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Grammatical redundancy is a widespread feature across languages. Although redundant cues can be seen to increase the complexity and processing burden of structures, it has been suggested that they can assist language acquisition. Here, we explored if this learning benefit can be observed from the very initial stages of second language (L2) acquisition and whether the effect of redundancy is modulated by the perceptual salience of the redundant linguistic cues. Across two experiments, three groups of adult native speakers of English were incidentally exposed to three different artificial languages; one that had a fixed word order, Verb-Object-Subject, and two in which thematic role assignment was additionally determined by a low-salient (Experiment 1) or a high-salient (Experiment 2) redundant case marker. While all groups managed to learn the novel language, our results pointed towards a hindering role of redundancy, with participants in the non-redundant condition achieving greater learning outcomes compared to those in both redundant conditions. Results also revealed that this impeding effect of redundancy on L2 learners can be attenuated by the salience of the redundant cue (Experiment 2). In conjunction with earlier findings, the present results suggest that the effect of redundancy on L2 acquisition can be differentially manifested depending on the stage of L2 development, learners' first language biases and age., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Kenanidis, Llompart, Santos and Dąbrowska.)

The low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet administered to growing rats soon after weaning, for 15 days, promoted an increase in energy expenditure by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in interscapular brown adipose tissue, and also due to the occurrence of the browning process in the perirenal white adipose tissue (periWAT). However, we believe that inguinal white adipose tissue (ingWAT) may also contribute to energy expenditure through other mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the presence of the futile creatine cycle, and the origin of lipids in ingWAT, since that tissue showed an increase in the lipids content in rats submitted to the LPHC diet for 15 days. We observed increases in creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase activity in ingWAT, of the LPHC animals. The mitochondrial Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized ratio is lower in ingWAT of LPHC animals. In the LPHC animals treated with β-guanidinopropionic acid, the extracellular uptake of creatine in ingWAT was lower, as was the rectal temperature. Regarding lipid metabolism, we observed that in ingWAT, lipolysis in vitro when stimulated with noradrenaline is lower, and there were no changes in baseline levels. In addition, increases in the activity of enzymes were also observed: malic, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ATP-citrate lyase, in addition to an increase in the PPARγ content. The results show the occurrence of the futile creatine cycle in ingWAT, and that the increase in the relative mass may be due to an increase in de novo fatty acid synthesis., (© 2024 AOCS.)

The current case study focuses on the Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - a region at risk from petroleum sector pollution. By mapping 981.5 km of coastline and classifying it in 10 oil sensitivity indices, we integrated biotic resources, socioeconomic attributes, and geoenvironmental diversity into a georeferenced database. Results reveal a high oil sensitivity of the bay, with approximately 89 % of the mapped coast scoring ESI 8 and ESI 10. These scores comprise, respectively, estuarine and solid substrate habitats that are sheltered from wave action. Notably, numerous manufacturing and oil handling plants, along with intensive urbanization, also contribute to the bay's oil sensitivity. Additionally, the rich biotic diversity in the study area, particularly in protected areas housing 79 conservation units, further amplifies its environmental vulnerability. This study aims to serve as a reference for detailed ESI mapping of coastal areas in tropical rainy zones with significant environmental diversity, industrial development, and a dense population., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study investigates the effects of CO 2 curing on oriented cement-bonded boards. The boards comprised 35% and 45% (by mass) of strand-type particles of Eucalyptus spp. (8 × 2 × 0.1 cm) and 65% and 55% (by mass) of early high-strength Portland cement. To fabricate the boards, three layers of strands were arranged perpendicular to the previous layer, aiming for a target density of 1250 kg/m 3 , and the dimensions of the boards were 40 × 40 × 1 cm. The oriented cement-bonded boards underwent three different curing conditions: control, CO 2 curing for 6 h, and 12 h, followed by curing in a saturated environment until the 28th day. The results indicated that CO 2 curing increased the CaCO 3 content in the boards, particularly when the curing period was longer (12 h). The physical and mechanical performance of the CO 2 -cured boards surpassed that of the control boards, with the modulus of rupture (MOR) increasing by 80% (6 h) and 84% (12 h) compared to the control. Scanning electron microscope investigations revealed that CO 2 curing produced a denser matrix, leading to an improved bond between the strands and the matrix, resulting in enhanced technical performance. Based on these findings, this study suggests that CO 2 curing can enhance the physical and mechanical properties of oriented cement-bonded boards, and a longer curing time (12 h) yielded superior performance., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The aging effects on circadian rhythms have diverse implications including changes in the pattern of rhythmic expressions, such as a wide fragmentation of the rhythm of rest-activity and decrease in amplitude of activity regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The study of blue light on biological aspects has received great current interest due, among some aspects, to its positive effects on psychiatric disorders in humans. This study aims to evaluate the effect of blue light therapy on the SCN functional aspects, through the evaluation of the rest-activity rhythm, in aging rats. For this, 33 sixteen-months-old male Wistar rats underwent continuous records of locomotor activity and were exposed to periods of 6 hours of blue light during the first half of the light phase (Zeitgeber times 0-6) for 14 days. After this, the rats were maintained at 12h:12h light:dark cycle to check the long-term effect of blue light for 14 days. Blue light repeated exposure showed positive effects on the rhythmic variables of locomotor activity in aged rats, particularly the increase in amplitude, elevation of rhythmic robustness, phase advance in acrophase, and greater consolidation of the resting phase. This effect depends on the presence of daily blue light exposure. In conclusion, our results indicate that blue light is a reliable therapy to reduce circadian dysfunctions in aged rats, but other studies assessing how blue light modulates the neural components to modulate this response are still needed., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Systematic reviews of intervention studies are used to support treatment recommendations. The aim of this study was to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of systematic reviews of intervention studies in in the field of periodontology using AMSTAR 2 and ROBIS., Material and Methods: Systematic reviews of randomized and non-randomized clinical trials, published between 2019 and 2020, were searched at MedLine, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, LILACS with no language restrictions between October 2019 to October 2020. Additionally, grey literature and hand search was performed. Paired independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality and risk of bias through the AMSTAR 2 and ROBIS tools., Results: One hundred twenty-seven reviews were included. According to AMSTAR 2, the methodological quality was mainly critically low (64.6%) and low (24.4%), followed by moderate (0.8%) and high (10.2%). According to ROBIS, 90.6% were at high risk of bias, followed by 7.1% low, and 2.4% unclear risk of bias. The risk of bias decreased with the increased in the impact factor of the journal., Conclusions: Current systematic reviews of intervention studies in periodontics were classified as low or critically low methodological quality and high risk of bias. Both tools led to similar conclusions. Better adherence to established reporting guidelines and stricter research practices when conducting systematic reviews are needed. Key words: Bias, evidence-based dentistry, methods, periodontics, systematic review., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding authorship, execution and publication of the present study., (Copyright: © 2023 Medicina Oral S.L.)

