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Mempelajari akidah Islam di era sekarang merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Arus globalisasi yang penuh akan kebebasan di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari serta pengaruhnya bisa membawa kita pada pengaruh yang positif ataupun negatif tanpa kita sadari. Hal yang paling ditakutkan adalah apabila dampak globalisasi membawa pengaruh yang buruk bagi diir kita, khususnya bagi para siswa yang masih mencari jati dirinya masing-masing. Pengaruh yang negatif ini dapat disebabkan oleh lemahnya akidah sebagai dasar atau pondasi dalam keimanan seseorang. Jika terdapat siswa yang akidahnya lemah, maka ia akan mudah terpengaruh atau terprovokasi oleh keadaan di sekitarnya sehingga ia akan mudah goyah atas apa yang ia yakini sebelumnya. Di dalam artikel ini akan mengulas tiga pertanyaan yang saling berkaitan. Pertama, apa pengertian akidah Islam dan bagaimana kedudukannya di dalam kehidupan kita. Kedua, apa pengertian karakter religius. Ketiga, bagaimana urgensi pembelajaran akidah dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa. Untuk mengulas ketiga poin di atas, artikel penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kajian pustaka. Hasilnya bahwa penguatan akidah melalui pembelajaran akidah Islam itu akan sangat diperlukan sebagai upaya untuk mencegah hal-hal yang berbau negatif masuk ke dalam diri siswa. Selain itu, akidah juga bisa dikatakan sebagai refleksi atau cerminan dari karakter seseorang.

The bacterial H-NS protein silences expression from sequences with higher AT-content than the host genome and is believed to buffer the fitness consequences associated with foreign gene acquisition. Loss of H-NS results in severe growth defects in Salmonella, but the underlying reasons were unclear. An experimental evolution approach was employed to determine which secondary mutations could compensate for the loss of H-NS in Salmonella. Six independently derived S. Typhimurium hns mutant strains were serially passaged for 300 generations prior to whole genome sequencing. Growth rates of all lineages dramatically improved during the course of the experiment. Each of the hns mutant lineages acquired missense mutations in the gene encoding the H-NS paralog StpA encoding a poorly understood H-NS paralog, while 5 of the mutant lineages acquired deletions in the genes encoding the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1) Type 3 secretion system critical to invoke inflammation. We further demonstrate that SPI-1 misregulation is a primary contributor to the decreased fitness in Salmonella hns mutants. Three of the lineages acquired additional loss of function mutations in the PhoPQ virulence regulatory system. Similarly passaged wild type Salmonella lineages did not acquire these mutations. The stpA missense mutations arose in the oligomerization domain and generated proteins that could compensate for the loss of H-NS to varying degrees. StpA variants most able to functionally substitute for H-NS displayed altered DNA binding and oligomerization properties that resembled those of H-NS. These findings indicate that H-NS was central to the evolution of the Salmonellae by buffering the negative fitness consequences caused by the secretion system that is the defining characteristic of the species.

Emergence of a new paradigm Systems applied to translation scalable concepts This paper discusses the notional and conceptual translation and the issues it raises. For this purpose, examples will be provided concerning two types of translation: sustainable development, which illustrates an inter-linguistic translation and virtue, which is intra-linguistic. The new paradigm that is proposed in this article is that of the sciences of complexity and, in particular, an application of the need for a synergy of forms of knowledge. A reflection on both the syntagmatic and paradigmatic use of a word and its evolution will refine research and will clarify the usage of a term in a language for specific purposes. Some concluding remarks have been drawn from this research. While the classical analytical rationalist approach obviously tended towards reductionism based on causality and linear reasoning which gives rise to exhaustiveness, the systemic approach sets out on the path of relevance, interaction, and globalism, particularly in relation to the environment of the system. The systemic approach is teleological “in search of the behavior of the conceptual system”. The latter is an approach that responds to aggregation or “modeling for simplifying representation”. It consequently adheres to the concept of interaction between the components and the concepts, of which the feedback "the feedback" which is a form of it. The complexity - far from being a complication - can be inherent in the very composition of the system essentially based on reticular relations also depending on the uncertainty of the environment of the system in question. The concept is a complex entity, even hypercomplex, whether it is intrinsically superordinate, subordinate or coordinated, the latter cannot be approached in a reductionist way. He must resort to systemics, the approach of which consequently lends itself to a conceptual exercise in the reconstruction of knowledge and consequently of the concept: A reconstruction which aims to be faithful, adequate and almost absolute, eliminating the risk of falling into the anarchy of designations and incomprehension due to the fact that complex thought is “animated by a permanent tension between the aspiration for a non-parcel, non-partitioned knowledge and the incompleteness of all knowledge”. The elasticity of the concept inevitably appearing insofar as it is transversal and moves from one discipline to another and from one theory to another.