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Ludwik Pasteur uznawany jest za jednego z największych naukowców. A jednak nawet na pomnikowej postaci Pasteura dostrzegane są rysy. Jego charakter i pewne działania są przedmiotem krytyki lub co najmniej kontrowersji. Zawarty w niniejszym artykule przegląd dokonań francuskiego uczonego, przygotowany z okazji dwusetnej rocznicy jego urodzin, pokazuje, że, mimo formułowanychz różnych stron zarzutów, Pasteur w pełni zasługuje na miano „dobroczyńcy ludzkości”.

Nuclear genetic diversity and differentiation of 341 sheep belonging to 12 sheep breeds from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were examined. The aim of the study was to provide the understanding of the genetic structure and variability of the analysed pramenka sheep populations, and to give indications for conservation strategies based on the population diversity and structure information. The genetic variation of the sheep populations, examined at the nuclear level using 27 microsatellite loci, revealed considerable levels of genetic diversity, similar to the diversity found in other European indigenous low-production sheep breeds. Population-specific alleles were detected at most loci and in breeds analysed. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.643 (in Lika pramenka) to 0.743 (in Vlasic pramenka), and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.646 (in Lika pramenka) to 0.756 (in Dalmatian pramenka). Significant inbreeding coefficients were found for half of the populations studied and ranged from 0.040 (Pag island sheep) to 0.091 (Kupres pramenka). Moderate genetic differentiation was found between the studied sheep populations. The total genetic variability observed between different populations was 5.29%, whereas 94.71% of the variation was found within populations. Cres island sheep, Lika pramenka and Istrian sheep were identified as the most distinct populations, which was confirmed by the factorial analysis of correspondence and supported through a bootstrapping adjustment to correct for the difference in the sample sizes. The population structure analysis distinguished 12 clusters for the 12 sheep breeds analysed. However, the cluster differentiation was low for Dalmatian, Vlasic, Stolac and Krk pramenka. This systematic study identified Lika pramenka and Rab island sheep as those with the lowest diversity, whereas Istrian sheep and Pag island sheep had the highest. Conservation actions are proposed for Istrian, Rab and Cres island sheep, Lika and Kupres pramenka because of high estimated coefficients of inbreeding. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The paper deals with the rationalization of the electric power supply of an industrial network. The relevant indices characterizing daily load diagrams are defined, and measurement data are statistically processed to select the representative days for the optimization of reactive power compensation. Mathematical models for the optimization of compensation and load shifting are provided and efficiently processed by applying the Hooke and Jeeves’ discrete search approach. Optimal allocation of capacitor banks at available network load points and their sizes have been determined to maximize the annual cost saving related to real and reactive energy consumption charges. The optimal solution recommended is analyzed for harmonics resonance conditions. The optimal phase shifts of daily load diagrams of feeders supplying various groups of loads are determined potentially minimizing the peak of the aggregated load and associated charges. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the soil resistivity testing results carried out at the location designated for the construction of substation 110/35/10 kV 'Zlatibor'. Testing results show that the tested soil is double-layered. Interpretation of the results of geoelectric sounding based on a mathematical model of double-layered soil shows good matching with the test results.

The paper describes experimental research of the effects of different shields on power frequency magnetic induction mitigation. This research was performed in order to determine those materials that may be used for magnetic induction mitigation in cases where the reference level is exceeded. Using measured results, the value of the shielding factor has been calculated for all tested shields and the most efficient shields were determined.

The paper describes experimental research on the effects of different shields on power frequency electric field mitigation. This research was performed in order to determine those materials that may be used for electric field mitigation in cases where the reference level is exceeded. Using measured results, the value of the shielding factor has been calculated for all tested shields and the most efficient shields were determined.

The paper derives a model for the evaluation of the performances of composite grounding systems of urban main distribution substations and associated cable networks. The effects of the cables upon the dangerous voltages, transferred potentials, and ground fault current distribution are encompassed, including the conductive and magnetic coupling among grounding system elements as well as the nonlinearity of cables sheaths impedances. An application example is presented and some experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]