Background & Aims: Hypovitaminosis D currently represents a public health problem and is related to the emergence of chronic diseases. Furthermore, this vitamin deficiency has been associated with pregnancy complications, and it can also influence newborn's growth and development. The purpose of this review is to understand the effects of vitamin D nutritional status on women during pregnancy, as well as its impact on newborn's health., Methods: Review of observational studies, published between 2020 and 2021. The research was carried out in the following databases: Pubmed and SciELO. The search terms used to select the articles were: vitamin D, 25(OH)D, serum levels, pregnancy, lactation, gene expression, maternal results, complications, pre-eclampsia, obesity, gestational diabetes, and children. As inclusion criteria, were considered observational studies that addressed the topic and answered the review aims., Results: 52 articles were identified and at the end of the selection process, 19 articles were considered, in which they met all the established eligibility criteria. According to the findings in this review, hypovitaminosis D is related to gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia and gestational weight gain, changes in laboratory parameters as well as outcomes in newborns., Conclusions: Hypovitaminosis D can adversely influence pregnancy and newborn's health, evidencing the need to assess the nutritional status of vitamin D, as well as the existence, or not, of a clinic during pregnancy. It is important that new scientific evidence is published to support this hypothesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we have demonstrated, for the first time, the muscular protective effects of Piranhea trifoliata bark extract against Paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure of D. melanogaster (Canton Special) to PQ caused oxidative stress, as evidenced by protein carbonyl and elevated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity levels. However, a diet supplemented with the P. trifoliata extracts (0.1 mg/ml) for 10 days ameliorates protein carbonyl levels and enzymatic activities of AChE and citrate synthase to prevent PQ damage. Also, P. trifoliata bark extracts showed in phytochemical assays the presence of phenols, at 46.06 mg EAG/g extract of total phenolic compounds, and a 40% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging effect. The study showed the muscular protective function of the P. trifoliata extracts in D. melanogaster exposed to PQ. On the basis of the results, we contemplate that the bark of P. trifoliata might prevent and ameliorate human diseases caused by oxidative stress. The muscular action of the P. trifoliata extract can be attributed to the antioxidant constituents, while the precise mechanism of its action needs further investigation., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The mammalian retina captures a multitude of diverse features from the external environment and conveys them via the optic nerve to a myriad of retinorecipient nuclei. Understanding how retinal signals act in distinct brain functions is one of the most central and established goals of neuroscience. Using the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ), a monkey from Northeastern Brazil, as an animal model for parsing how retinal innervation works in the brain, started decades ago due to their marmoset's small bodies, rapid reproduction rate, and brain features. In the course of that research, a large amount of new and sophisticated neuroanatomical techniques was developed and employed to explain retinal connectivity. As a consequence, image and non-image-forming regions, functions, and pathways, as well as retinal cell types were described. Image-forming circuits give rise directly to vision, while the non-image-forming territories support circadian physiological processes, although part of their functional significance is uncertain. Here, we reviewed the current state of knowledge concerning retinal circuitry in marmosets from neuroanatomical investigations. We have also highlighted the aspects of marmoset retinal circuitry that remain obscure, in addition, to identify what further research is needed to better understand the connections and functions of retinorecipient structures., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Santana, Silva, dos Santos, Costa, Nascimento Junior, Engelberth and Cavalcante.)

