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Background: Streptococcus mutans is a major contributor to dental caries due to its ability to produce acid and survive in biofilms. Microbial resistance towards common antimicrobial agents like chlorhexidine and triclosan has shifted the research towards antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this context, Toluidine Blue O (TBO) is being explored for its photosensitizing properties against Streptococcus mutans. There is a huge variation in the effective concentration of TBO among the current studies owing to the differences in source of and delivery system TBO as well as the time, power and energy densities of light. Objective: The primary objectives of this study are to encapsulate improved Toluidine Blue O (ITBO) in nanoliposomes (NLITBO), characterize it, and evaluate its antibacterial photosensitizing potential against Streptococcus mutans suspensions in vitro. Method: ITBO was synthesised as per Indian patent (number -543908). NLITBO was prepared using the thin-film hydration method. Dynamic light scattering experiment determined the vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Surface features were characterized by Scanning and Transmission Electron microscopy. ITBO release from NLITBO was assessed using the extrapolation method. The antibacterial activity of the NLITBO was determined by evaluating the zone of inhibition (ZOI) in the Streptococcus mutans culture and comparing with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NLITBO as a photosensitizer with red light (wavelength 650nm, power density 0.1 W/cm2, energy density 9–9.1 J/ cm2, 90seconds time) was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans cells by colorimetric method in 96 well plate. Results: Percentage drug loading, loading efficiency, yield percentage, vesicle size, PDI, Zeta potential of NLTBO was reported as 9.3±0.4%, 84.4±7.6%, 73.5%, 123.52 nm, 0.57, -39.54mV respectively. Clusters of uni-lamellar nanovesicles with smooth non-perforated surfaces were observed in SEM and TEM. The size of the vesicle was within 100 nm. At 24 hours, a cumulative 79.81% of ITBO was released from NLITBO. Mean ZOI and MIC of NLITBO (1 μg /ml) were found to be 0.7±0.2 mm, 0.6μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: We have synthesized and encapsulated improved Toluidine Blue O (ITBO) in nanoliposomes (NLITBO) and thoroughly characterized the formulation. The antibacterial efficacy of NLITBO without light was demonstrated by ZOI which is similar to 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. MIC of NLITBO as a photosensitiser along with the optimal light parameter was also proposed in this study. These findings suggested that NLITBO could serve as an effective alternative to conventional antibacterial treatments in managing Streptococcus mutans rich biofilms. It can have potential pharmaceutical application in oral health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between the recipient area and the graft is one of the key factors in the success of periodontal plastic surgery. This randomized controlled, split-mouth, double-blinded clinical trial aimed to compare the clinical and aesthetic outcomes of epithelialized palatal graft (EPG) and gingival unit graft (GUG) in achieving root coverage in localized (Recession Type 1) RT1 recession defects. Twenty participants with forty bilateral recession defects randomly received EPG or GUG surgical treatment modalities for each of the recession defects. Clinical measurements recorded at baseline and after six months included recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), keratinized tissue width (KTW), and the average width of mesial and distal interdental papilla (aWIDP). There was a statistically significant greater mean root coverage (MRC) percentage at GUG sites (80.68 ± 16.12%) in comparison to EPG sites (71.05 ± 17.23%) (p = 0.01). The treatment satisfaction (p = 0.009) and aesthetic satisfaction (p < 0.001) experienced were significantly better for GUG as compared to EPG. The regression model (R 2 = 0.56) significantly predicted MRC percentage in GUG sites with baseline RD (β = −12.49; p = 0.02) and aWIDP (β = −9.31; p = 0.02). GUG showed a better MRC, aesthetics and increased KTW. Root coverage procedures often need to suffice the dual objective of coverage and aesthetics at the same time. GUG is a simple modification of the conventional EPG that can provide better clinical and aesthetic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current implant therapy is a frequently employed treatment for individuals who have lost teeth, as it offers functional and biological advantages over old prostheses. Concurrently, active exploration of intervention strategies aims to prevent the progression of peri‑implant diseases and manage the existing peri‑implant tissue damage. Indian Society of Periodontology has recognized the need for systematic documents to update the everyday clinical practice of general dental practitioners and has provided evidence‑based consensus documents, namely good clinical practice recommendations from time to time to raise the oral health‑related awareness and standards of oral health‑care delivery across the country. The current clinical practice recommendations focused on peri‑implant care to bridge the gap between academic theory and clinical practice by compiling evidence‑based suggestions for preventing and treating peri‑implant diseases. Twenty‑eight subject experts across the country prepared these recommendations after a thorough literature review and group discussions. The document has been prepared in three sections covering peri‑implant health and maintenance, peri‑implant mucositis, and peri‑implantitis. It will be a quick and concise reference for oral implant practitioners in patient management. The guidelines provide distinct definitions, signs, and symptoms, treatment required; recall visit specifications for plausible clinical case situations, and home‑care recommendations regarding maintaining peri‑implant health. The document advocates combined efforts of oral implant practitioners and the population at large with evidence‑based, integrated, and comprehensive peri‑implant care. By providing accessible, applicable guidance, these guidelines would empower dental professionals to uphold the well‑being of implant patients and ensure the long‑term success of implant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Various studies have been conducted to analyze data via bibliometric analysis in different dentistry, including prosthetic dentistry. However, these studies evaluated the most cited published articles in dentistry. