated liners. Effusion cooling liners offer the potential of being able to attenuate combustion instabilities in gas turbine engines. However, the acoustic attenuation of a perforated liner is a combination of a number of interacting factors, resulting in the traditional approach of designing perforated combustor liners relying heavily on combustor rig tests. On the other hand, direct computation of thousands of small-scale holes is too expensive to be employed as an engineering design tool. In recognition of this, a novel physical velocity porous media (PVPM) model was recently proposed by the authors as a computationally less demanding approach to represent the acoustic attenuation of perforated liners. The model was previously validated for the normal incidence of a sound wave by comparison with experimental data from impedance tubes. In this paper, the model is further developed for configurations where the noise signal propagates in parallel with the perforated liners, both in the presence and absence of a mean flow. The model is significantly improved and successfully validated within coexisting grazing and bias flow scenarios, with reference to a series of well-recognized experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tracer gas method is one of the common ways to evaluate the air exchange rate in a naturally ventilated barn. One crucial condition for the accuracy of the method is that both considered gases (pollutant and tracer) are perfectly mixed at the points where the measurements are done. In the present study, by means of computational fluids dynamics (CFD), the mixing ratio NH 3 /CO 2 is evaluated inside a barn in order to assess under which flow conditions the common height recommendation guidelines for sampling points (sampling line and sampling net) of the tracer gas method are most valuable. Our CFD model considered a barn with a rectangular layout and four animal-occupied zones modeled as a porous medium representing pressure drop and heat entry from lying and standing cows. We studied three inflow angles and six combinations of air inlet wind speed and temperatures gradients covering the three types of convection, i.e., natural, mixed, and forced. Our results showed that few cases corresponded to a nearly perfect gas mixing ratio at the currently common recommendation of at least a 3 m measurement height, while the best height in fact lied between 1.5 m and 2.5 m for most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was focused on optimising the yield and quality of the biocrude obtained by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Nannochloropsis gaditana. Temperature, reaction time and microalga concentration were the variables used to carry out an experimental factorial design with a central composite design. The responses chosen were the biocrude yield and the nitrogen and oxygen content in the biocrude phase. A second-order model was obtained to predict the responses as a function of these variables. Temperature is the most determining factor with a positive influence on biocrude yield. The maximum biocrude yield (42.3 ± 0.8 wt%) was obtained at 320 °C, 10 min of reaction and 10 wt% microalgae concentration, and the nitrogen and oxygen content significantly decreased with respect to their corresponding levels in the initial microalgal biomass. The HHV value of the biocrude was 35.7 MJ/kg. The biocrude was composed of 30% of linear and branched hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Hyperloop. One of the most restrictive conditions in ground transportation at high speeds is aerodynamic drag. This is even more problematic when running inside a tunnel, where compressible phenomena such as wave propagation, shock waves, or flow blocking can happen. Considering Evacuated-Tube Trains (ETTs) or hyperloops, these effects appear during the whole route, as they always operate in a closed environment. Then, one of the concerns is the size of the tunnel, as it directly affects the cost of the infrastructure. When the tube size decreases with a constant section of the vehicle, the power consumption increases exponentially, as the Kantrowitz limit is surpassed. This can be mitigated when adding a compressor to the vehicle as a means of propulsion. The turbomachinery increases the pressure of part of the air faced by the vehicle, thus delaying the critical conditions on surrounding flow. With tunnels using a blockage ratio of 0.5 or higher, the reported reduction in the power consumption is 70%. Additionally, the induced pressure in front of the capsule became a negligible effect. The analysis of the flow shows that the compressor can remove the shock waves downstream and thus allows operation above the Kantrowitz limit. Actually, for a vehicle speed of 700 km/h, the case without a compressor reaches critical conditions at a blockage ratio of 0.18, which is a tunnel even smaller than those used for High-Speed Rails (0.23). When aerodynamic propulsion is used, sonic Mach numbers are reached above a blockage ratio of 0.5. A direct effect is that cases with turbomachinery can operate in tunnels with blockage ratios even 2.8 times higher than the non-compressor cases, enabling a considerable reduction in the size of the tunnel without affecting the performance. This work, after conducting bibliographic research, presents the geometry, mesh, and setup. Later, results for the flow without compressor are shown. Finally, it is discussed how the addition of the compressor improves the flow behavior and power consumption of