We examined trends in the prevalence of post-exposure prophylaxis following sexual exposure (PEPSE) per million population (2011-2019) and the proportion of repeated PEPSE within 365 days of the first PEPSE dispensing (2011-2018) in Brazil. We also compared the prevalence of repeated PEPSE according to patient and health services characteristics in 2018. The prevalence of PEPSE increased 55.5% from 2011 to 2019. Repeated PEPSE increased 11.8%, reaching 8.4% among people with their first dispensing in 2018. The prevalence of repeated PEPSE was higher in cis men or trans women (versus cisgender women); homosexuals (versus heterosexuals); and people aged 25-29 years (versus other age groups). We also observed greater prevalence of repeated PEPSE in HIV services in populous cities or services with elevated caseloads. Our findings highlight the need for strategies to reduce repeated PEPSE and promote other HIV-prevention technologies, particularly among young adults, cisgender men, transgender women, and homosexuals., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To analyze the factors associated with infant formula supplementation in newborns referred to rooming-in in Brazilian hospitals., Method: Cross-sectional study with data from 14,531 postpartum women and newborns obtained from the "Birth in Brazil" survey, conducted in 2011-2012. The analysis used a logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach., Results: In total, 21.2% newborns received infant formula during hospital stay. After adjustment, the following factors were associated with the use of infant formula: maternal age ≥ 35 years (OR = 1.51; IC95%:1.30-1.75), prenatal care in a private service (OR = 2,22; IC:1.72-2.85)/public and private service (OR = 1.67; IC:1.24-2.23), cesarean delivery (OR = 1.83; IC:1.41-2.38), multiple pregnancy (OR = 3.786; IC:2.02-7.06), non-breastfeeding in the delivery room (OR = 1.780; IC:1.43-2.21), birth in a private hospital (OR = 1.695; IC:1.02-2.79), prematurity (OR = 1.656; IC:1.32-2.06) and extremes of birth weight (< 2.500 g: OR = 2.084; IC: 1.585-2.741/ ≥4,000g: OR = 1.672; IC:1.31-2.11). Teenage age (OR = 0.651; IC:0.55-0.76), low maternal education (OR = 0.579; IC:0.43-0.77), multiparity (OR = 0.588; IC:0.510-0.678), and lower economic class (OR = 0.565; IC:0.41-0.76) significantly reduced the probability of using infant formula., Conclusions: Of the associated factors, the authors highlight cesarean delivery and non-breastfeeding in the delivery room, showing that it is necessary to strengthen policies that encourage good practices during childbirth care in order to promote exclusive breastfeeding and protect mothers and newborns from all social classes against the misuse of infant formula., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Exposure to an obesogenic environment at critical stages of human development may lead to cardiovascular damage during early adulthood, such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The objective of this study is to investigate whether the consumption of diets with different levels of fat associated with fructose drink, introduced to newly weaned rats, leads to cardiovascular damage., Methods: Male Wistar rats (age 21 d) were divided into the following groups: Control (C group) fed an American Institute of Nutrition 93G diet (16.3 % kcal of lipid); high-fat diet (HF group: 45% kcal of lipids), and very-high-fat diet (VHF group: 60% kcal of lipids). The HF and VHF groups also received a fructose solution (10%) for hydration., Results: After 70 d, the animals in the HF and VHF groups presented with cardiovascular damage as a comorbidity of obesity, with increased creatine kinase-MB levels, high heart and left ventricle (LV) mass, and an increase in the LV:tibia ratio. The positive correlation was observed between serum leptin levels and LV mass. In addition, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 content in LV was lower., Conclusions: The administration of diets with different fat and carbohydrate contents associated with fructose drinks introduced to newly weaned rats leads to LVH during early adulthood. The data suggest that the change in leptin-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway signaling in the groups is related to the occurrence of LVH., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Aims: Severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has adverse effects on outcomes, with limited therapeutic options. We report the outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous annuloplasty as a treatment of  ≥severe functional TR in a single centre., Methods and Results: Prospective, single-arm, single-centre study that enrolled 24 consecutive patients with at least severe functional TR undergoing percutaneous annuloplasty with Cardioband system between 2019 and 2021. Clinical and echocardiographic data were prospectively collected, with a mean follow-up of 279 ± 246 days. At baseline, 66.6% were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classes III and IV and 100% had significant oedema. Technical success was 91.6%. At the end of follow-up, there was one death. Echocardiography showed a significant reduction in septolateral annular diameter of 10.4 mm (P < 0.001) that remained stable at the end of follow-up. The severity of the TR was also reduced. About 81.8% of patients were in NYHA Classes I and II. The number of patients with significant oedema decreased to 46% (P = 0.01). Six-minute walk distance improved by 68.8 m (P = 0.12)., Conclusion: Percutaneous annuloplasty with Cardioband system is an effective and safe treatment for patients with symptomatic, ≥severe functional TR. Annular reduction and TR severity reduction remained significant and sustained for 1 year. Patients experienced improvements in quality of life and exercise capacity., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the expression of p53, p16, E-cadherin, COX-2, MLH1, and MYC in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)., Materials and Methods: One hundred OSCC specimens were submitted to in situ hybridization for HPV and EBV, and immunohistochemistry for detection of the human proteins., Results: Thirty-one cases showed HPV in tumor tissue. EBV was not detected in any case investigated. The HPV(+) group demonstrated an increase of staining scores for nuclear p16 (p = .047), cytoplasmic MYC (p = .002), while a decrease for nuclear MLH1 (p = .048), suggesting that HPV may upregulate the expression of the first two proteins and down-regulate the latter., Conclusion: Our findings reinforce the hypothesis of the HPV-related oral carcinogenesis involving the expression of p16 and MYC, and MLH1 suppression. Exclusively cytoplasmic stainings for p16, MLH1, and MYC were also associated with more advanced tumors. Finally, in view of the lack of studies correlating the HPV or EBV infection to the expression of oncoproteins, more researches assessing a broader panel of markers and employing different approaches are still necessary in order to understand the role of these viruses as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of oral carcinomas., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Mucoceles of the appendix are rare and can have quite variable imaging and clinical presentations, sometimes mimicking an adnexal mass. The underlying cause can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. The typical imaging appearance of a mucocele of the appendix is that of a cystic structure with a tubular morphology. This structure is defined by having a blind-ending and being contiguous with the cecum. Radiologists should be familiar with key anatomical landmarks and with the various imaging features of mucoceles of the appendix, in order to provide a meaningful differential diagnosis of a lesion in the right lower abdominal quadrant. In addition, a neoplastic mucocele can rupture, resulting in pseudomyxoma peritonei, which will change the prognosis dramatically. Therefore, prompt diagnostic imaging is crucial.

