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European species of the Cochylimorpha perfusana (Guenée, 1845) species group are revised. Four species are recognized, all closely related to C. perfusana (Guenée, 1845) with which they have previously been confused. Based on morphological differences and DNA barcode data, C. callosana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1856), sp. rev. and C. dorsimaculana (Preissecker, 1908), sp. rev., are re-instated to their original species rank. Inconsistencies in their taxonomy leading to their synonymy are shown and corrected. Cochylimorpha bucegiana Z. Kovács, S. Kovács & P. Buchner, sp. nov. is described from the subalpine meadows of the Bucegi and Făgăraș Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania), and the other three species are redescribed. Adults and genitalia of both sexes of all four, and the habitat of three taxa are figured. The geographic distribution of each species is re-evaluated based on the examined material and a critical analysis of the literature. Literature data for which no material could be found for examination are treated as doubtful and in need of confirmation. Cochylimorpha perfusana is widely distributed in mountain areas of Europe (Alps, Carpathians and Pirin Mountains), C. callosana is widespread only in the north-western Balkan Peninsula and north-eastern Italy, and local in eastern France, Corsica and Hungary, the other two seem to be endemics, C. dorsimaculana to Wachau and Retz in Lower Austria and C. bucegiana sp. nov. to the Southern Carpathians in Romania. Cochylimorpha perfusana is recorded for the first time from Bulgaria; the first confirmed records of C. callosana from Slovenia and Hungary are given; and in the north-eastern Italian fauna C. callosana replaces C. perfusana. Records of C. perfusana from Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and north-western Italy require confirmation.

Abstract Objective Examining the distribution of breast cancer (BC) stage and molecular subtype among women aged below ( 65 years) the recommended screening age range helps to understand the screening program's characteristics and contributes to enhancing the effectiveness of BC screening programs. Methods In this retrospective study, female patients with newly diagnosed BC from 2010 to 2020 were identified. The distribution of cases in terms of TNM stages, severity classes, and subtypes was analysed according to age groups. Results A total of 3282 women diagnosed with BC were included in the analysis. Among these cases 51.4% were detected outside the screening age group, and these were characterized by a higher TNM stage compared to those diagnosed within the screening age band. We observed significantly higher relative frequency of advanced BC in the older age group compared to both the screening age population and women younger than 45 years (14.9% vs. 8.7% and 7.7%, P

With the emergence of modern food supply chains, there has been a noticeable decline in consumer trust and an increase in information asymmetry. Short food supply chains, including farmers' markets, offer potential solutions to these issues. Currently, farmers' markets are primarily found in the United States and the European Union, and their impact on sustainability has gained significant attention. However, the relevance of this traditional approach within modern supply chains remains largely unexplored. Thus, this study aims to examine the existing literature on farmers' markets using bibliometric techniques applied to 1765 documents sourced from the Scopus and Web of Science databases spanning from 1955 to 2022. The paper tracks the research trends associated with farmers' markets by identifying the stages of evolution of key topics, articles, journals, author citations, and co-citation networks. The findings demonstrate an increasing trend in publication of papers on this subject, highlight five interconnected areas of market research, and provide a foundation for future research and policy making by outlining the main and specific research avenues to explore.

Introduction: The 21-gene analysis (OncotypeDX) is validated test for pT1-3, pN0-1 with hormone receptor (HR) positive and normal expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) breast cancer (BC) to determine the aggressiveness of the disease based on the calculation of Recurrence Score (RS).Methods: In this retrospective study the authors correlated pathological characteristics and Recurrence Score (RS) by traditional statistical methods and Observed Oriented Modeling (OOM) in a realistic cohort of BC patients.Results: OncotypeDX tests were performed in 94 tumour specimens of 90 BC patients. >83% of node-negative (pN0) and >72% of node-positive (pN1) cases could avoid chemotherapy. For pN0 cases, non-parametric correlation and tests demonstrated significant association in eight types of characteristics [progesterone receptor (PR) expression, Ki-67 value, Ki-67 group, PR group, grade, estrogen receptor (ER) expression, Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) and Clinical Risk]. For pN1 cases, parametric correlation and tests showed significant association in six characteristic types (number of positive nodes, ER and PR expression, PR group, Ki-67 group and NPI). Based on OOM for pN0 cases, significant associations were established in three characteristics (Ki-67 group, grade and NPI group). For pN1 cases OOM found significant associations in seven characteristics (PR group, PNI, LVI, Ki-67 group, grade, NPI group and number of positive nodes).Conclusion: First in oncology, OOM was applied, which found some other significant characteristics associated with RS than traditional statistical methods. There were few patients, where no clinical associations were found between characteristics and RS contrary to statistically significant differences. Therefore, the results of these statistical analyses can be neither applied for individual cases nor able to provide the bases for screening patients, i.e., whether they need for OncotypeDX testing or not. OncotypeDX still provides a personalised approach in BC.

Abstract Background Data harmonisation is essential in real-world data (RWD) research projects based on hospital information systems databases, as coding systems differ between countries. The Hungarian hospital information systems and the national claims database use internationally known diagnosis codes, but data on medical procedures are recorded using national codes. There is no simple or standard solution for mapping the national codes to a standard coding system. Our aim was to map the Hungarian procedure codes (OENO) to SNOMED CT as part of the European Health Data Evidence Network (EHDEN) project. Methods We recruited 25 professionals from different specialties to manually map the procedure codes used between 2011 and 2021. A mapping protocol and training material were developed, results were regularly revised, and the challenges of mapping were recorded. Approximately 7% of the codes were mapped by more people in different specialties for validation purposes. Results We mapped 4661 OENO codes to standard vocabularies, mostly SNOMED CT. We categorized the challenges into three main areas: semantic, matching, and methodological. Semantic refers to the occasionally unclear meaning of the OENO codes, matching to the different granularity and purpose of the OENO and SNOMED CT vocabularies. Lastly, methodological challenges were used to describe issues related to the design of the above-mentioned two vocabularies. Conclusions The challenges and solutions presented here may help other researchers to design their process to map their national codes to standard vocabularies in order to achieve greater consistency in mapping results. Moreover, we believe that our work will allow for better use of RWD collected in Hungary in international research collaborations.