the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis accumulates astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant pigment, as a defense mechanism against environmental stresses. In this study, we investigated the technical feasibility of a stress-based method for inducing astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis using electric stimulation in a two-chamber bioelectrochemical system. When a cathodic (reduction) current of 3 mA (voltage: 2 V) was applied to H. pluvialis cells for two days, considerable lysis and breakage of algal cells were observed, possibly owing to the formation of excess reactive oxygen species at the cathode. Conversely, in the absence of cell breakage, the application of anodic (oxidation) current effectively stimulated astaxanthin biosynthesis at a voltage range of 2–6 V, whereas the same could not be induced in the untreated control. At an optimal voltage of 4 V (anodic current: 30 mA), the astaxanthin content in the cells electro-treated for 2 h was 36.9% higher than that in untreated cells. Our findings suggest that electric treatment can be used to improve astaxanthin production in H. pluvialis culture if bioelectrochemical parameters, such as electric strength and duration, are regulated properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale farmers in developing Asian countries have minimal agricultural mechanisms available to them. In the Philippines, postharvest losses in rice production can reach about 36% in the drying process alone. Thus, the inflatable solar dryer (ISD) was developed through the collaboration of the University of Hohenheim, the International Rice Research Institute, and GrainPro Philippines Inc. Although the ISD was successfully tested with different agricultural products, further characterization of the ISD design is required for predicting the drying performance. To this end, the airflow behavior in the ISD was simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) via ANSYS Fluent. Moreover, a thermal model was developed in MATLAB/Simulink by taking into account heat transfer in the heating area and coupled heat and mass transfer within the drying area. Three batches of drying experiments were performed and airflow measurements were taken inside the dryer to validate the models. The MATLAB/Simulink model was further used to predict the drying performance under various weather conditions spanning 10 years. The simulated temperatures and moisture content in the ISD showed high accuracy (mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) < 10%) with the experimental data. The proposed dynamic model provides an efficient computational tool that can be applied to predict the drying performance and to optimize the ISD design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing energy needs have led to soaring fossil fuel consumption, which has caused several environmental problems. These environmental aspects along with the energy demand have motivated the search for new energy systems. In this context, biofuels such as biodiesel have been developing into a substitute for conventional fuels. Microalgae are considered a promising option for biodiesel production due to their high lipid content. Therefore, it is important to analyze the technical aspects of the biodiesel production system. In this work, the inherent safety analysis of three emerging topologies for biodiesel production from microalgae was performed using the inherent safety index (ISI) methodology. Selected topologies include biodiesel production via lipid extraction and transesterification, in-situ transesterification, and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The results revealed that the processes are inherently unsafe achieving total inherent safety index scores of 30, 29, and 36. The main risks in the cases were associated with the chemical safety index. Operating conditions represented no risk for topologies 1 and 2, while for topology 3 pressure and temperature were identified as critical variables. In general, topology 2 showed better performance from a safety perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize energy-saving and efficient industrial grain drying, the present work studied the variable-temperature drying process of corn drying in a novel industrial corn-drying system with a heat recycling and self-adaptive control function. The drying kinetics, thermal performance, heat-loss characteristics and the heat-recycling performance of the drying system under different allocations between flue gas and hot air were investigated, and the optimized drying process was proposed and compared with two constant drying processes. The results showed that the optimized drying process exhibited better drying kinetic and thermal performance than the two constant drying processes. More specifically, the total heat loss, total energy consumption and specific energy consumption of the optimized drying process were ascertained to be 36,132.85 MJ, 48,803.99 MJ and 7290.27 kJ/kg, respectively, which were lower than those of the other two processes. On the other hand, the thermal efficiency of the drying chamber for the optimized drying process was ascertained to be varied within the range of 6.81–41.71%. Overall, the validation results showed that the optimized drying process can significantly improve the drying performance of the drying system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Two-stage finger seal is a novel and revolutionary compliant seal, which has the characteristics of high speed, pressure and