Background: Different surgical approaches have been described for selective amygdalohippocampectomy in patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. The aim of this study was to report the results of the innovative anterior trans-superior temporal gyrus approach in a single-center series., Methods: Patients' characteristics, postoperative outcomes, and complications were reviewed in a series of 8 consecutive patients with temporal lobe epilepsy operated on using the anterior trans-superior temporal gyrus approach between November 2015 and April 2017., Results: Over a mean 2.5-year follow-up, 7 of 8 patients (87.5%) remained seizure-free (Engel class I). Only 1 patient (12.5%) was not cured (Engel class III) with no clear explanation for treatment failure. Mean operative time was 237 minutes, which was 80 minutes shorter compared with the classic transsylvian approach. No perioperative deaths were recorded and there were no visual field defects or visual acuity impairments secondary to the approach. One patient experienced a left posterior thalamocapsular stroke., Conclusions: The anterior trans-superior temporal gyrus approach is feasible, fast, and safe for selective amygdalohippocampectomy in patients with drug-refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. This approach allows preservation of the optic radiation but cuts part of the uncinate fasciculus and potentially the anterior aspect of the anterior bundle of the middle longitudinal fasciculus., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Transcutaneous auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation technique with potential analgesic effects. Several studies based on subjective behavioral responses suggest that taVNS modulates nociception differently with either pro-nociceptive or anti-nociceptive effects., Objective: This study aimed to characterize how taVNS alters pain perception, by investigating its effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by different types of spinothalamic and lemniscal somatosensory stimuli, combined with quantitative sensory testing (detection threshold and intensity ratings)., Methods: We performed 3 experiments designed to study the time-dependent effects of taVNS and compare with standard cervical VNS (cVNS). In Experiment 1, we assessed the effects of taVNS after 3 hours of stimulation. In Experiment 2, we focused on the immediate effects of the duty cycle (OFF vs. ON phases). Experiments 1 and 2 included 22 and 15 healthy participants respectively. Both experiments consisted of a 2-day cross-over protocol, in which subjects received taVNS and sham stimulation sequentially. In addition, subjects received a set of nociceptive (thermonociceptive CO2 laser, mechanical pinprick) and non-nociceptive (vibrotactile, cool) stimuli, for which we recorded detection thresholds, intensity of perception and ERPs. Finally, in Experiment 3, we tested 13 epileptic patients with an implanted cVNS by comparing OFF vs. ON cycles, using a similar experimental procedure., Results: Neither taVNS nor cVNS appeared to modulate the cerebral and behavioral aspects of somatosensory perception., Conclusion: The potential effect of taVNS on nociception requires a cautious interpretation, as we found no objective change in behavioral and cerebral responses to spinothalamic and lemniscal somatosensory stimulations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Brief thermo-nociceptive stimuli elicit low-frequency phase-locked local field potentials (LFPs) and high-frequency gamma-band oscillations (GBOs) in the human insula. Although neither of these responses constitute a direct correlate of pain perception, previous findings suggest that insular GBOs may be strongly related to the activation of the spinothalamic system and/or to the processing of thermal information. To disentangle these different features of the stimulation, we compared the insular responses to brief painful thermonociceptive stimuli, non-painful cool stimuli, mechano-nociceptive stimuli, and innocuous vibrotactile stimuli, recorded using intracerebral electroencephalograpic activity in 7 epileptic patients (9 depth electrodes, 58 insular contacts). All four types of stimuli elicited consistent low-frequency phase-locked LFPs throughout the insula, possibly reflecting supramodal activity. The latencies of thermo-nociceptive and cool low-frequency phase-locked LFPs were shorter in the posterior insula compared to the anterior insula, suggesting a similar processing of thermal input initiating in the posterior insula, regardless of whether the input produces pain and regardless of thermal modality. In contrast, only thermo-nociceptive stimuli elicited an enhancement of insular GBOs, suggesting that these activities are not simply related to the activation of the spinothalamic system or to the conveyance of thermal information.