Abstract Background Several meta-analyses demonstrated the efficacy of unilateral High-Frequency Left-sided (HFL) repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD); however, results are contradictory due to heterogeneity of the included studies. Methods A systematic literature review (SLR) of English language articles published since 2000 was performed in March 2022 on PubMed and Scopus databases. Empirical evidence on the relative efficacy of rTMS treatment compared with standard pharmacotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) were extracted. Random effects models were used to assess the effects of rTMS on response and remission rates. Results 19 randomized double-blinded sham-controlled studies were included for quantitative analysis for response (n = 854 patients) and 9 studies for remission (n = 551 patients). The risk ratio (RR) for response and remission are 2.25 and 2.78, respectively for patients after two treatment failures using rTMS as add-on treatment compared to standard pharmacotherapy. Cochrane’s Q test showed no significant heterogeneity. No publication bias was detected. Conclusions rTMS is significantly more effective than sham rTMS in TRD in response and remission outcomes and may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment in patients with MDD after two treatment failures. This finding is consistent with previous meta-analyses; however, the effect size was smaller than in the formerly published literature.

With the popularity of food delivery applications in Indonesia, there is a need to promote responsible consumption habits, specifically in mitigating food waste. This study examined the influence of promotion, knowledge, and subjective norms on sustainable food waste behaviour among Generation Z individuals in Indonesia. The study involved an online survey of 561 Generation Z users of meal delivery platforms, with data analysis conducted using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) through SMART-PLS 4 software. The study contradicted that promotion and knowledge directly affect food waste reduction behaviour. Promotion can positively impact responsible food waste behaviour when mediated by price consciousness and perceived behavioural control. Knowledge requires attitude and perceived behavioural control to influence responsible food-wasting. It became apparent that subjective norms directly affected responsible food waste and were mediated by attitude. The antecedent variables examined in this study explained a 63.7% variance of sustainable behaviour towards food waste, indicating moderate explanatory power. Promotion conducted by food delivery service applications, accompanied by information and practical strategies to enhance consumers' perceived behavioural control, can increase the likelihood of sustainable food waste behaviour among Generation Z consumers, particularly price-conscious consumers. To foster positive attitudes and subjective norms towards sustainable food waste behaviour, policymakers can incentivize academic institutions, culinary businesses, and influencers to promote food waste reduction.

Abstract Background The cost-effectiveness of treatment strategies for patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who have not responded to two adequate treatments with antidepressants (TRD) are still unclear. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of add-on repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) compared with standard treatment. Methods A Markov-model simulated clinical events over one year from the perspective of healthcare payer. Third- and fourth-line treatment pathways (augmentation, antidepressant switch or combination, and Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT)) were defined based on medical practice guidelines. Transition probabilities were derived from a recent meta-analysis and scientific publications. Resource utilization and cost estimates were based on the patient-level database of a large university hospital. Results Incremental Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) and costs were 0.053 and 785 €, respectively, corresponding to an Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) of 14,670 € per QALY. The difference in cost between standard treatment and rTMS is explained by the rTMS sessions used in acute (€660) and maintenance (€57/month) treatments, partly offset by lower hospital costs due to higher remission rates in the rTMS arm. Key parameters driving the ICER were incremental utility of remission, unit cost of rTMS treatment and remission rate. At a threshold of €22,243 add-on rTMS is a cost-effective alternative to pharmacotherapy. Evidence on long-term effectiveness is not yet available, so results are estimated for a one-year period. Conclusion Not only does rTMS treatment have beneficial clinical effects compared with drug therapy in TRD, but it also appears to offer good value-for-money, especially in centres with larger numbers of patients where unit costs can be kept low.

There has been limited research on integrating sustainability factors into indicators of global competitiveness among nations. Extant measures of macroeconomic competitiveness focus inadequate attention on the relative importance and interdependences among economic, social, and environmental factors and often their aggregation method. The primary objectives of this study were to explore the interrelations of economic competitiveness and sustainability while integrating the economic and sustainability performance indicators of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and the Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index (GSCI) to create more accurate rankings of countries in both dimensions. Deep Ranking Analysis by Power Eigenvectors (DRAPE) with Variable Clustering (VARCLUS) was applied to associate multiple and conflicting economic and sustainable competitiveness criteria. Consequently, economic competitiveness and mainly institutional environment and innovation capabilities tend to couple with a higher degree of sustainability. However, improving and refining sustainable competitiveness may be vulnerable to environmental issues and resource scarcity, but further socio-economic dimensions must also be considered. The outcomes demonstrate the leadership of the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland, which are all competitive as well as sustainable. This research may extend and inspire further studies and government interventions that adopt more comprehensive approaches to assessing global competitiveness.