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and evaluate the characteristic development of several mesh keywords in the Journal of Prosthodontics – Implant, Esthetic, and Reconstructive Dentistry between 1992 and 2022. METHODS: The Scopus databases was searched to retrieve the data related to 8 categories, including published articles, most cited documents, authors and organizations, and maximum articles cited during the evaluation period. The data retrieved were exported to a Microsoft Excel sheet and were analyzed using the bibliometrix package. The data were first analyzed for ten years and then for 30 years. The highest of 10 were reported for each category, and co-authorship, reoccurrence, and linked data were also reported. RESULTS: 2603 published documents were recorded from the Scopus databases. Articles comprised 87.9% of the total published work, followed by review articles at 5.46%. The most productive decade was between 2013 and 2022. 3793 terms were used during the evaluation period, with the maximum number in 2003–2012 (2481). A total of 5392 keywords were used during 1992–2022, with the highest number (3232) from 2013 to 2022. A total of 6108 authors were acknowledged, with the maximum number (3964) from 2013 to 2022 and the fewest (767) from 1992 to 2002. Authors from different countries increased from 17 countries in 1992–2002 to 52 countries in 2013–2022 (total = 63 countries). Similarly, the number of organizations increased from 312 organizations in 1992–2002 to 1315 organizations in 2013–2022 (total = 1976 organizations). CONCLUSION: The current bibliometric analysis delivered a comprehensive overview about more spread research topics and its impactful role in contemporary dentistry, especially prosthetic dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally sourced products like propolis are commonly employed for the non-surgical treatment of periodontal pockets. The use of nanoparticle formulations of these natural remedies has the potential to improve treatment outcomes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of sub-gingivally delivered propolis nanoparticles in the non-surgical management of periodontal pockets. Forty patients diagnosed with periodontitis presenting at least one periodontal pocket with a probing pocket depth between 4 and 6 mm were selected. Patients were randomly assigned into the control group (n = 20), which received scaling and root planing (SRP) and saline (SRP + Saline), and the test group (n = 20), which received SRP and sub-gingivally delivered propolis nanoparticles (PRO) into the periodontal pocket (SRP + PRO). The clinical parameters recorded were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), relative attachment loss (RAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and bleeding on probing (BOP). They were assessed at baseline, one month, and three months post therapy. The results indicated that there was a significant improvement in clinical parameters (p < 0.05) in the test sites compared with the control sites at the end of the study. The gingival index at one month and three months was found to be significantly better in the SRP + PRO group than the SRP + Saline group, with a p value of <0.001. The BOP, PPD, and RAL showed significant improvement with the SRP + PRO group at the end of the 3-month follow-up with p values of 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.05, respectively. The subgingival delivery of propolis nanoparticles showed promising results as an adjunct to SRP in patients with periodontitis presenting periodontal pockets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid (HA) gel injection with and without plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) for the management of interdental papillary loss. Methods: A single blinded randomized clinical trial was carried out on 21 subjects with 34 sites. Patients within the age group 18–45 years who had Class I and II papillary recession in the maxillary anterior region were selected. The sites involved were randomly assigned to Group HA alone and Group HA + PRGF. The patients were recalled 4 weeks after receiving supragingival and subgingival instrumentation. HA or HA + PRGF was injected into the defective papilla at baseline and at 3 and 6 weeks. Image based measurements of Papillary Width (PW), Papillary Deficient Height (PDH), Deficient Area (DA), Deficient Volume (DV) were registered at baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. A vernier caliper was used to measure the papillary depth in the impression made using additional silicone impression material pre- and post-intervention. Results: There was a significant improvement in the within-group comparison of PW, PDH, DA and DV in both the groups. Group HA + PRGF showed significantly greater improvement in comparison to Group HA alone in terms of PDH, DA and DV at 6 and 12 weeks. Conclusions: Even though HA gel has already been established as a promising injectable agent in the minimally invasive treatment of interdental papillary deficiency, PRGF may also have a significant adjuvant effect when used along with