Background: In cases undergoing epilepsy surgery, postoperative psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) may be underdiagnosed complicating the assessment of postsurgical seizures' outcome and the clinical management. We conducted a survey to investigate the current practices in the European epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs) and the data that EMUs could provide to retrospectively detect cases with postoperative PNES and to assess the feasibility of a subsequent postoperative PNES research project for cases with postoperative PNES., Methods: We developed and distributed a questionnaire survey to 57 EMUs. Questions addressed the number of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, the performance of systematic preoperative and postoperative psychiatric evaluation, the recording of sexual or other abuse, the follow-up period of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, the performance of video-electroencephalogram (EEG) and postoperative psychiatric assessment in suspected postoperative cases with PNES, the existence of electronic databases to allow extraction of cases with postoperative PNES, the data that these bases could provide, and EMUs' interest to participate in a retrospective postoperative PNES project., Results: Twenty EMUs completed the questionnaire sheet. The number of patients operated every year/per center is 26.7 ( ± 19.1), and systematic preoperative and postoperative psychiatric evaluation is performed in 75% and 50% of the EMUs accordingly. Sexual or other abuse is systematically recorded in one-third of the centers, and the mean follow-up period after epilepsy surgery is 10.5 ± 7.5 years. In suspected postoperative PNES, video-EEG is performed in 85% and psychiatric assessment in 95% of the centers. An electronic database to allow extraction of patients with PNES after epilepsy surgery is used in 75% of the EMUs, and all EMUs that sent the sheet completed expressed their interest to participate in a retrospective postoperative PNES project., Conclusion: Postoperative PNES is an underestimated and not well-studied entity. This is a European survey to assess the type of data that the EMUs surgical cohorts could provide to retrospectively detect postoperative PNES. In cases with suspected PNES, most EMUs perform video-EEG and psychiatric assessment, and most EMUs use an electronic database to allow extraction of patients developing PNES., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None of the authors has any conflict of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed at assessing the oral prevalence ofCandida species in cystic fibrosis patients and the antifungal susceptibility of the isolates., Design: One hundred patients aged 3-20 years old were included in the study and were divided into three groups: G1 (low severity disease): 25 cystic fibrosis patients with Shwachman-Kulczycki score (SK) between 100 and 71; G2 (high severity disease): 25 cystic fibrosis patients with SK score under 40; and G3 (control): 50 healthy patients age- and gender-matched to cystic fibrosis patients. Stimulated saliva samples were collected and the oral fungal concentrations were assessed. Isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic tests. Antifungal susceptibilities to amphotericin B, flucytosine and fluconazole were determined by CLSI methodology. Fungal counts were compared by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn's test (5%)., Results: A total of 68 % of Group 1, 80 % of Group 2, and 44 % of controls yielded positive Candida cultures. Oral concentrations of fungi were significantly higher in cystic fibrosis patients in relation to the control group (p < 0.0005). No significant difference was observed between low and high severity cystic fibrosis groups (p > 0.05). C. albicans was most frequently isolated species in all groups. Higher variability of Candida species was observed in the control group. C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis were only detected among cystic fibrosis groups. All the isolates were susceptible to flucytosine and fluconazole., Conclusions: Patients with cystic fibrosis were more frequently colonized by Candida species and showed higher oral fungal burden. No antifungal resistant isolates were detected., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) has been recognized to be an efficient treatment of refractory epilepsy (RE). However, ATN targeting is difficult and up to 8% of lead misplacement is reported. Our objective is to report our surgical procedure based on MRI targeting and our clinical results., Patients and Methods: Our first five consecutive patients (4M, 1F, mean age: 42.8 years) treated by DBS of ATN between March and October 2016 were included. The mean duration of their epilepsy was 29 years. Four patients had already vagal nerve stimulation and 2 mammillary body stimulation. Stereotactic coordinates were calculated using distal segment of mammillothalamic tract as landmark. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia with intraoperative control of lead position using a robotic 3D fluoroscopy and image fusion with the preoperative MRI., Results: No complications or lead misplacement was observed. The mean 3D distance between the planned target and location of the lead was 1.8 mm. Each patient was followed up at least one year (15+3months). The stimulation parameters were: 140Hz, 90m/s and 5 Volts with one minute ON/five minutes OFF cycle. The mean reduction of seizure frequency reached -52.5% (+32.2) at 6-months but decreased to -24.5% (+65.7) at the last follow-up due to some adverse events not related to stimulation., Conclusion: No complication, no lead misplacement and the improvement in our first patients, previously not help by multiple medications or surgeries, are encouraging., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Halide perovskite CsPbBr 3 quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized via supersaturated recrystallization process and deposited on the surface of TiO 2 microtubes forming local nano-heterostructures. Structural, morphological, and optical characterizations confirm the formation of heterostructures comprised of TiO 2 microtube decorated with green-emitting CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals. Optical characterizations reveal the presence of two band gap energies corresponding to CsPbBr 3 (2.34 eV) and rutile-TiO 2 (2.97 eV). Time-resolved photoluminescence decays indicate different charge dynamics when comparing both samples, revealing the interaction of CsPbBr 3 QDs with the microtube surface and thus confirming the formation of local nano-heterostructures. The voltage-current measurements in the dark show an abrupt decrease in the electrical resistivity of the CsPbBr 3 /TiO 2 heterostructure reaching almost 95% when compared with the pristine TiO 2 microtube. This significant increase in the electrical conductivity is associated with charge transfer from perovskite nanocrystals into the semiconductor microtube, which can be used to fine tune its electronic properties. Besides controlling the electrical conductivity, decoration with semiconducting nanocrystals makes the hollow heterostructure photoluminescent, which can be classified as a multifunctionalization in a single device.

Magnetic resonance imaging is of paramount importance in the presurgical evaluation of drug resistant epilepsy. Detection of a potentially epileptogenic lesion significantly improves seizure outcome after surgery. To optimize the detection of subtle lesions, MRI post-processing techniques may be of essential help. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the detection rate of the voxel-based morphometric analysis program (MAP) in a prospective trial. We aimed to study the MAP+ findings in terms of their clinical value in the decision-making process of the presurgical evaluation. We included, prospectively, 21 patients who had negative MRI by visual analysis. In a first step, results of the conventional non-invasive presurgical evaluation were discussed, blinded to the MAP results, in multidisciplinary patient management conferences to determine the possible seizure onset zone and to set surgical or invasive evaluation plans. Thereafter, MAP results were presented, and the change of initial clinical plan was recorded. All MAP detections were reaffirmed by a neuroradiologist with epilepsy expertise. For the 21 patients included, mean age at the time of patient management conference was 26 years (SD 15 +/- years, range: 5-54 years). In total, 4/21 had temporal lobe epilepsy and 17/21 had extra-temporal lobe epilepsy. MAP was positive in 10/21 (47%) patients and in 6/10 (60%) a diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia was confirmed after neuroradiologist review, corresponding to a 28% detection rate. MAP+ findings had a clear impact on the initial management in 7/10 patients (7/21, 33% of all patients), which included an adaptation of the intracranial EEG plan (6/7 patients), or the decision to proceed directly to surgery (1/7 patients). MRI post-processing using the MAP method yielded an increased detection rate of 28% for subtle dysplastic lesions in a prospective cohort of MRI-negative patients, indicating its potential value in epilepsy presurgical evaluation.