There is growing literature on the concept and objectives of corporate sustainability (CS), but less attention is paid to a comprehensive approach to economic, social and ecological factors and industrial revolution (IR). Specifically, this paper contributes to the academic debate on the relationship between CS and IR in agri-food economics using firm-level data. The study used quantitative pathway models to measure the extent to which technologies affect the development of social, ecological and economic factors in Hungarian food manufacturing companies. The research was conducted using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) and categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) to calculate the direct and indirect effects of IR technologies on profitability outcomes. This study has shown that the livable and sustainable path hypotheses can be confirmed. Consequently, the food manufacturing businesses whose managers think along the viable and sustainable lines tend to be more profitable. However, the ecological and economic factors strengthened the positive impact of the social dimension on food corporate profitability. Decision-makers should not wait for a pie in the sky for emerging sustainability but consciously embrace the CS issues that only provide a direction for the changes.

In this paper, our aim was to create a coupled numerical simulation method for rolling contact fatigue (RCF) analysis which takes into account the effects of results of the heat treatment process of the manufacturing of specimen/machine parts, such as hardness, mechanical properties, residual stresses in the carburized layers of the body. Thus, the finite element method (FEM) simulation process calculates the material properties and stress close to the realistic state and using them as an input data, the RCF analysis is carried out by this coupled method. The Dang Van, Matake and Findley multiaxial fatigue criteria were used for failure analysis. In parallel with the development of the method, validation experiments were carried out to decide which criterion is the most appropriate for our purpose and to determine the coupled method efficiency.

In Romania 102 species of Depressariidae, Peleopodidae, Ethmiidae and Fuchsiini were recorded in the last checklist and its supplement (Rákosy et al. 2003; Rákosy and Goia 2007). The present study deals with a total of 117 species ever recorded from Romania including voucher material studied in this overview: 101 Depressariidae, 2 Peleopodidae, 13 Ethmiidae and 1 Fuchsiini. As a result of the analysis of the studied material the Romanian fauna is currently considered to consist of 114 species, 90 of them are confirmed and 24 requiring confirmation. 13 species are recorded for the first time from Romania: Agonopterix bipunctosa (Curtis, 1850), A. coenosella (Zerny, 1940), A. ferocella (Chrétien, 1910), A. irrorata (Staudinger, 1870), A. lessini Buchner, 2017, A. ligusticella (Chrétien, 1908), A. multiplicella (Erschoff, 1877), A. quadripunctata (Wocke, 1857), Depressaria badiella (Hübner, 1796), D. daucella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), D. sordidatella Tengström, 1848, Exaeretia ledereri (Zeller, 1854) and Anchinia laureolella Herrich-Schäffer, 1854. 2 species are found with unclear taxonomic status: Agonopterix banatica Georgesco, 1965 and Agonopterix dumitrescui Georgesco, 1965. 3 species are formally excluded from the Romanian fauna: Agonopterix agyrella (Rebel, 1917), A. comitella (Lederer, 1855) and Depressaria halophilella (Chrétien, 1908). Additionally, 28 species are first records for different regions of the country and further 15 corrections are made to their distribution within Romania. The examined voucher material is concisely presented by each species, collecting data are presented in detail only in the case of the first records, and a few rarely recorded species, by which the adults, male and occasionally female genitalia are figured.

Phtheochroa carpatiana sp. nov. is described from the Southern Carpathians (Romania). It is closely related to the other five members of the P. frigidana species-group. Adults, male and female genitalia, and the habitat of the new species are described and figured, molecular data and some details of the biology are given. The species inhabits alpine meadows above 2100 m, the highest regions of the Southern Carpathians. Adults are on the wing from the end of June to the beginning of August. Phtheochroa carpatiana demonstrates considerable intraspecific variation in some details of the vesica in the male genitalia.

Changes of mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet count (PC) could be a marker or a predictor of acute stroke (AS). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature on the reporting of MPV and PC in AS. Studies were included in accordance with Patient Population or Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Setting framework. The PRISMA strategy was used to report findings. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We included 34 eligible articles retrieved from the literature. PC was significantly lower in AS patients [standardized mean difference (SMD) = − 0.30, (95% CI: − 0.49 to − 0.11), N = 2492, P = .002] compared with controls (N = 3615). The MPV was significantly higher [SMD = 0.52 (95% CI: 0.28–0.76), N = 2739, P < .001] compared with controls (N = 3810). Subgroup analyses showed significantly lower PC in both ischemic stroke (Difference SMD = −0.18, 95% CI: −0.35–0.01) and hemorrhagic stroke (−0.94, −1.62 to −0.25), but only samples by citrate anticoagulant showed significantly lower result for patients compared to controls (−0.36, −0.68 to −0.04). Ischemic stroke patients had higher MPV (0.57, 0.31–0.83), and samples by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant showed significantly higher result for patients compared to controls (0.86, 0.55–1.17). PC and MPV appeared to be significantly different between patients with AS and control populations. MPV was significantly higher in ischemic stroke and PC was significantly lower in both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. These characteristics might be related to AS and associated with it. It is advisable to pay attention to elapsed time between phlebotomy and hematology analysis, anticoagulant and hemocytometer types in AS. Systematic review registration This meta-analysis is registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD42017067864 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=67864).

