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This research proposes a simple, new technique to obtain truthful answers to sensitive, categorical questions. The paired response technique (PRT) asks participants to merely report the sum of the answers to two paired questions, one baseline and one sensitive, with the answers to each question known only to the participants. The technique then statistically infers the prevalence of the sensitive characteristic and its potential drivers from the association of the baseline question with other questions in the survey. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the performance of the PRT under varying conditions. A representative survey (n = 4,649) in the Netherlands about legal and illegal purchases of prescription drugs to enhance sexual performance reveals that 17.4% of the target population has purchased medication to enhance sexual performance at least once. In contrast, in a control group surveyed with direct questioning, only 5.1% admit having done so. The great majority of these individuals opt to purchase illegally. Two further empirical applications, respectively, in the United States and the United Kingdom, show that the PRT reduces cognitive and affective costs of survey participation compared with a state-of-the-art randomized response technique for categorical questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the increased emphasis on active learning in psychology, it is important to use data to enhance these experiences. In learning courses, both live animals and virtual training laboratories have been found to enhance learning, but less research has examined student preferences. Generally, live rats are preferred, but students may resist these experiences. Additionally, both laboratory types have drawbacks. Objective: This study examined student preferences for learning laboratory experiences. Method: The current study surveyed students to understand preferences between laboratory experiences and within a virtual program. Specifically, students were asked preference for species and between realistic and cartoon versions. Results: Participants preferred live animals, but the difficulties of working with live animals may require the use of virtual laboratory programs. For those programs, students preferred realistic dogs. Additionally, based on these preferences a pilot program was designed and tested in a class. The students supported the inclusion of the program for similar classes and provided feedback for improvement. Conclusion: Live animal laboratories are worthwhile when feasible, but well-designed virtual programs can be beneficial for engaging and impactful learning experiences. Teaching Implications: Instructors should consider using live or virtual animal laboratories for psychology of learning courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Method Results Conclusion The primary purpose of this study was to examine Chinese and Mongolian attitudes on cultural and socio‐political issues important to China–Mongolia relations across geospatial and demographic data.To investigate, this research leveraged Random Domain Intercept Technology (RDIT) to collect anonymous opt‐in survey responses from people in all 34 regions of China (N  = 5028) and in all 21 Aimags (provinces) in Mongolia (N  = 2003).Findings revealed significant points of tension between the two countries. Most notably, a majority of Chinese respondents expressed support for a Chinese and Russian invasion of Mongolia, while the majority of Mongolian respondents indicated a strong willingness to fight back.This study provides novel insights from diverse voices in China and Mongolia, two understudied populations, during a critically important time for Asian geopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsConclusions\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONThe call for high quality disability data has gained momentum around the world. The objective of this paper is to analyse the consistency of estimates obtained with the Washington Group short set of questions, which are being recommended for use in national population surveys.Prevalence rates and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated using data from five surveys carried out in three low-income countries and one high-income country.Two surveys undertaken in the same year generated different disability prevalences: 16.1% and 25.6% using a broad cut-off; 4.0% and 6.7% using a narrower cut-off. In two longitudinal surveys, over 50% of persons identified as having disability in a wave were not identified as such in the next wave, independent of cut-off used. Data disaggregation by education and remunerative employment shows little differences between persons with and without disability, which is inconsistent with current evidence.The paper shows some significant inconsistencies that can have consequences for policy, international comparisons, for the monitoring the CRPD and SDGs, and most importantly, for persons with disability. It is important that advocates, policy makers, statistical offices and country authorities follow reliability and validity standards when recommending tools for disability data collection.Valid and reliable disability rates estimates are essential for evidence informed policymaking and for a sound estimation of rehabilitation needs.Stakeholders must consider reliability and validity when selecting tools for disability data collection, and psychometric evaluations must be mandatory for tools to be eligible for inclusion in surveys or censuses.The WHO Functioning and Disability Disaggregation Tool (FDD11) is a validated tool that can be used as a standalone instrument or integrated in existing surveys to provide sound estimates of the prevalence and distribution of disability in populations.Valid and reliable disability rates estimates are essential for evidence informed policymaking and for a sound estimation of rehabilitation needs.Stakeholders must consider reliability and validity when selecting tools for disability data collection, and psychometric evaluations must be mandatory for tools to be eligible for