Libidibia ferrea (juca) is a plant belonging to the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family, whose antioxidant activity has been widely described in the literature. We evaluated this parameter of Aqueous ethanol extract (AE), ethyl acetate (ACO), chloroform (CLO) and hexane (HEX) extracts of L. ferrea. We then tested the most active extract for its toxicity and ability to inhibit migratory activity in the ACP02 gastric adenocarcinoma cell line in vitro. The AE and ACO extracts both had antioxidant activity, the AE extract showing greater potential. This may reflect that both extracts contained phenolic compounds. Although AE extract showed no cytotoxic, mutagenic or genotoxic effect, it altered cell morphology and migration activity. Analysis of apoptosis/necrosis indicated that this parameter does not appear to account for the apparent ability of AE to inhibit cancer cell migration. We speculate that the morphological changes in AE-treated cells could be due to cytoskeleton alterations related to the presence of myo-inositol in AE extract. Together, our results demonstrate this extract of L. ferrea can act as an exogenous antioxidant and might prove useful in efforts to fight secondary tumors., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) considering a sample of elderly users of the primary healthcare facilities of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, southeast Brazil., Methods: The MOS-SSS is a widely used measurement of social support in different contexts, consisting of 19 items with answer categories that range on a 7-point rating scale. Data collection regarding the psychometric properties of the MOS-SSS was performed in a stratified sample of elderly users of primary healthcare facilities of Ribeirão Preto. Data were collected at five district basic health units located in the city through face-to-face interviews. Polychoric correlation matrix and exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses were performed., Results: A total of 357 elderly subjects aged 60 years or older participated in the study (62.7% females). According to the polychoric correlation matrix, higher coefficients of correlation (> 0.90) were detected among 12 pairs of items and grouped into four factors, as suggested for EFA. The results of the CFA confirmed the construct validity of the four-factor structure of the MOS-SSS when applied to our sample, as well as the stability of this model in distinct subsamples., Conclusion: The four-factor structure of the MOS-SSS was found to be suitable and presented adequate construct validity for the assessment of social support in elderly users of primary healthcare facilities.

Humans evolved a symbiotic relationship with their gut microbiome, a complex microbial community composed of bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses, including bacteriophages. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a gateway for the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut, mostly through the vagus nerve (VN). Environmental exposure plays a pivotal role in both the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome and may contribute to susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is the widespread appearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the ENS. Many studies suggest that gut toxins can induce the formation of α-syn aggregates in the ENS, which may then be transmitted in a prion-like manner to the CNS through the VN. PD is strongly associated with aging and its negative effects on homeostatic mechanisms protecting from inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein malfunction. In this mini-review, we revisit some landmark discoveries in the field of Parkinson's research and focus on the gut-brain axis. In the process, we highlight evidence showing gut-associated dysbiosis and related microbial-derived components as important players and risk factors for PD. Therefore, the gut microbiome emerges as a potential target for protective measures aiming to prevent PD onset.

Objective: Multiple subpial transection (MST) is a possible surgical treatment for patients with epileptogenic foci located in eloquent cortical areas. Commonly, it is performed in addition to other surgical techniques. In some cases, however, it is performed alone. We report the clinical results of 12 patients who received solely radiating MST with a minimal follow-up of 5 years., Methods: All patients who underwent a surgical intervention between 2003 and 2012 for refractory epilepsy were studied. Among them, 12 had radiating MST (rMST) as the only surgical treatment with a follow-up of at least 5 years., Results: At 5-year follow-up, 50% of the patients were Engel class I, 25% were Engel class II, 0% were Engel class III, and 25% were Engel class IV. At last follow-up, 8 patients (67%) were free of seizures, 1 patient (8%) had an over 75% decrease, and 3 patients (25%) did not improve after the procedure. None of the Engel I patients had seizure recurrence, and those belonging to an intermediate class improved during follow-up, in some cases in association with an antiepileptic drug modification. Two patients (17%) had a minor transient complication, and 1 patient (8%) had a minor permanent complication., Conclusions: rMST performed alone gives a favorable outcome in 75% of the patients at a minimum 5-year follow-up with few minor complications. This procedure appears to be effective even with a prolonged follow-up in drug resistant epilepsy with the epileptogenic foci located in eloquent areas., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The human insula is an important target for spinothalamic input, but there is still no consensus on its role in pain perception and nociception. In this study, we show that the human insula exhibits activity preferential for sustained thermonociception. Using intracerebral EEG recorded from the insula of 8 patients (2 females) undergoing a presurgical evaluation of focal epilepsy (53 contacts: 27 anterior, 26 posterior), we "frequency-tagged" the insular activity elicited by sustained thermonociceptive and vibrotactile stimuli, by periodically modulating stimulation intensity at a fixed frequency of 0.2 Hz during 75 s. Both types of stimuli elicited an insular response at the frequency of stimulation (0.2 Hz) and its harmonics, whose magnitude was significantly greater in the posterior insula compared to the anterior insula. Compared to vibrotactile stimulation, thermonociceptive stimulation exerted a markedly greater 0.2 Hz modulation of ongoing theta-band (4-8 Hz) and alpha-band (8-12 Hz) oscillations. These modulations were also more prominent in the posterior insula compared to the anterior insula. The identification of oscillatory activities preferential for thermonociception could lead to new insights into the physiological mechanisms of nociception and pain perception in humans., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Quality parameters of açai juice processed with ultrasound-assisted, ozone and the combined methods were analyzed in this work. Two ultrasound energy densities (350 and 700 J·mL -1 ) and two ozonization times (5 and 10 min with 1.5 ppm) were analyzed for pure açai juice and 8 different treatments (2 2 complete factorial). To evaluate the quality parameters of the juice, physical-chemical analyzes such as pH, titratable acidity, cloud value, non-enzymatic browning, rheology, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, enzymatic activity (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) and microbial counts (mesophilic bacteria, molds and yeasts) were conducted. The treatments with ozone were better for microbial inactivation and the ultrasound for enzymatic inactivation. In general, the use of non-thermal methods can be a good alternative for the processing of açai juice., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Physiological changes that occur during the aging process may impact drug metabolism and availability, consequently affecting treatment efficacy and tolerability. Despite being a disease of older adults, there is little data to guide treatment decisions for older patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The recent approval of many new agents for this disease poses a clinical challenge: how to best utilize these drugs in a population (older adults) who has been generally under-represented in clinical studies. Additionally, the presence of comorbid conditions, polypharmacy, frailty, and lack of social support place this group of patients in a very unique situation. In order to avoid under-treatment, international societies' guidelines recommend routine use of geriatric tools to assess patients' suitability for systemic treatments. Here we provide a thorough review of age-related metabolic differences, safety and efficacy data for each drug approved for mRCC, and cover specific considerations for the management of older adults with this disease., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system that typically manifests predominantly as a psychiatric disorder. However, other manifestations such as epileptic seizures, abnormal movements, and memory or language complications are not unusual. Here, we report the case of a young man who presented with a new-onset epilepsy, with ictal semiology suggestive of insular involvement; this hypothesis was supported by a PET-CT study. Anti-NMDAR antibodies were found in the CSF, confirming the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. A review of the literature reveals that epilepsy can be the first manifestation of NMDAR encephalitis, with a clear male predominance. Despite its rarity, neurologists should consider this diagnosis for any young patient developing a new-onset epilepsy with temporal or insular features, particularly if the patient is male. Other cognitive or behavioural signs, even very subtle, should also prompt diagnosis.