Cél: Jelen tanulmány célkitűzése a modern magánbiztonság kialakulási folyamatának bemutatása, az előmozdító (katalizátor) és a hátráltató tényezők számbavétele a jogi szabályozás fejlődésére fókuszálva. Módszertan: Kutatásunk során tudományos munkákat, korabeli jogforrásokat, valamint sajtóhíreket tanulmányoztunk át. Megállapítások: Az állam meghatározza a szektor működésének kereteit, de kiemelkedően fontos az optimális szabályozásra törekvés, mert míg az alulszabályozás a törvénytelen működés és a visszaélések melegágya lehet, a túlszabályozás a hatékony és eredményes működést akadályozhatja. Például a vállalkozásokra vonatkozóan a kezdeti profilkényszer kikötése utóbb beigazolódott, hogy gátló tényezővé vált és 2005-ben ki is került a szabályozásból. A történelem során a magántulajdonhoz kapcsolódott a megvédésének igénye, és ez a védelmi igény a magánbiztonság expanziójának egyik jelentős katalizátora. A másik ilyen a kriminalitás növekedése, az emberek szubjektív biztonság-percepciójának romlása. Érték: Mérföldkő a szakma történetében a rendőrségről szóló 1994. évi XXXIV. törvény, amely expressis verbis kinyilvánította, hogy nem a rendőrség kizárólagos feladata a közbiztonság védelme; abban kiemelkedően a magántulajdon védelmén keresztül a civil szférának is tevőleg részt kell vállalnia. Az 1998. évi IV. törvény által vált hivatalosan is elismertté a vagyonvédelmi szakma. A tanulmány ezekre szeretné a figyelmet irányítani. A magánbiztonság hatályos jogi környezetének reformja előtt állunk. A védendő érték jellemzőitől (érték és veszélyeztetettség) függően kívánja a jogalkotó szabályozni a védelem jogi eszközeit, módszereit és az intézkedési jogosultságok körét. Ehhez azonban szükség van az alapok ismeretére, hiszen a magánbiztonság történetének ismerete elengedhetetlen az eredményes újraszabályozáshoz.

Sports civic organizations are essential for Hungarian society, especially for young people’s lives, constituting a crucial part of the corpus of civil society organizations. The performance and output of these were rarely examined; still, activity forms of an organization and their managerial practice may equally result in failure and success. By applying a survey questionnaire, this study provided an in-depth picture and an analysis of the six crucial dimensions of their functioning: Public Activity, Employment, Human Resources, Professional Activity, State Aid and Funding, and Social Influence. Apart from the contribution that this study gave to recognize a particular type of civil society organizations, i.e., the sports one, its significance lay mainly in the connection of the crucial attributes/dimensions of organization and functioning.

Objectives, setting and participants In July 2011, the EU adopted the Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD) primarily aiming to prevent the infiltration of falsified medicines into the legitimate supply chain. Our aim was to measure the cost elements of FMD implementation and operation using an internationally adaptable tool among Hungarian hospital pharmacies.Design A 41-item questionnaire was developed to evaluate the implementation process and associated cost consequences leading up to February 2019, and the stabilisation period.Results Our representative data are supported by the high response rate, as 44.8% of the Hungarian hospital pharmacies have completed the survey. Human resource requirements related to decommissioning activities were measured as working hours and were expressed in full time equivalent (FTE). We have found an increased workload with extra 0.25 pharmacist and 0.75 technician FTE/institution at the end of the stabilisation period. The entire infrastructural and IT implementation costs were determined as €2173, on average (SD: €3366) and the median was €1506 (range: €0–€20 723). The total IT investment cost per institution was valued at €1410 (SD: €335). We identified a positive correlation (R=0.663) in consideration of the costs, the number of beds and the number of hospital locations with a multivariate linear regression model. At the time of our survey, 76.7% of the respondents experienced drug shortages, 58.1% reported suspected increase in drug costs regarding serialised medications, and 53.5% noticed an increase in packaging size.Conclusions Notably, our research is the first complex study depicting FMD cost implications in the hospital pharmacy sector in Central Europe, indicating decommissioning significantly impacted workflow referencing human resources and IT.

Successful energy transitions, also referred to as leapfrog development, present enormous prospects for EU nations to become carbon neutral by shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Along with climate change, EU countries must address energy security and dependency issues, exacerbated by factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, rising energy costs, conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, and political instability. Diversifying energy sources, generating renewable energy, increasing energy efficiency, preventing energy waste, and educating the public about environmental issues are proposed as several strategies. The study draws the conclusion that central European countries may transition to a clean energy economy and become carbon neutral on economic and strategic levels by locating alternative clean energy supply sources, reducing energy use, and producing renewable energy. According to the study, the EU energy industry can be decarbonised and attain energy security using three basic strategies, such as supply diversification, energy savings, and quicker adoption of renewable energy to replace fossil fuels. The energy transformation industry still needs to improve energy efficiency, incorporate a circular and sustainable bioeconomy, and support renewable energies, including solar, wind, hydropower, nuclear, and hydrogen.

The aim of the research is to determine the metallographical and mechanical properties (residual stresses, hardness, phases and texture) of carburized surfaces using finite element method and study the failure of surface during relative motion, and the possibilities of the test methods, which can give us information about the behaviour of these surfaces. This work focuses on contact fatigue tests and properties. Nowadays it can be established that application of finite element method is a reliable way to simulate carburization. It is possible to determine exact approximation for the hardness and carbon content values near the surface after carburization and quenching, but take into account that the simulation of tempering is still an issue, if the material contains retained austenit, the hardness values of the test will be higher near the surface, because of the retained austenit-bainit transformation, so the simulations had to be validated by carburized cylindrical (disc-like) specimens, made of low alloy case hardening steel (16MnCr5). These specimens were tested with glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, to measure the chemical composition of the surface layer. It is important to know what kind of residual stresses can be observed in the surface after carburization, therefore it was extensively studied during the simulation. Furthermore the values of the hardness in the surface of the specimens have been determined. Having compared the simulation and experiments, good agreement has been found between the results, so the finite element method was validated successfully. For high cycle rolling fatigue test rollers were manufactured. Two disc fatigue tests were carried out on five rollers. Four tests were stopped due to trigger sign by surface damage, while one of those was stopped due to break of the shaft after one millions of rotation. Microstructural investigations have been started on the rollers.