HA. Further clinical studies with longer follow up duration, larger sample size and standardization of the tooth shape are required for a better understanding of the adjuvant effect of PRGF when used along with HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral health is vital for the general well-being, overall body health and the quality of life throughout our lifetime. Most of the oral diseases and conditions are largely related to the maintenance of oral hygiene, lacking that people suffer from diverse oral diseases at different times in their life. With greater life expectancy, the individuals have teeth involved with periodontal diseases that would not only require professional care but also home gum care for them to last a lifetime. Indian Society of Periodontology (ISP) has recognized the need for systematic documents to update everyday clinical practice of general dental practitioners and have provided evidence-based consensus documents, namely good clinical practice recommendations from time to time to raise the oral health-related awareness and standards of oral healthcare delivery across the country. The current set of clinical practice recommendations focused to "Gum Care for All", is aimed at emphasizing and enhancing the awareness regarding oral health promotion, maintenance, and disease prevention. Twenty-five subject matter experts from across the nation, prepared these recommendations after a thorough literature review and group discussions. The document has been prepared in three distinct sections, namely pretherapeutic, therapeutic, and post therapeutic, to provide guidance during the respective phases of patient management and may serve as a quick and concise reference to the readers. The guidelines shall provide the distinct definitions, signs and symptoms, treatment required; recall visit specifications for plausible clinical case situations, home care advice regarding maintenance of oral hygiene including information on brushing technique, care and change of brush, use of interdental aids, and mouthwashes, etc. The document should advocate and guide the combined efforts of general dentists, and the population at large toward an empowered, evidence based, integrated, and comprehensive oral health care, which shall enhance the healthful functioning and longevity of the dentition and general health of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a rising concern in clinical dentistry that causes pain and discomfort and negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Indian Society of Periodontology conducted a nationwide survey, involving 3000 dentists in December 2020, which revealed significant knowledge gaps regarding DH, viz., under-diagnosis, incorrect differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies/recommendations for the management of DH patients in daily clinical practice. The current paper has been envisioned and conceptualized to update the practicing Indian dentists regarding the so-called enigma of dentistry "Dentin Hypersensitivity," based on the best available contemporary evidence. An expert panel was constituted comprising 30 subject experts from across the country, which after extensive literature review and group discussions formulated these recommendations. The panel advocated routine screening of all dentate patients for exposed dentin areas and DH to avoid under-diagnosis of the condition and suggested an early preventive management. Consensus guidelines/recommendations for the use of desensitizing agents (DAs) at home, including the use of herbal agents, are also provided within the backdrop of the Indian context. The guidelines recommend that active management of DH shall be accomplished by a combination of at home and in-office therapies, starting with the simplest and cost-effective home use of desensitizing toothpastes. A diagnostic decision tree and a flowchart for application in daily practice are designed to manage the patients suffering from DH or presenting with exposed dentin areas in dentition. Various treatment methods to manage DH have been discussed in the paper, including the insights from previously published treatment guidelines. Further, a novel system of classification of DH patients based on specific case definitions has been developed for the first time. Explicit charts regarding the available treatment options and the chronology of institution of the agent, for the management in different case categories of DH, have been provided for quick reference. The management strategy takes into account a decision algorithm based on hierarchy of complexity of treatment options and intends to improve the quality of life of the patient by long-term maintenance with an innovatively defined triple C's or 3Cs approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of periodontal disease on self-esteem and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in women. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 522 women (mean age − 38.92 ± 14.3 years). Oral hygiene status, plaque level, gingival inflammation, probing depth, and periodontal status were assessed. The self-esteem was assessed using a Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and the OHRQoL was measured using a 14-item oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire. Results: Younger, employed women with higher income had significantly better OHRQoL and self-esteem. Women with healthy periodontium had better OHRQoL. Probing depth and community periodontal index scores were found to have a significant positive correlation with most of the sub-scale items and total OHIP-14 score in women with low self-esteem. Women with good OHRQoL and normal self-esteem were seen to be maintaining significantly better oral hygiene. No such statistically significant difference was observed in women with low self-esteem. Multiple regression analysis for the prediction of OHIP-14 score indicated that the best model included probing depth as the only statistically significant predictor (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Periodontal disease has a significant negative impact on self-esteem and OHRQoL in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adjunctive use of GTR membranes helps us to achieve predictable periodontal regeneration. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate and compare the treatment efficacy of resorbable versus non-resorbable barrier membranes used in guided tissue regeneration in the treatment of intrabony defects in chronic periodontitis patients. The following databases were searched: Medline, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails (CENTRAL), SCOPUS, EMBASE. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published in English languages over the past 25 years were included. The primary outcomes assessed were: change of probing pocket depth (PD), change in clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival recession coverage (GRC), and intrabony defect fill (IBDF). A total of eight RCTs were included for systematic review. The outcome of GR at a six-month interval revealed a significant difference in treatment effect with a mean difference of 0.42, 95% CI [0.02, 0.81]; Z = 2.09, (p = 0.04) favouring the resorbable membrane group. The intrabony defect depth fill at a 12-month interval revealed a significant difference in treatment effect with MD of 0.79, p = 0.00001; favoring the resorbable membrane group. The resorbable membrane showed a significant improvement in gingival recession coverage and intrabony defect fill, owing to its advantage of avoiding the second surgical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a commonly prevailing condition that goes undetected in clinical settings. Both abdominal obesity and periodontal disease have a bearing on mental health and have an impact on the quality of life.Objective: To assess the level of clinical depression in abdominally obese subjects with periodontal disease.Methods: Two hundred and ten subjects with a mean age of 37.45 ± 9.59 years (males = 117; females = 93) were grouped as per their abdominal obesity and periodontal status and assessed for their clinical depression levels (mental health) using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Collected data were analysed.Results: The clinical depression score significantly varied in subjects with different periodontal status in both non-obese (F (2,102) = 113.66, P < 0.0001) and abdominally obese subjects (F (2,102) = 132.04, P < 0.001). Significantly higher depression score was demonstrated in healthy (P < 0.001), gingivitis (P < 0.001), and periodontitis (P < 0.001) groups in abdominally obese subjects.Conclusion: Clinical depression is significantly associated with abdominal obesity and periodontal disease in subjects with abdominal obesity and severe periodontal disease demonstrating higher depression scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio‐mimicked GTR/GBR membranes with hierarchical structured surfaces were developed by direct and indirect replication of teak leaf surface. The membranes were fabricated using solvent casting method with customized templates. The surfaces obtained were those with micro‐trichomes (MTS) and micro‐depression (MDS) that resembled a whorling pattern. Structural details of the fabricated membrane surfaces were studied under stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. Surface roughness, water wetting angle, water uptake, and degradation properties of the membranes were examined. The effects of the micro‐patterned hierarchical structure on in vitro bioactivities of human osteoblast‐like cells (MG63) and human gingival fibroblast cells HGF1‐RT1 were studied. In vivo study carried out on rat skulls to assess the response of surrounding tissues for 4 weeks showed that the bio‐mimicked MTS and MDS membrane surfaces enhanced the cell proliferation. The proliferation significantly increased with increasing surface roughness and decreasing contact angle. There was also an evidence of rapid new bone maturation with membranes with MTS. It is thus suggested that the teak leaf mimicked whorling patterned hierarchical structured surface is an important design for enhancing bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Task scheduling is essential to enhance the performance of large scale collaborative and distributed e‐business and e‐science applications. A typical such application comprises multiple communicating tasks to be executed on virtualized resources also called as virtual machines (VMs). However, scheduling multiple tasks to VMs is non‐trivial and is proven to be NP‐Complete. The primary agenda of any scheduling technique is to reduce the makespan, which reflects the completion time of the exit task. Focusing on makespan reduction for scheduling multiple tasks across heterogeneous VMs, in this paper, we propose a model called H3CSA based on a meta‐heuristic crow search algorithm (CSA). In order to assess the performance of H3CSA, its performance is compared with baselines such as HEFT‐B, HEFT‐T, HEFT‐L, a genetic algorithm based technique (N‐GA) and particle swarm optimization based technique (PPSO). Simulation results show improved performance of H3CSA with respect to N‐GA and PPSO for smaller applications. However, considering sizeable applications H3CSA shows comparable performance with respect to N‐GA and improved results for PPSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes have been claimed to be associated with conflicting reports. The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine the association between maternal periodontal status, oral inflammatory load and serum C- reactive protein (CRP) level, and infant birth weight.Methods: A total of 156 pregnant women (age 26.62 ± 3.93 years) within the gestational age group of 13 to 32 weeks participated in this cross-sectional study. Oral inflammatory load (OIL) was assessed in a salivary rinse sample using fluorescence microscopy. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded and serum C-reactive protein level (CRP) was assessed. Participants were followed till delivery, details of parturition and infant birth weight (IBW) was recorded.Results: OIL was significantly more in participants with mild and moderate periodontitis as compared to those with gingivitis in mid and late stages of pregnancy. Periodontal and systemic inflammatory parameters were positively correlated. A significant negative correlation was found between IBW and OIL (P = 0.006) and serum CRP (P < 0.001). The GI score (P = 0.039), BOP% (P = 0.023), serum CRP level (P < 0.001) and oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (oPMN) count (P < 0.001) was significantly more in mothers delivering babies with low IBW. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that only oPMN (β = - 0.244, P = 0.021) and serum CRP (β = - 0.226, P = 0.019) were included in the best model (R2  = 0.12, F(3,152) = 7.15, P < 0.001) for significantly predicting the infant birth weight.Conclusions: Poor maternal periodontal status, increased oral inflammatory load and increased systemic inflammation have an adverse effect on infant birth weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aberrant frenum is usually managed by a common periodontal plastic surgical procedure called frenectomy to create a zone of attached gingiva. This surgical approach may often lead to loss of interdental papilla creating unacceptable esthetic results in the maxillary incisor region. Thus this case reported frenectomy combined with a laterally positioned flap which was a better approach to achieve primary closure. And the lateral pedicle sutured in midline provided better and faster healing with excellent esthetic results. The esthetic results were far more superior then the classical frenectomy technique with a considerable gain in attached gingiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of teeth leads to loss of alveolar bone in several patterns. The bone loss can occur in a horizontal or vertical direction or a combination of both. Horizontal ridge width deficiency possesses a challenge for the clinician to obtain primary stability during loading and there is risk of fracture of bone segment. Therefore different techniques have been described to gain the ridge width. One of the techniques used is ridge split technique which was first described by Simion et al in 1992. It is a technique of bone manipulation in such a way that it becomes a site for implant placement without removing any bone. Various types of techniques like 3 staged approach, one staged approach etc are described for various sites and situation that help in obtaining an adequate width for loading. This article specifically deals with the different types of ridge split techniques and its description in a simplified manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the anti-plaque, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Myrrh oil as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of gingival inflammation. Materials and Methods: Subjects with moderate to severe gingivitis were recruited for this parallel arm, double blind randomized controlled trial. All subjects underwent SRP at baseline and were randomly divided into Group A (placebo control) and Group B (Myrrh oil). Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and microbiological analysis was carried out at baseline, 48 hrs and 1week interval Results: Thirty subjects completed the study. Myrrh oil showed anti-inflammatory and antibacterial efficacy. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to plaque score at baseline (p=0.25), after 48 hours (p=0.16) and after 1 week (p=0.37). There was a significantly lower gingival inflammation (p=0.02) recorded in the Myrrh oil group after 48 hrs. A greater reduction in inflammation from baseline at 48hrs was observed, although there was no statistically significant difference in gingival inflammation between the groups after1 week (p=0.39). A significantly greater number of fields were observed with score 1 and lesser number of fields with 2 for gram +ve (p<0.001) and gram –ve (p=0.002) bacteria in Myrrh Oil group indicating overall lesser gram +ve and Gram –ve bacterial count in comparison to commercially available Myrrh oil. No adverse effects were reported by any subject. Conclusion: Myrrh oil when used as an adjunct with scaling and root planning significantly reduced the gingival inflammation in 48 hrs and gram-ve bacteria after 1 week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal diseases are the inflammatory disorders mostly include gingivitis and Periodontitis, which further leads to tooth loss. Now-a-days periodontal disorders become the most common disease worldwide. Though it is of microbial origin, the destruction mostly depends upon the host response. This article concentrates on the essentials and importance of immunology in periodontal diseases. Significant aspects like immunity, cell of the immune system, Major histocompatibility complex system and Human leukocyte antigen system, participation of the inflammatory cells in the development of the disease, release of chemokines, cytokines, molecular biology etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is to provide a review of the challenges that are often faced in conventional surgery and how magnification has become an integral part of modern dentistry. The objective is to incorporate magnification for a minimally invasive periodontal microsurgery. This procedure requires clinical expertise and training. Different procedures ranging from GTR, crown-lengthening and root coverage to implantology and many diagnostic procedures are aided by periodontal