Rasmussen encephalitis is a rare, devastating condition, typically presenting in childhood. Cases of adult-onset Rasmussen have also been described, but the clinical picture is less defined, rendering final diagnosis difficult. We present a case of adult-onset Rasmussen encephalitis with dual pathology, associated with focal cortical dysplasia and encephalitis. We interpreted the Rasmussen encephalitis to be caused by severe and continuous epileptic activity due to focal cortical dysplasia. The best therapeutic approach for such cases remains unclear.

Tuberous sclerosis(TS) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 genes. TSC2 gene is located in chromosome 16p13.3, adjacent to PKD1 gene, responsible for the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. In a rare subgroup of patients, the presence of a deletion which simultaneously affects the TSC2 and PKD1 genes has been confirmed. TSC2/PKD1-Contiguous Gene Syndrome is characterised by the early appearance of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in combination with several phenotypic manifestations of TS. We present a 13-year-old girl with bilateral renal cysts detected at the age of 9 months. At the age of 13, she was referred to the Dermatology Outpatients Clinic due to a facial cutaneous eruption. She presented with facial erythema, fibroadenomas with malar distribution and disseminated hypomelanotic macules, meeting the criteria for TS. TSC2/PKD1 Contiguous Gene Syndrome deletion was suspected, being later confirmed by genetic testing., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

This study aims at developing and characterizing bovine lactoferrin (bLf) nanoparticles as an iron carrier. bLf nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, polydispersity index (PdI), electric charge (ζ-potential), morphology, structure and stability over time. Subsequently, iron release experiments were performed at different pH values (2.0 and 7.0) at 37°C, in order to understand the release mechanism. bLf (0.2%, w/v) nanoparticles were successfully produced by thermal gelation (75°C for 20min). bLf nanoparticles with 35mM FeCl 3 showed an iron binding efficiency value of approximately 20%. The nanoparticles were stable (i.e. no significant variation of size and PdI of the nanoparticles) for 76days at 4°C and showed to be stable between 4 and 60°C and pH2 and 11. Release experiments at pH2 showed that iron release could be described by the linear superposition model (explained by Fick and relaxation phenomenon). On the contrary, the release mechanism at pH7 cannot be described by either Fick or polymer relaxation behaviour. In general, results suggested that bLf nanoparticles could be used as an iron delivery system for future food applications., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this investigation was to determine the molecular properties and provide an interpretation of the vibrational mode couplings of these two paracetamol analogues: 2-bromo-2-methyl-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-propanamide and 2-bromo-2-methyl-N-p-tolyl-propanamide. E/Z isomers, keto/enol unimolecular rearrangement and prediction of the transition state structures in each mechanism were also assessed using the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The DFT estimates a high energy gap between E and Z isomers (9-11 kcal·mol(-1)), with barrier heights ranging from 16 to 19 kcal·mol(-1). In contrast, the barrier energies on the keto/enol isomerization are almost 10 kcal·mol(-1) higher than those estimated for the E/Z rearrangement. The kinetic rate constant was also determined for each reaction mechanism. Natural bond orbital analysis and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules were used to interpret the intramolecular hydrogen bonds and to understand the most important interactions that govern the stabilization of each isomer. Furthermore, an analysis of the atomic charge distribution using different population methodologies was also performed., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Many epilepsy patients treated with vagus nerve stimulation additionally use an "on-demand" function, triggering an extra stimulation to terminate a seizure or diminish its severity. Nevertheless, a substantial number of patients are not able to actively trigger stimulations by use of a magnet, due to the absence of an aura or inability for voluntary actions in the early phase of a seizure. To address this need, a novel implantable pulse generator, the AspireSR VNS system, was developed to provide automated ictal stimulation triggered by a seizure-detecting algorithm. We report our experience with three patients in assessing the functionality of ictal stimulation, illustrating the detection system in practice. Detection of ictal tachycardia and variable additional detections of physiological tachycardia depended on the individual seizure-detecting algorithm settings.

Introduction: childhood obesity is one of the main public health concerns. The multifactorial and multilevel causes require complex interventions such the community based interventions (CBI). Thao-Child Health Programme is a CBI implemented in Spain since 2007., Goal: show the Thao methodology and the latest cross-sectional and longitudinal results., Methods: longitudinal cohort study (4 years of follow- up) and cross sectional study., Results: the longitudinal study found an increase of 1% in the overweight prevalence after a follow-up of 4 years of Thao-Programme implementation in 10 municipalities with 6 697 children involved. The cross-sectional study carried out with 20 636 children from 22 municipalities found a childhood overweight prevalence of 26.6%., Discussion: currently a brake in the increase of childhood overweight prevalence is considered a success due to the high prevalence worldwide. More studies well methodologically performed are needed to know the efficacy of the CBI's in this field., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)