The examination of the failure of electric connectors of electric powered vehicles is at the forefront of current vehicle developments, because the connector’s operating time increases significantly in comparison with internal combustion engine vehicles. It was observed that the low amplitude fretting corrosion plays the most important role in failure, so the lifetime of the failure process is decisive in the life span of the connector. Typically, the failure of an electrical connector in terms of product is an increase in electrical resistance that can even cause malfunction of the drive within the product expected lifetime because of the generated Joule heat that causes temperature rise. The aim of our work is to study the fretting corrosion process in a given geometry and material quality of electrical connection by experiment and numerical model. In the experimental test, an experimental construction was set which simulated contact properties of the built-in connectors. Tests for failure-life were performed as a function of the clamping force of the mating members and the amplitude of the relative displacement of the contact surfaces, of which magnitude can be typically for fretting. The change in resistance at the contact surface was measured and examined when this value reached the limit value for failure, thus determining the life span for fretting corrosion. The experimental set-up was then modelled by finite element method. The purely elastic FE model made it possible to model the gradual removal of the material for given force-amplitude-frequency values by using the Archard’s theory. The valid wear coefficient was searched that creates the same wear crater in the calculation as in the measurements. Then, using the measured data, the FE analysis revealed the mechanical stress conditions, the electrical current flow conditions, and the resulting thermal conditions during the wear process both on and below the contact surface, which provides additional information on the details of the fretting corrosion process.

Dichrorampha carpatalpina sp. n., is described from the Southern Carpathians (Romania). It is closely related to D. inconspiqua (Danilevsky, 1948) and D. podoliensis (Toll, 1942). Adults, male and female genitalia, the habitat of the new species are described and figured and some details of the biology are given. The larva and its host-plant, Achillea oxyloba schurii (Sch. Bip.) Heimerl, are illustrated. The species inhabits the north-facing slopes of the highest regions of the Carpathians. During their flight period from the beginning of July to the beginning of August the moths are on wing in the morning and only in sunny weather.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between platelet (PLT) count and mean platelet volume (MPV) and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Thus, this study reviewed and performed a quantitative synthesis on data from the literature. This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. 18 studies were included in this paper. A random-effect meta-analysis was conducted for the assessment of heterogeneity using thrombosis place, type of analyzer, type of anticoagulant and incubation time of samples as covariates. A mixed-effect meta-regression was performed based on the subgroup for the whole samples using thrombosis place and method of measurement as moderators for MPV and PLT, respectively. The cumulative estimates and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of specificity, sensitivity, area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for MPV were calculated using a random effect model. The quality assessments were evaluated according to the quality assessment and diagnostic accuracy tool-2 (QUADAS-2). The primary outcome was the occurrence of VTE. Secondary outcomes included PLT and MPV. Patient with deep vein thrombosis is likely to have a higher value of MPV than control group (P

Objectives: Methodological challenges in the evaluation of medical devices (MDs) may be different for early and late technology adopter countries, as well as the potential health technology assessment (HTA) solutions to tackle them. This study aims to provide guidance to Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries on how to address key challenges of HTA for MDs with special focus on the transferability of scientific evidence.Methods: As part of the COMED Horizon 2020 project, a comprehensive list of issues related to MD HTA were identified based on a targeted literature review. Health technology assessment issues which pose a greater challenge or require different solutions in late technology adopter countries were selected. Draught recommendations to address these issues were developed and discussed in a focus group. The recommendations were then validated with a wider group of experts, including HTA and reimbursement decision makers from CEE countries in May and June 2020.Results: A consolidated list of 11 recommendations were developed in 3 major areas: (1) clinical value assessment, focusing on the use of joint EU work, relying on real-world evidence, use of coverage with evidence development schemes, transferring evidence from foreign countries and addressing the challenges of learning curve and centre effect; (2) economic value assessment, covering cost calculation of complex medical devices and transferability of economic evaluations of MDs; (3) HTA processes, related to the frequent product modifications and various indications of MDs.Conclusions: Central and Eastern European countries with limited resources for conducting HTA, can benefit from HTA methods and evidence generated in early technology adopter countries. Considering the appropriate reuse of international HTA materials, late technology adopter countries can still implement HTA, even for MDs, which have a more limited evidence base compared with pharmaceuticals.

The conodont fauna of the Rotelliforme, Meeki, Occidentalis and lower Subasperum zones of Nevada (Humboldt Range) is here described. The first three zones represent, by means of the American authors, the Upper Anisian of North America, while at the base of the Subasperum Zone is located the Anisian/Ladinian boundary. Three species—groups of conodonts have been emended and revised, they are: Gondolella constricta Mosher & Clark, Gondolella mombergensis mombergensis Tatge and Gondolella mombergensis longa (Budurov & Stefanov). Comparisons with the possible coeval faunas of epicontinental sequences from Europe have been discussed. Within the conodont fauna, the main change has been noted at the base of the Occidentalis Zone. On the base of the conodont fauna, the Anisian/ Ladinian boundary at the base of the Occidentalis Zone seems to be the most supported in Nevada.