temperature capacity, low leakage, low cost, and long life time. It can be used in the secondary flow system of aeroengines. To solve the high leakage and high wear problems faced by sealing devices in aeroengines under the condition of high axial pressure difference, the two-stage finger seal is proposed in this paper. The finite element method and computational fluid dynamics (FEM/CFD) coupling iterative algorithm of the two-stage finger seal is developed and validated. Then the performance advantages of two-stage finger seal compared to the one-stage finger seal are studied, as well as the leakage and the inter-stage pressure drop characteristics of two-stage finger seal are investigated. Finally, the measure to improve the inter-stage imbalance of pressure drop of two-stage finger seal is proposed. The results show that the two-stage finger seal has lower leakage and lower contact pressure than the one-stage finger seal at high axial pressure difference, but there exists an inter-stage imbalance of pressure drop. Increasing the axial pressure difference and the root mean square (RMS) roughness of finger element can aggravate the imbalance of pressure drop, while the radial displacement excitation of rotor has little influence on it. The results also indicate that the inter-stage imbalance of pressure drop of the two-stage finger seal can be improved by increasing the number of finger elements of the 1st finger seal and decreasing the number of finger elements of the 2nd finger seal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability has become one of the most significant considerations in everyday work, including energy production. The fast-growing trend of wind energy around the world has increased the demand for efficient and optimized airfoils, which has paved the way for energy harvesting systems. The present manuscript proposes an aerodynamically optimized design of the well-known existing NREL S809 airfoil for performance enhancement of the blade design for wind turbines. An integrated code, based on a genetic algorithm, is developed to optimize the asymmetric NREL S809 airfoil by class shape transformation (CST) and the parametric section (PARSEC) parameterization method, analyzing its aerodynamic properties and maximizing the lift of the airfoil. The in-house MATLAB code is further incorporated with XFOIL to calculate the coefficient of lift, coefficient of drag and lift-to-drag ratio at angles of attack of 0° and 6.2° by the panel technique and validated with National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) experimental results provided by The Ohio State University (OSU). On the other hand, steady-state CFD analysis is performed on an optimized S809 airfoil using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation with the K–ω shear stress transport (SST) turbulent model and compared with the experimental data. The present method shows that the optimized airfoil by CST is predicted, with an increment of 11.8% and 9.6% for the lift coefficient and lift-to-drag ratio, respectively, and desirable stability parameters obtained for the design of the wind turbine blades. These characteristics significantly improve the overall aerodynamic performance of new optimized airfoils. Finally, the aerodynamically improved results are reported for the design of the NREL Phase II, Phase III and Phase VI HAWT blades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to reduce the costs associated with microalgae cultivation encouraged scientific research into coupling this process with wastewater treatment. Thus, the aim of this work was to assess the growth of Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta) in different effluents from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), namely secondary effluent (SE) and sludge run-off (SR). Assays were performed, under the same conditions, in triplicate with 4 dilution ratios of the wastewaters (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) with the standard culture medium bold basal medium double nitrated (BBM2N) as a control. The capability of C. vulgaris for biomass production, chlorophyll synthesis and nutrients removal in the SE and SR was evaluated. The 25% SE and 25% SR showed increased specific growth rates (0.47 and 0.55 day−1, respectively) and higher biomass yields (8.64 × 107 and 1.95 × 107 cells/mL, respectively). Regarding the chlorophyll content, the 100% SR promoted the highest concentration of this pigment (2378 µg/L). This green microalga was also able to remove 94.8% of total phosphorus of SE, while in 50% SR, 31.2% was removed. Removal of 73.9% and 65.9% of total nitrogen in 50% and 100% SR, respectively, was also observed. C. vulgaris growth can, therefore, be maximized with the addition of municipal effluents, to optimize biomass production, while cleansing the effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive numerical investigation of the uncoupled chemical, thermal, and transport effects of CO2 on the temperature of CH4/O2 counterflow diffusion flame under high pressure up to 5 atm was conducted. Three pairs of artificial species were introduced to distinguish the chemical effect, thermal effect, and the transport effect of CO2 on the flame temperature. The numerical results showed that both the chemical effect and the thermal effect of the CO2 dilution in the oxidizer side can decrease the flame temperature significantly, while the transport effect of CO2 can only slightly increase the flame temperature and can even be ignored. The reduction value of the