microsurgery. In this challenging new era of technology, it claims to give more predictable therapeutic results with rapid healing and also improved cosmetic results whereas in other hands conventional surgery provides less visual acuity, delay in healing along with ergonomic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic periodontitis has been the principal cause behind the irreparable destruction of the periodontium. In the field of surgical periodontal therapy, regeneration of damaged tissues by utilizing our body's naturally produced growth factors along with various other biomaterials either synthetically formulated or animally derived has piqued the attention of the dental practitioner. The human body has a natural capacity and potency of regenerating the lost tissue up to an extent; this characteristic is tapped in the regenerative therapy. Presently this therapy is bounded by the limited research and knowledge on the materials that can be used, instruments that are required for a successful procedure and method devised to gain desired outcomes presently available and the body's natural capability for regeneration. Tissue engineering use of stem cell, gene therapy and research on various aspects of regenerative therapy, has produced predicted results in exciting new treatment method for clinicians shortly. Traditional treatment modalities like mechanical instrumentation, curettage and open flap debridement result in keeping the inflammation in check and long junctional epithelium formation which leads to only periodontal repair and not regeneration. Many practitioners frequently use a combined method of putting both barrier membrane and bone grafts to curb the limitations posed by the down growth of epithelium and sagging of the non-rigid barrier used to maintain the grafts in place. This has led to enhanced interest in the Hence, there has been increased attention in the treatment of chronic diseases of the periodontium further elevating the quality of life of the patients. This review article aims to review diverse obtainable bio-materials, scaffolds, barriers and osseous grafts along with the plethora of procedures applied in periodontal regenerative therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is most predominantly marked and plays a vital burden in dental health as well as in systemic health. It starts from a phase of swelling on supporting structures of tooth thereafter proceeds, destruction of tissues up till damage to tooth arises. Reconstruction of defective supporting tissues in periodontium inclusive of cementum, pdl and alveolar bone is a challenging objective in periodontal regeneration therapy that can adequately diminish periodontitis caused tooth loss. In the regeneration of tooth and their supporting structures that are gone or damaged due to periodontal disease, stem cells perform an essential character. Here we talk about the primary information based on periodontal tissue regeneration using mesenchymal mother cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraoperative or postoperative bleeding during any periodontal surgical procedure can to some serious complications. Difficulties related to bleeding can be seen in both healthy individuals as well as bleeding disorder patients, any systemic complications and patients under anticoagulant drug therapy. Having a clear perspective about the preventive measures to be taken to control the profuse bleeding is a must for a practitioner. The purpose of the literature review is to discuss the administration of different types of hemostatic agents available for controlling bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verruciform xanthoma can be described as a rare, benign lesion. It can be classified as a papillary, asymptomatic or sessile. it can be well-demarcated from the adjacent tissue and can be seen frequently in the alveolar mucosa and gingiva. The salient histopathological feature is the abundance of foam cells (xanthoma cells) along with macrophages present in the soft papillary tissue. 1 The exact etiopathogenesis is still unknown, but the causative agents can be local factors like viral infections or trauma that have been suggested by hypothesis. Therefore this case report aims to present a case of verruciform xanthoma located in the marginal gingiva (lingual aspect) and describe the clinical features and histopathological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a desired osseointegration to take place, implant stability plays an expository role. Hence to achieve a functional dental implant, successful osseointegration is a necessity. The two major factors affect the survival of implants that is the stability of the implant during placement and the event of osseointegration. Two separate phases determine the stability of implant: Primary implant stability as well as secondary implant stability. Mechanical grip withthe cortical bone determines the primary stability whereas Secondary stability is due to regeneration as well asremodelling of the surrounding bone and surrounding tissue around the implant after loading. Implant stability is a mechanical phenomenon which is in association with local factors such as quality of bone, type of placement technique used, quantity and the type of implant used. It is considered highly advisable for implementation of a user-friendly, non-invasive, clinically reliable method to assess the stability of the implant and the osseointegration process. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) is one of the method thats how almost perfect consistency after statistical analysis. Therefore, the focus of this currentre view article is particularly on presently used RFA method which are highly followed in the current times to elicit oral implant stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Background: Presence of intact interdental papilla is considered as an essential component of health and esthetics. Interdental papilla loss or "black triangles" results in food retention, phonetic problems and unaesthetic appearance especially in maxillary anterior regions but there are very few studies reporting the prevalence of this condition. Aim: To assess the prevalence of anterior interdental papillary loss among young adults in Bhubaneswar. Materials and Method: A total of 483 patients were screened and 157 patients met the inclusion and were assessed for papilla loss parameters (Norland & Tarnow and Jemt Classification).All these patients underwent oral prophylaxis and then clinical photographs were taken. Results: High frequency of papillary loss was seen in males (62.4%) compared to females (37.6%). Papillary loss was commonly seen in midline (51.0%) than in laterals(49.0%). Jemt Grade 2 (43.3%)and Nordland and Tarnow Class I(43.3%) papillary recession was more commonly seen. Conclusion: There is higher prevalence of papilla loss in the midline region of maxillary anteriors presenting half or more of the height of the papilla [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco use is a global menace and leading cause of cancers and death. Tobacco cessation strategies are being formulated world over to curb this problem. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) such as chewing gum, patches and inhaler and drugs like Bupropion have shown some success in smoking cessation rates in the short and long terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthodontic therapy is a combination of process which is related to move the malalligned teeth by correcting its position. There have been many dental cases where orthodontic tooth movement is assisted by periodontal therapy and also the periodontal condition is improved by orthodontic therapy. This interdisciplinary approach is a symbiotic relation between the two. This review highlights the various orthodontic therapies requiring periodontal therapy for better outcome and vice-versa. Harmonious cooperation between the periodontist and orthodontist would provide satisfactory outcome for the combined orthodontic periodontal problems. The knowledge of this approach in the field of dentistry would help clinicians' decide a better outcome in patient's favour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Waterlase™ is a trailblazing tool for dentists which is an amalgamation of laser energy and water. This process is known as Hydro Photonics. This tool is proficient to perform many conventional dental procedures with less need for anesthesia. Hard and soft tissue can be cut using Waterlase without applying heat, vibration or pressure. The dental operator may easily carry out the procedure in the absence of anesthesia. Waterlase laser decreases post-operative bleeding, pain and swelling and the need for pain medication in many cases. It has been used for a variety of therapies such as hard and soft tissue procedures including caries removal, cavity preparation, endodontic therapy, designing and correcting smile, frenectomy, gingival excision, gingivoplasty, curettage, vestibular deepening, operculum excision, crown lengthening, flap surgery, and osseous surgical procedures, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival recession may not only result in aesthetically unacceptable results but also be associated with increased susceptibility to root caries and dentinal hypersensitivity. A novel technique for recession coverage by using a modified semilunar advanced flap technique with connective tissue graft is described. The technique involves placing of connective tissue graft underneath a semilunar incision which is made parallel to the free gingival margin of the facial tissue and its advancement over the denuded root. This technique has the advantage over conventional semilunar flap, in that benefit of connective tissue graft is combined for improved prognosis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival recession (GR) is a condition in which there is an apical shift of gingival margin leading to exposure of root surface. On exposure of root surface, there will be root sensitivity, pain, root caries, poor aesthetic, and ultimately tooth loss. There are various techniques used to treat gingival recession. In this case report, a laterally positioned pedicle graft technique was used to treat gingival recession. A 37-year-old male came to the Department of Periodontics, with a chief complaint of sensitivity in lower left front teeth regions. On clinical examination, there was Miller Class III in 33 with the presence of generalized mild plaque and calculus. It was planned for phase I therapy followed by phase II therapy. So scaling and root planing was performed to reduce inflammation and after 4 weeks, lateral positioned pedicle graft technique was done under infiltration local anesthesia. The subject was instructed to maintain oral hygiene. After 2 months, it was found significant coverage of root with keratinized gingiva. He was very satisfied with the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host modulation therapy involves a wide array of therapeutic strategies directed towards modulation of host factors in order to prevent the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. Host modulation is one of the non-surgical periodontal therapeutic approaches employed nowadays as better compliance is often seen among the patients. These strategies are basically aiming at reduction of inflammatory mediators or inhibition of destructive enzymes etc. These approaches are much popular in recent times and employ various therapeutics to attain the same. This review enlists the various strategies and approaches in modulating the host for prevention of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an established fact that dental plaque as a biofilm is responsible for various types of gingival and