Background. Arterial hypoxemia occurs in about 2.5–69% of cases during fiberoptic bronchoscopy and may necessitate administration of supplemental oxygen. Whether routine supplementary administration is indicated for all patients is a debated issue. In this prospective randomized study, we assessed the incidence of systemic desaturation (SpO2 4% decrease lasting for more than 60 s) and wanted to find out whether cerebral desaturation occurs in parallel with systemic changes. Patients and Methods. 92 consecutive patients scheduled for diagnostic bronchoscopy were randomly assigned to the no oxygen (O2- group), 2 l/min supplemental O2, or 4 l/min supplemental O2 groups. Primary end points were systemic and cerebral desaturation rate during the procedure. Secondary end points were to delineate the main risk factors of systemic and cerebral desaturation. Results. In the entire cohort, systemic desaturation occurred in 18.5% of patients (n = 17), corresponding to 5 patients (16%) in the O2 (−)group, 6 patients (19%) in the 2 l/min group, and 6 patients (20%) in 4 l/min group, respectively. In the O2 (−) group, the probability of desaturation was 41.7 times higher than that in the 2 l/min group (p=0.014 s), while there was no difference in the probabilities of desaturation between the 2 l/min and 4 l/min groups (p=0.22). Cerebral desaturation (more than 20% rSO2 decrease compared to baseline) did not occur in any patients in the three groups. Systemic desaturation developed earlier, and recovery after desaturation was longer in the O2 (−) group. Male gender, smoking, and systemic oxygen saturation at baseline and FEV1% were the most significant factors contributing to systemic desaturation during bronchoscopy. Conclusions. Administration of supplemental oxygen does not prevent systemic desaturation during flexible bronchoscopy, but may contribute to the shortening of desaturation episodes and faster normalization of oxygen saturation. According to our results, 2 l/min supplemental oxygen should routinely be administered to patients throughout the procedure. This trial is registered with NCT04002609

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become a symbol of the fight against climate change. However, in many countries, the market development of EVs is sluggish, and adoption rates greatly vary worldwide. This study examines the impact of Hofstede’s six dimensions of national culture on the development of the electric car market using sales data from 2019 and 2020 in 21 OECD countries. Results of (OLS) linear regression analyses show that uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and indulgence have a significantly negative impact on the sales of battery electric cars, while long-term orientation positively influences their market share. The results indicate that national culture is an important cross-country factor that influences the rate and direction of the adoption electric cars. The research also explains how cultural values are translated into the purchase of EVs and provides marketers and policymakers with an insight into how they can increase the spread of alternative-fuel vehicles.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism of increasing biotechnological importance, yet, the evaluation of its life cycle processes and photosynthesis on a single-cell level is largely unresolved. To facilitate the study of the relationship between morphology and photochemistry, we established microfluidics in combination with chlorophyll a fluorescence induction measurements. We developed two types of microfluidic platforms for single-cell investigations: (i) The traps of the “Tulip” device are suitable for capturing and immobilizing single cells, enabling the assessment of their photosynthesis for several hours without binding to a solid support surface. Using this “Tulip” platform, we performed high-quality non-photochemical quenching measurements and confirmed our earlier results on bulk cultures that non-photochemical quenching is higher in ascorbate-deficient mutants (Crvtc2-1) than in the wild-type. (ii) The traps of the “Pot” device were designed for capturing single cells and allowing the growth of the daughter cells within the traps. Using our most performant “Pot” device, we could demonstrate that the FV/FM parameter, an indicator of photosynthetic efficiency, varies considerably during the cell cycle. Our microfluidic devices, therefore, represent versatile platforms for the simultaneous morphological and photosynthetic investigations of C. reinhardtii on a single-cell level.

Since COVID-19 was confirmed in Bangladesh in March 2020, the government have enacted stringent measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, which has had a significant impact on people’s lives. Food consumption habits of consumers have shifted as a result of declining grocery shopping frequency, negative income shock, and food prices shooting up. This paper aims to explore Bangladeshi consumers’ buying behaviour in association with the stress generated from a food supply shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-outbreak perception of the food industry, using a dataset with 540 online samples collected between July and August 2021. A two-stage cluster sampling method and self-administrated questionnaire techniques were adopted for collecting the data during the third wave of COVID-19. Using partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) and multivariate multiple ordered logit regression (MVORD) to reveal the pertinent structure between all the blocks, this study provides two key findings. First, a higher intensity of COVID-19 impact translates into higher food stress associated with income reduction and higher food prices. Second, food stress directly affects consumer buying and consumption behaviour. We strongly recommend connecting consumers with local producers and collective use of shared warehouses through institutions, policies, and reforms to prevent disruption in the food supply chain and to keep food prices stable. Additionally, food producers, distributors, stakeholders, and policy planners should strengthen the food supply chain to stabilize food security.

This study addresses the complexity of global pandemic (COVID) exposures and explores how sustainable development relates to economic and health risks and food security. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) is applied to compute the links among blocks of variables, and results are validated by random sampling with bootstrapping, exhaustive and split-half techniques, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the differences of the MFA factors within the different stages of competitiveness. Comparing the MFA factors suggests that higher competitiveness is correlated with better food security and natural resilience and the tremendous economic downturn; the most competitive countries have lower exposures to health risks. In addition, the risk of pandemics appears to be lower with well-established public health care (HC) system services and good health for the population. The study also underlines that the economic and health systems are unfortunately inadequate to deal with a crisis of this magnitude. Although the countries least affected by the epidemic are the most competitive, they cannot protect people and the economy effectively. Formulating appropriate global responses is a challenge, but the results may lead to more nuanced findings regarding treatment policies that can be addressed at the country level.

The goal of our work is to identify a combination of methodologies, which is proven to be capable to the multidimensional evaluation of the phytonutrient content of the investigated tomato landraces for fresh consumption. Flavor and phytonutrient levels in modern tomato varieties have shown significant decrease in the last decades. Several authors suggest re-introducing old varieties, gene bank accessions and/or landraces to reverse these trends. We use a combination of the leave-one-out cross-validation methodology of sum of ranking difference (SRD) values and significant differences by post hoc Wilcoxon matched pairs test to evaluate various tomato landraces and a commercial variety. Our statistical analysis provides a theoretical best variety to measure against. This defined procedure clearly identifies significant differences among the phytonutrient profiles allowing for grouping by favorable characteristics. The tomato is used here due to the complex collection of phytochemicals, antioxidants, and phytonutrients effecting nutrition and consumer preference.