Introduction/objective: We evaluated the predictability of early changes in serum albumin (sAlb) on the two-year mortality of incident hemodialysis patients., Methods: Observational, longitudinal retrospective study using the database of Fresenius Medical Care of Latin America. Adult patients starting dialysis from January/2000 to June/2004, from 25 centers were included. Changes in sAlb during the first 3 months on hemodialysis were used as the main predictor. The outcome was death from any cause., Results: 1,679 incident patients were included. They were 52 ± 15 years old, 58.7% male and 21.5% diabetic, with a median sAlb of 38 g/L (bromocresol green). 923 patients had sAlb < 38 g/L (Low sAlb Group) and 756 ones had sAlb > 38.0 g/L (Adequate sAlb Group). The mortality was significantly higher in Low sAlb Group (17% vs. 11%, p < 0.001). Early changes in sAlb significantly affected two-year mortality. Factoring the Kaplan Meier curve of Low sAlb Group by the presence of an increase in sAlb uncovered of a statistically significant difference in mortality favoring the ones whose sAlb went up (19% vs. 15%, p = 0.043). Differently, patients from Adequate sAlb Group with a decrease in their sAlb had a statistically higher mortality rate (13% vs. 8%, p = 0.029)., Conclusions: Early sAlb changes showed a significant predictive power on mortality at 2 years in incident hemodialysis patients. Those with low initial sAlb may have a better prognosis if their sAlb rises. In contrast, patients with satisfactory initial levels can have a worsening of their prognosis in the case of an early reduction in sAlb.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a complex clinical condition associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and thrombosis leading to cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate in detail the NO pathway in neutrophils obtained from hemodialysis patients and its association with platelet function and oxidative status. Fifteen CRF patients on hemodialysis and fifteen controls were included in this study. Laboratory and experimental evaluations were performed after hemodialysis in CRF patients. We evaluated L-[³H] arginine transport, NO synthase (NOS) activity, amino acid concentration in neutrophils, and expressions of NOS isoforms and p47(phox) by western blotting. Platelet aggregation was analyzed in the presence or absence of neutrophils. Oxidative status was measured through glutathione peroxidase, catalase activities, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA/RNA oxidation in serum. Basal NOS activity (pmol/10⁶ cells/min) was impaired in CRF patients on hemodialysis (0.33 ± 0.17) compared to controls (0.65 ± 0.12), whereas the expression of NOS isoforms remained unaltered. L-Arginine transport into neutrophils was similar in CRF patients on hemodialysis and controls. In addition, intracellular concentration of L-arginine was increased fourfold in the patient group. Systemic oxidative stress markers were not affected by CRF. On the other hand, NADPH oxidase subunit p47(phox) in neutrophils was overexpressed in CRF. In the presence of neutrophils, there was a reduction time-dependent in platelet aggregation in both groups with no difference between them. This data suggest that reduced basal generation of NO by neutrophils in CRF patients on hemodialysis occurs independently of L-arginine bioavailability and is able to suppress platelet activation.

This study investigated the toxic effects of essential oils isolated from Siparuna guianensis against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. The oviposition-deterring activity, egg viability, and repellence activity in the presence of different essential oils concentrations were determined. The essential oils showed high toxicity to all developmental stages of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Furthermore, the oils also showed high repellent activity towards the adult stage of mosquitoes (0.025 to 0.550 μg/cm2 skin conferred 100% repellence up to 120 min) and in contact with cultured insect cells (C6/36) induced death possibly by necrosis. The results presented in this work show the potential of S. guianensis essential oils for the development of an alternative and effective method for the natural control of mosquitoes in homes and urban areas.

The study aimed to compare the shaping effects, preservation of the original curvature, and transportation of the apical foramen of Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany), UnicOne (Medin, Nové Město na Moravě, Czech Republic), and Protaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in simulated root canals. Thirty resin blocks with simulated curved root canals were distributed into three groups (n = 10), and prepared using Reciproc (RCp), UnicOne (UnO) and the Protaper Universal (PTu). Standardized photographs were taken before and after the instrumentation, after which they were superimposed. Measurements were taken of the quantity of resin removed from the inner and outer walls of the curvature at 6 levels, the curvature angles before and after instrumentation, and the transportation of the apical foramen. RCp obtained the highest values for amount of resin removed from the inner wall while UnO demonstrated similar shaping on both the inner and outer walls. PTu produced the greatest transportation of foramen when compared to the reciprocating instruments. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the change in angle (P > 0.05). All the instruments were capable of maintaining the original curvature of the root canal; however, the UnO, which used reciprocating movement, produced more conservative shapes with lower foramen transportation.

Quantum scattering calculations of vibration-vibration (VV) and vibration-translation (VT) energy transfer for non-reactive H2-H2 collisions on a full-dimensional potential energy surface are reported for energies ranging from the ultracold to the thermal regime. The efficiency of VV and VT transfer is known to strongly correlate with the energy gap between the initial and final states. In H2(v = 1, j = 0) + H2(v = 0, j = 1) collisions, the inelastic cross section at low energies is dominated by a VV process leading to H2(v = 0, j = 0) + H2(v = 1, j = 1) products. At energies above the opening of the v = 1, j = 2 rotational channel, pure rotational excitation of the para-H2 molecule leading to the formation of H2(v = 1, j = 2) + H2(v = 0, j = 1) dominates the inelastic cross section. For vibrationally excited H2 in the v = 2 vibrational level colliding with H2(v = 0), the efficiency of both VV and VT process is examined. It is found that the VV process leading to the formation of 2H2(v = 1) molecules dominates over the VT process leading to H2(v = 1) + H2(v = 0) products, consistent with available experimental data, but in contrast to earlier semiclassical results. Overall, VV processes are found to be more efficient than VT processes, for both distinguishable and indistinguishable H2-H2 collisions confirming room temperature measurements for v = 1 and v = 2.