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Breast cancer cells have long been inhibited by polypyridine Ru(II) complexes, which are excellent antitumor agents. Due to their multi-targeting properties, this class of ruthenium complexes has received increasing attention as anticancer drug candidates approach to various cellular targets. The aim of this review is to give information about the ligands that were carefully chosen for ruthenium complexes. There has been a great deal of interest in using ruthenium-based complexes to treat breast cancer. Several species have shown potential as treatment candidates. However, further research is needed to determine how these agents affect the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. The mechanism of action of Ru-based anticancer candidates NAMI-A and KP1019 during phase I clinical trials has been discussed. This article explains hormone-positive breast cancer and triple-negative breast-cancer treatment by using Ru complexes. Although platinum (Pt-based) anticancer medication is widely used in cancer treatment, a minor improvement has been seen and that is Platinum replaced with Ruthenium for its anticancer properties. We have also highlighted the best effective ruthenium-based complexes in treating T.N.B.C. (triple-negative breast cancer) here in this collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transdermal administration represents a major advancement over traditional pharmaceutical dosing methods. However, a frequent issue is inadequate penetration of the active medicinal component through the skin. As a result, in the current research, we assessed the utility of newly developed petrolatumliquid crystal (LC) ointment formulations and characterized their biocompatibility and function in the transdermal drug delivery system. To begin, we made petrolatum-LC formulations using p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as a hydrophilic model molecule. The viscosity, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), particle diameters, and z-potential were measured to assess the physicochemical properties of the formulations. A dialysis release technique was used to evaluate medication release from petrolatum-LC formulations. In vitro testing was performed to determine the potential to enhance skin penetration. The biocompatibility of the produced formulations was further tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and single-cell gel electrophoresis. According to the results, the novel petrolatum-LC formulations are biocompatible and effective in forming hexosomes. PABA skin penetration was significantly enhanced by the new petrolatum-LC formulations. According to this study, petroleum-LC formulations are more efficient than commercial petrolatum in terms of skin permeability improvement and PABA skin concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) complexed with silver represent new, broad-spectrum antimicrobial and anticancer agents, normally with low toxicity profiles, and they provide a range of versatile structures for targeted biological applications. Most of these complexes have shown higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin, a potent anticancer drug. This study reviews the design, synthesis, structural characterization, and biological applications of silver complexes derived from both functionalized and nonfunctionalized NHC ligands. Specifically, silver complexes of functionalized and nonfunctionalized imidazole- and benzimidazole-based NHC systems employed in antimicrobial and anticancer applications are reviewed. Advancements achieved in the use of silver(I)-NHC complexes of miscellaneous azolium ligands, such as 1,2,4-triazole and the heterocycle-fused imidazolium derivative xanthene are also reviewed. Encapsulation of a series of silver-NHC complexes in a polymer-based carrier material represents a promising method for the targeted delivery of silver ions to the infected sites. The advances achieved in this particular area are systematically reviewed in this paper. In general, these preliminary achievements reveal the potential of silver(I)-NHC complexes as efficient antimicrobial and anticancer candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Ag(I) complexes ( 6, 7, 8, 9) derived from imidazol-2-ylidenes was synthesized by reacting Ag2O with an o-, m-, p-xylyl or 1,3,5-triazine-linked imidazolium salts ( 1, 2, 3, 4) and then characterizing these using various spectro-analytical techniques. Additionally, triazine-linked bis-imidazolium salt 5 was characterized using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Complexes 6-9 were formed from the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand precursors 1-3 as PF6- salts in good yields. Conversely, salt 5 does not form Ag(I) complex even under various reaction conditions. Using ampicillin as a standard, complexes 6-9 were tested against bacteria strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, showing potent antimicrobial activities against the tested bacteria even at minimum inhibition concentration and bacterial concentration levels. Furthermore, the potential anticancer activities of the reported complexes were evaluated against the human colorectal cancer (HCT 116) cell lines, using 5-fluorouracil as a standard drug. The highest anticancer activities were observed for complex 8 with an IC50 value of 3.4 μ m, whereas the lowest was observed for complex 9 with an IC50 value of 18.1 μ m. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new Hg(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex (1) of the form [(NHC)2-μ-Hg]·2PF6 was synthesized from the reaction of Hg(II) acetate with a meta-xylyl-linked bis-imidazolium salt (η1-areneC–H model). The complex was characterized using elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C and HMQC), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. X-ray structural studies on complex 1 revealed a linear coordination of the Hg ion with both carbene centers of the ligand. In addition, a strong interaction between the Hg ion and a carbon atom of the aryl ring of the ligand was also observed. This interesting interaction is further supported by a downfield chemical shift of the 1H NMR signal for the arene-H that interacts with mercury (δ 0.88 compared to the free ligand). In a related meta-arylene-bis(imidazol-2-yliden-1-ylmethyl) Hg(II) complex (2) with a methyl group between the bridges, synthesized in analogy to complex 1, no such interaction between the Hg ion and the aryl ring was observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Three nitrile-functionalized (benz)imid- zaolium derivatives with CCC, CNC, and NCN coordination pockets have been synthesized and isolated as the bromide salts and are converted into their hexafluorophosphate counterparts ( 5-7) by ligand metathesis. N-heterocyclic carbene Ag(I)- and Hg(II)-complexes ( 8-10 and 11-13) are readily formed in good to excellent yields from ligand precursors 5-7 and Ag2O and Hg(OAc)2, respectively. All reported compounds have been characterized by various spectral and analytical techniques, such as FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. Solid-state structures of carbene precursors 5, 7, and an Ag(I)-carbene complex 10 have been determined crystallographically. Single crystal X-ray crystallography of complex 10 reveals the chelation of carbene carbons to metal center in almost a linear manner. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:486-497, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21041 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schiff bases have proven to be beneficial in medicine and have interesting complexation capabilities with transition metals. The +4, +5, and +6 oxidation states of schiff base metal complexes have been the subject of recent review, which have highlighted their notable cytotoxic effects against various colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, SW-480, Coco-2, CT-26, LT-174, LoVo). Extensive research has focused on schiff base metal complexes in the +4 and +6 oxidation states, exhibiting distinct geometries and significant thermodynamic stability. These studies provide IC50 values for these complexes in colon cancer cell lines along with comprehensive structural representations that shed light on how different substituents affect cytotoxicity. When compared to schiff base ligands alone, metal complexes of schiff bases have been shown to significantly reduce colon cancer cell invasion and proliferation. The studied literature emphasizes schiff base metal complexe’s potential in biological applications and suggests that more study may be necessary to fully comprehend their biology. To enable more sophisticated multidisciplinary study in this field, future investigations should focus on synthesizing novel complexes with enhanced bioavailability, solubility, and low toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review deeply delves the major methods for the synthesis of organotellurium compounds along with their biological significance. Elaboration of various precursors (ligands) including Schiff bases, naphthoquinones, amino acids, β-hydroxy alkylated compounds, β-phenyltelluro alcohols, β-aryltelluro amines, β-aryl-chalcogenium azides, chalcogenobiotin, benzenesulfonamide, carbonic anhydrase, and Sulpha compounds has been briefly described. Furthermore, the article investigates their possible biological uses, specifically as antioxidant and anticancer agents while comparing their effectiveness with their respective ligands and with the standard medications in terms IC50 values. All types of details are haunted to make the information a priceless resource for researchers who wish to probe deeper into and examine the diverse roles that organotellurium complexes play in biological settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of azo ligand (NTAMP) and its Co(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes. • IR, UV–Vis, 1H NMR, CHNS, Mass, TGA, SEM, and magnetic susceptibility techniques were used for characterization. • The new azo compound (NTAMP) coordinates as tridentate ligand. • In vitro tests were performed on bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungus (Penicillium sp.). A new ligand 2-[2′-(5-Nitrothiazolyl) azo]-4-methoxyphenol (NTAMP) was synthesized using the coupling reaction between 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole and 4-methoxyphenol in an alkaline solution. The complexes of Co(III), Ni(II), and Cu(II) were synthesized by the direct reaction of the ligand with the appropriate metal salt. The ligand (NTAMP) and its metal complexes were characterized using different techniques including UV–vis, FT-IR, mass spectroscopy, 1H NMR, TGA-DTG, elemental analysis CHNS, and magnetic moment. Based on the results, the molar ratio of metal to ligand [M:L] of each metal complex was [2:1]. Molar conductance measurements for the synthesized complexes revealed an electrolytic nature of Co(III) complex with the ratio of 1:1 and non-electrolytic for the remaining complexes. Further, the ligand and its complexes were tested for their in-vitro activity against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia coli (gram-negative), and the fungus Penicillium spp. In general, all the tested compounds showed activity against the examined microorganisms, particularly Ni(II) complex, which was more active than others. In addition, Density Functional Theory (DFT) was used to discuss the optimization energy, HOMO, LUMO, and some physical properties of the studied complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsymmetrically substituted sterically tuned Pd(II)–NHC complexes of the general formula [PdCl2(NHC)2] (NHC = 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolin-2-ylidene, 7; 1-allyl-3-butylimidazol-2-ylidene, 8; 1-benzyl-3-butyl imidazolin-2-ylidene, 9) were prepared through transmetallation from their corresponding Ag(I)–NHC complexes. The Pd complexes were structurally characterized by different spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction methods. Complexes 7 and 9 adopted a trans–anti arrangement of the NHC ligands, whereas complex 8 adopted a cis–syn arrangement. Preliminary antibiogram studies using Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria showed that Ag(I)–NHC complexes demonstrate higher activity compared with Pd(I)–NHC complexes. Furthermore, Pd(II)–NHC complexes were evaluated for their anticancer potential using the human colorectal cancer cell line. A higher anticancer activity was observed for complexes 8 and 9, with 26.5 and 6.6 mM IC50 values, respectively.

In the title compound, C(12)H(12)N(3) (+)·PF(6) (-), the hexa-fluoro-phosphate anion is disordered over two orientations with refined site occupancies of 0.8071 (17) and 0.1929 (17). The dihedral angle between the imidazole and benzene rings in the cation is 71.26 (7)°. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked by C-H⋯F and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

The asymmetric unit of the title complex, [Hg(C(11)H(12)N(2))(2)](PF(6))(2), consists of one bis-(1-benzyl-3-methyl-imidazolium)mercury(II) cation, one half of the cation and an additional Hg(II) atom, which lies on an inversion centre, and three hexa-fluorido-phosphate anions. The Hg(II) atoms exist in a linear coordination geometry [C-Hg-C = 178.9 (2) and 180°] formed by two carbene C atoms from the imidazole rings. In the crystal, the cations and anions are connected via C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

In the title molecular salt, C(31)H(34)N(4) (2+)·2Br(-), the central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 80.47 (12) and 82.78 (12)° with the adjacent imidazole rings. The dihedral angle between the two terminal phenyl rings is 79.16 (13)°. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked via C-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds, forming supra-molecular chains along the c axis.

In the title molecular salt, C(25)H(38)N(4) (2+)·2PF(6) (-), one of the butyl groups and four F atoms in the basal plane of one of the PF(6) (-) octa-hedra are disordered over two sets of sites, with occupancy ratios of 0.704 (5):0.296 (5) and 0.71 (3):0.29 (3), respectively. The central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 85.17 (12) and 81.97 (12)° with the terminal imidazole rings. In the crystal, cations and anions are linked together via inter-molecular C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds forming a three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, K[Ag(C(11)H(12)N(2))(2)](2)(PF(6))(3), the 12-coordinate potassium cation lies on a crystallographic twofold axis and one of the hexa-fluoro-phosphate anions is generated by symmetry. In the complex cation, the Ag(I) ion is coordinated by two C atoms; the two imidazolium rings are orientated at a dihedral angle of 8.14 (14)°. In the 1-benzyl-3-methyl-imidazolium units, the dihedral angles between imidazolium and phenyl rings are 80.47 (15) and 76.53 (14)°. The F atoms of the general-position hexa-fluoro-phosphate anion are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.767 (17):0.233 (17) ratio. In the crystal, the hexa-fluoro-phosphate anions link the cations into three-dimensional networks via inter-molecular C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds and are further consolidated by π-π stacking [centroid-centroid distances = 3.5518 (15) Å] inter-actions.