A KSH minden év tavaszán az ELEKTRA rendszeren keresztül rögzíti a civil szervezetek előző évi, elsősorban humán és gazdasági jellegű tevékenységi adatait. Ez az adatforrás általában irányadó a hazai civil szektor tevékenységének megítélése során, ugyanakkor kiadványtárukban elérhető, a non-profit szektor legfontosabb jellemzői elnevezésű tájékoztató, mely elsősorban leíró statisztikai módszerre építve csupán átfogó jelleggel ismerteti a szektor legfontosabb sajátosságait. Párhuzamosan emellett minden évben elérhető az ennek háttértárát jelentő adatbázis, mely a másodelemzést végezni kívánó kutató számára mélyebb összefüggések feltárására is lehetőséget biztosít. Tanulmányunk célja ennek a nagy területnek csupán egy kisebb részét jelentő, elsősorban a támogatások és a humán erőforrások közötti összefüggések feltárása különösen amiatt, mivel ennek a szektornak a humán erőforrás bázisa a foglalkoztatottak és önkéntesek között oszlik meg és kérdéses, hogy van-e a támogatásoknak hatása a foglalkoztatásra. Az eredmények arra utalnak, hogy a támogatások és humán erőforrások között van összefüggés, ahol elsősorban a magán jellegű támogatásoknak van erősebb hatása mind az önkéntességre, mind a munkaviszony jellegű foglalkoztatásra.

A KSH adatgyűjtési tevékenységének köszönhetően a nonprofit szervezetekre vonatkozó átfogó adatok mind adatbázis, mind tájékoztató formájában elérhetőek. A gazdasági adatok között feltűnik az az évről-évre hasonló nagyságú, domináns támogatási részesedés. Különös tekintettel a klasszikus civil szervezetekre ez egyértelműen jelzi azt, hogy a szféra támogatáskitett és támogatásfüggő. Ezek a szervezetek ugyanis kimondottan alkalmasak támogatások fogadására. Tanulmányunkban szeretnénk másodelemzés révén rávilágítani arra, hogy a sporttal foglalkozó civil szervezetek/sportcivil szervezetek száma milyen összefüggésben van a támogatásokkal, különös tekintettel két specifikus támogatási formára, a NEA-ra és a TAO-ra vonatkozóan. Az eredmények arra utalnak, hogy van összefüggés a támogatások összegének növekedése és a sportcivil szervezetek számbeli növekedése között, és ez kifejezetten igaz az egyik legrégebbi és legújabb támogatási forma esetében is.

The contrast sensitivity of normal and anomalous trichromats were examined with Landolt-C figures by eye-tracking system. For the measurements, two series of test images (achromatic and colored) were designed. The difficulty levels of the tests were gradually increased after each right answer. In the case of the observation of the ring of the Landolt-C figures, the variables related to fixation duration, fixation count, visit duration and count significantly affected this subject, success or image parameters, and their interactions. The main questions of this study were as follows: Which statistical method is suitable to model the differences between anomalous and normal trichromats? Which eye-movement variables have a significant effect on the investigated parameters and on their interactions? Is there any significant difference between eye-movement variables of normal and anomalous trichromats? How does the survival time of anomalous and normal trichromats change in the case of achromatic and colored figures? The results showed that the right answers of anomalous and normal trichromats can be described with multiple or cross-classified contingency tables evaluated effectively by loglinear regression. The survival analysis showed that normal trichromats are more successful in interpreting colored images, while anomalous trichromats seemed to be more efficient in perceiving achromatic images.

Pursuing various sustainable development goals is posing new challenges for societies, policymakers, and researchers alike. This study implements an exploratory approach to address the complexity of food security and nuance its relationship with other grand challenges, such as energy use and climate change, in Central European countries. A multiple factor analysis (MFA) suggests that the three pillars of food security relate differently to climate change: food affordability and food accessibility positively correlate with climate change, while food quality has a negative association with temperature rise. However, if countries switched to renewable energy resources, all three pillars of food security could be achieved simultaneously. The study also underlines regional inequalities regarding grand challenges and emphasizes the need for innovative local solutions, i.e., advances in agriculture systems, educational programs, and the development of environmental technologies that consider social and economic issues.

Traditional strategies (such as education, economic incentives or prohibitions) targeted at altering dietary habits only influence health-conscious consumers. Less health-conscious consumers are less capable of self-regulatory behavior, therefore they are more likely to be influenced through perception. The present study aimed to examine how external cues such as labeling affect the consumer’s perception of foods. The paper includes a case study based on an experiment. In the experiment the same cheese was tested with four different types of labeling (labeled “conventional”, “low salt”, “low fat” and “low salt and low fat”). It was found that the health halo effect worked in the case of cheese testing. In spite of all the samples being identical, the healthy samples were associated with considerably less sensory pleasure. The use of labels by the producers resulted in exactly the opposite effect to that intended. The experiment confirmed the efficiency of the application of this type of behavior-oriented nudge.