periodontal diseases. It is a multifactorial disease in which one of the important components is the host defense mechanism. Through many years of research, it has now been established that the bacteria alone are not sufficient to cause the disease, it's only when they evade the host defense, and in the course of protecting the host, its immune system acts against the tissues resulting in native periodontal tissue damage. This review tries to gain insight into the complex immune mechanisms which take place during the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin A is considered as one of the essential micronutrients which are extensively associated with chemopreventive and therapeutic modalities. Carcinogenesis is a complex disease where environmental and genetic factors act as a predisposing cause bringing about alterations in the overall cell microstructure. Possible role of Retinoid, which is a form of Vitamin A, has been recognized in suppressing breast cancer, lung carcinoma, cancer of the colon, prostate cancer, blood cancers and to some extent the cancers of the oral cavity. Retinoid is known to act through RAR/RXR receptors to form ligands and thereby affect the transcription process and controls angiogenesis, abnormal proliferation, and metastasis. Some varieties of leukemia have shown better results with Retinoid therapy. However its role in oral premalignant and malignant lesions are not much known. This review discusses the physiologic, epigenetic and molecular role of Retinoids in lesions of the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aesthetics play a crucial role in enhancing the outlook and self-assurance of a person.Loss of interdental papilla which occurs in the anterior maxillary region, usually known as the "black triangle" is one of the demanding missions to take in hand as it requires precise and meticulous handling of tissues in the interdental area thereby posing a great challenge inperiodontal plastic surgical procedures. Various non-surgical and surgical techniques have been recommended with varied success rates for its management. The present case report presents a tunnel technique for interdental papillary reconstruction procedure using platelet-rich fibrin and amniotic membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this split mouth, double blinded, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of use of Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontal pockets. Twenty six patients (15 males, 11 females) diagnosed with generalized periodontitis with Pocket Depth > 5mm and plaque index score < 1.5, were randomly allocated by using computer generated random sequence, into two groups, one treated with intra-pocket application of PRGF adjunct to SRP and other with SRP alone. The clinical outcomes like pocket depth (PD), relative attachment level (RAL) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) were assessed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Twenty two patients (44 sites) were analyzed at the end of 6 month follow-up, using SPSS 20.0v software. There was a significant statistical difference observed between both the groups favouring SRP +PRGF group in terms of PD (p = 0.007) and RAL (p = 0.021) at the end of 6 month follow-up. Also there was a statistical significant difference (< 0.001) at all time points compared to baseline, for all parameters in intra-group comparison. Moreover, the sites with PD>4mm necessitating further treatment after 6-month follow-up were significantly lesser for SRP+PRGF group. The use of PRGF technology in non-surgical periodontal therapy, by single intra-pocket application in to periodontal pockets as an adjunct to SRP, in chronic periodontitis patients, was found to be effective in reduction of pocket depth and gain in clinical attachment level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine) is a substance secreted by different organs in vertebrates. Adding up to in performance a part in the circadian cycle of the body, melatonin also plays a significant role as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatoryspecial effects on human tissues. Melatonin has been playing a very significant role in the dentistry in various roles. Apart from this melatonin also plays a very powerful and a significant role in Oral implant dentistry.Furthermore,melatonin has been observed to improve osseointegration and bone regeneration. Topical management of melatonin has a helpful effect on periodontal health and osseointegration and also promotes the curing of tooth extractionsockets by impeding the progression of resorption of bone. It also helps in suppressing the peri-implant microflora too. Melatonin positive regulation of bone formation and homeostasis, in combinationwith the inhibitory effects on bone resorption, highlights the potential use of melatonin as a marker of periodontal and periimplant bone-related diseases. Hence this review is to critically evaluateand summarize the effects of melatonin in the bone metabolism, bone repair and healing till the osseointegration in the field of Implant dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin, an endogenous hormone, is a wonderful tool in the field of dentistry. It has got myriad qualities which can be used in every branch of dentistry. It is basically a night hormone, playing a component in the circadian sequence of the body. But it has been observed that it has got true potential when incorporated in dentistry. Apart from the treatment part, it can also be used to neutralize the toxicity part from the restorative materials used in dentistry. Right from the oral ulcer to the treatment of oral cancer, melatonin can be of utmost importance in the implant dentistry, extensively. The aim of this review is to decisively analyze and review by focusing on the capability of melatonin in the field of dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]