temperature caused by the chemical effect of CO2 grows linearly, while that caused by the thermal effect increases exponentially. The R P c h e m and R P t h e r m a l are defined to explain the temperature reduction percentage due to the chemical effect and the thermal effect of CO2 in the total temperature reduction caused by CO2 dilution, respectively. The R P c h e m decreases with the increase of the pressure, the strain rate, and the CO2 dilution ratio, while the R P t h e r m a l behaves in the opposite manner. In the above conditions, the chemical effect plays a dominant role on the flame temperature reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The paper presents the application of pressure sensors and the obtained pressure/height profiles next to the generally used soldering temperature profiles for precise control of heat-level type vapour phase reflow soldering ovens in electronics manufacturing. Electronic manufacturing principles are continuously developing, further improving assembly quality and productivity. There is a continuous need to apply novel and improved methods of process monitoring to provide accurate measurement and control during assembling. In this paper, a new principle for monitoring filmwise condensation-based heat-level—vapour phase soldering (HL-VPS) is presented to improve the process control. The experiment is based on thermocouple sensors in fusion with a sensitive gauge type pressure sensor. The aim is to precisely identify the steps of condensation-based reflow heat transfer process with commercially available components and the mindset of possible retrofitting in the generally used HL-VPS soldering ovens. It was found that the gauge sensor can follow the state of the workspace more precisely as the thermocouples, by monitoring the hydrostatic state of the vapour. The pressure (time) function gives information about the build-up of the vapour column, highlighting four characteristic steps (phases) of the process, meaning: immersion of the sample to be soldered, condensation-based heat transfer, solder-break, and cooling. Combined application with thermocouples enables more precise control, improving soldering quality and can reduce idle time of the oven. In addition, it was showed that the gauge type sensors could highlight any failure in the oven sealing by a sensor signal threshold detection. The original concept of workspace identification also fits the present and future industry 4.0 directives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a triple-hole system comprising a primary hole and two sister holes, when the sister holes are positioned slightly downstream of the main hole under steady flow conditions, their jets generate an anti-counter-rotating vortex pair. Vortex interactions between the jets increase the effectiveness of adiabatic film cooling. In this study, a series of large-eddy simulations were conducted to understand how pulsations in the main flow affect film cooling in a triple hole. To understand the effects of pulsations on film cooling performance is important for better cooling design of the gas turbine engines. The numerical simulations were carried out on a flat plate geometry with a triple cylindrical hole system at 35° injection angle. The pulsations were approximately sinusoidal, and their effect on film cooling was investigated at several frequencies (2, 16, and 32 Hz) and Strouhal numbers (Sr = 0.1005, 0.8043, and 1.6085) at an average blowing ratio of 0.5. The results for the triple-hole system were compared with those for a single hole for the same amount of cooling air and the same cross-sectional area of the holes. Increasing the Strouhal number of the main flow decreased η in both systems. However, at each Strouhal number, η was higher in the triple hole. Furthermore, the triple-hole system was found to be better for film cooling than a single-hole system for higher values of the pulsation Strouhal number. Contours of time-averaged film cooling effectiveness and dimensionless temperature, instantaneous film cooling effectiveness contours on a test plate, mean velocity magnitude contours in the hole, and Q-contours for the triple holes under the application of pulsations to the flow were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial lighting may be an interesting opportunity for the cultivation of microalgae as an alternative to natural sunlight. In particular, light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be employed to tailor the lighting to the microalgal culture in a controlled mode in order to create flashing light. In order to establish the effect of the flashing frequency on growth and biochemical composition of a model microalga, a quasi‐isoactinic reactor, in which the light distribution is almost homogeneous, was set up. In this work, it was employed for the cultivation of the heterokont Nannochloropsis gaditana in two growth media with limiting and nonlimiting nutrients. The combined effect of nutrient concentration and flashing frequency on the growth, lipid content, fatty acid content, and pigment content was assessed for the first time. The results indicate that both nutrient concentration and flashing frequency influence the above‐mentioned parameters. In particular, under flashing light conditions, an increase of lipid content and a decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and chlorophyll are observed when nutrients are deficient, while the opposite effects are shown when nutrients are abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]