Amennyiben ma civil szervezetekről, különösen sportcivil szervezetekről beszélünk, úgy érdemes amellett a jelenség mellett megállni, hogy vajon ez a szervezeti típus mennyire alkalmas és képes támogatások fogadására. A KSH vonatkozó statisztikai adatai a nonprofit szervezetek szféráján belül mutatnak rá arra a jelenségre, hogy a klasszikus civil szervezetek bevételeinek többsége évek óta magán vagy állami jellegű támogatásokból származik. Noha egy igencsak kiszámítható állami támogatási rendszer jellemzi manapság a szféra működését, melyben egyrészt igen egyenlőtlen az egyes támogatási formák eloszlása, másrészt viszont igen jelentős forrásbevonást tesz lehetővé. Az, hogy a támogatási formáknak és a támogatási bevételnek milyen összefüggése van a szervezet működésének további változóival, így például a nyújtott támogatásokkal, foglalkoztatottsági viszonyokkal, ráfordításokkal különösen jelentőséget kaphat mind a szervezetek működésének menedzselése, mind pedig a civil szféra terén történő stratégiai beavatkozások terén.

Stratigraphically important conodonts occurring in the Anisian/Ladinian boundary interval are preliminarily described and their evolutionary lineages discussed. Among them some new taxa are proposed. Gondolella constricta postcornuta ssp. n., G. fueloepi, sp. n. with two new subspecies, G. liebermani Kovacs & Krystyn sp. n. and G.? praehungarica sp. n. Two of the new ones, G. constricta postcornuta and G. ?praehungarica are recognized as zonal index forms in the Balaton Highland Middle Triassic.

Establishing Base Flood Elevation for a stream network corresponding to a big catchment is feasible by interdisciplinary approach, involving stochastic hydrology, river hydraulics, and computer aided simulations. A numerical model calibrated by historical floods has been exploited in this study. The short presentation of the catchment of the Tisza River in this paper is followed by the overview of historical floods which hit the region in the documented period of 130 years. Several well documented historical floods provided opportunity for the calibration of the chosen numerical model. Once established, the model could be used for investigation of different extreme flood scenarios and to establish the Base Flood Elevation. The calibration has shown that the coefficient of friction in case of the Tisza River is dependent both on the actual water level and on the preceding flood events. The effect of flood plain maintenance as well as the activation of six potential detention ponds on flood mitigation has been examined. Furthermore, the expected maximum water levels have also been determined for the case if the ever observed biggest 1888 flood hit the region again. The investigated cases of flood superposition highlighted the impact of tributary Maros on flood mitigation along the Tisza River.

The present study investigates the long memory property of market pig prices. Simply knowing that these time series have long term dependence could have strong significance when forecasting prices. The presence of long memory is crucial information in making business decisions and creating portfolios. Long memory can be measured by calculating the so-called Hurst exponent. In our article, we studied and described three different methods (Rescaled range, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average). Data consist of four time series (piglet, young pig, sow, slaughter pig) between 1991 and 2011. Before conducting the econometric analysis, all the series were seasonally adjusted using the TRAMO/SEATS method. Data preparation was followed by differencing the time series and testing their normality and stationarity. In the next step, we divided the analysed period into four parts and determined the Hurst exponent for each sub-period, using all three methods. In summary, results showed that slaughter pig prices are random; pig and piglet prices developed similarly and have long memory, while sow price changes definitely have short memory. Among the methods of pinpointing long term memory, ARFIMA was used for making the forecast. The forecasting ability of the method was compared to the traditional ARIMA model, with ARFIMA proving to be the better of the two.

Zweck der vorliegenden Arbeit is es, eine gut handhabbare Methode zu zeigen, womit man die hinreichende Bedingung für die Existenz eines Extremums unter Nebenbedingungen behandeln kann. Das Resultat ist eigentlich nicht unbekannt, Einzelteile sind in mehreren Arbeiten wie etwa in [5], [10] oder in [16] enthalten. Es hat aber nicht Eingang in die neuere Lehrbuchliteratur gefunden (vgl. z. B. [1], [11] oder [13]) und ist nicht allgemein bekannt. Die Frage ist von einigem Interesse, da zum Beispiel zahlreiche Probleme in der angewandten Mathematik Extremwertaufgaben unter Nebenbedingungen sind.

As a result of the increase in both the international tourists’ expenditures and tourist arrivals to Thailand, there is a growing interest in determining the trend of international tourists’ expenditures based on time-series modelling. In our article secondary data were used to produce forecasts of the international tourists’ expenditures in Thailand between 2009 and 2010. The forecasting method is based on the ARFIMAX (0, 0.197, 0, 0.033) model. Furthermore, this method predicted that international tourists’ expenditures in Thailand between 2009 and 2010 will have to contract and slow down. This paper seeks to determine whether the international tourists’ expenditures are affected by other circumstances. The results of this study revealed that the international tourist arrivals to Thailand will also have to slow down. However, from the results, there is solid evidence to support such a claim.

The competitiveness of the sheep sector in East Europe has been decreasing from year to year. The value added in the sector is not generated in the countries as a high proportion of the lambs are exported. For example, in Hungary, 95% of the lambs, unnecessary for replacement, are sold at an average weight of 21 kg and are slaughtered abroad. A stochastic model was constructed to investigate the connections between the cycle phases of the mutton production. Three modules were distinguished, the lamb production, fattening and slaughtering-processing sub-modules. The aim of our study was to identify the gross value added generated in the three sub-modules and to analyse the main factors influencing its volume using the conditions in Hungary as an example. The major hypothesis of our research was that the profitability of the production chain is mainly determined by the breed. The results showed that, considering market prices, the gross value added in the processing module was mostly influenced by the number of lambs sold per ewe per year at the bottom level of the mutton product chain. The next most important factors were the weight gain in the lamb producing and fattening sub-modules and dressing percentage in slaughtering-processing sub-module. Contour plots were constructed which help to describe the relationship among analyzed factors. Using the contour plots, the gross value added for different combinations of these factors might be forecast.