inclusion in surveys or censuses.The WHO Functioning and Disability Disaggregation Tool (FDD11) is a validated tool that can be used as a standalone instrument or integrated in existing surveys to provide sound estimates of the prevalence and distribution of disability in populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion appears to have taken a nosedive during the pandemic, including previously persistent forms of intense religion such as strong affiliation and biblical literalism. However, this apparent secularization is the result of mode effects. The gold standard General Social Survey (GSS) switched to online rather than face-to-face interviews and the response rate plunged to 17%. Parallel analyses of GSS panel data demonstrate that this mode switch introduced substantial nonresponse bias. Illustratively, biblical literalism was almost 50% higher among those who declined to participate (36%) than those who participated in the online survey (25%). Rather than declining, intense religion persisted if not rose over time among those willing to participate in a push-to-web survey. The apparent decline was simply a result of disillusioned, distrusting, disinformed, disadvantaged, and disconnected people being much less likely to agree to participate. Intense religion and other social phenomena are underrepresented and thereby underestimated in online surveys with substantial nonresponse, including those using population sampling methods. The trend in survey research toward these types of surveys could be expected to give a false impression of secularization and other social change going forward—including making society look less disillusioned, distrusting, disinformed, disadvantaged, and disconnected than it is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When and how to survey potential respondents is often determined by budgetary and external constraints, but choice of survey modality may have enormous implications for data quality. Different survey modalities may be differentially susceptible to measurement error attributable to interviewer assignment, known as interviewer effects. In this paper, we leverage highly similar surveys, one conducted face-to-face (FTF) and the other via phone, to examine variation in interviewer effects across survey modality and question type. We find that while there are no cross-modality differences for simple questions, interviewer effects are markedly higher for sensitive questions asked over the phone. These findings are likely explained by the enhanced ability of in-person interviewers to foster rapport and engagement with respondents. We conclude with a thought experiment that illustrates the potential implications for power calculations, namely, that using FTF data to inform phone surveys may substantially underestimate the necessary sample size for sensitive questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Louisiana surveys waterfowl hunters every 5 years to assess hunter effort, harvest success, demographics, and preferences for proposed regulations and management practices. The 2020 Survey of Louisiana Waterfowl Hunters addressed hunter satisfaction patterns, hunter perceptions on waterfowl migration, associations of field experiences to satisfaction, associations among distribution waves, the efficacy of sample coverage by an email survey, and allowed comparison with hunter satisfaction with surveys in 2005, 2010, and 2015. We distributed a 31‐question survey by email to 73,554 Louisiana waterfowl hunters following the 2019–2020 season. We received 13,483 total responses, of which 8,218 were usable (licensed respondents actively hunting waterfowl during the 2019–2020 season), resulting in a qualified response rate of 12.0%. We compared qualified respondents to the overall population of Harvest Information Program registrants (169,891) and found no significant differences for age class, geographic distribution, and license type. Our results indicated that surveys should be distributed in 3 waves, as the number of days hunted would be overestimated by 7% (mean of 15 days [95% confidence interval = 14.7–15.7] compared to a mean of 14 days [95% confidence interval = 13.7–14.4]) by a single survey. Hunters' satisfaction was independent of which geographic zone they hunted, whether they were members of conservation organizations, or how many waterfowl were seen. Our results also indicated that the probability of greater hunter satisfaction was increased by 98% as the number of waterfowl harvested surpassed 57, by 68% for respondents reporting that their actual harvest exceeded expected harvest by at least one bird, and by 61% for respondents reporting that their actual days hunted exceeded expected days hunted by at least one day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding public perception of technology is crucial to aligning research, development, and governance of technology. This article introduces micro scenarios as an integrative method to evaluate mental models and social acceptance across numerous technologies and concepts using a few single-item scales within a single comprehensive survey. This approach contrasts with traditional methods that focus on detailed assessments of as few as one scenario. The data can be interpreted in two ways: Perspective (1): Average evaluations of each participant can be seen as individual differences, providing reflexive measurements across technologies or topics. This helps in understanding how perceptions of technology relate to other personality factors. Perspective (2): Average evaluations of each technology or topic can be interpreted as technology attributions. This makes it possible to position technologies on visuo-spatial maps to simplify identification of critical issues, conduct comparative rankings based on selected criteria, and to analyze the interplay between different attributions. This dual approach enables the modeling of acceptance-relevant factors that shape public opinion. It offers a framework for researchers, technology developers, and policymakers to identify pivotal factors for acceptance at both the individual and technology levels. I illustrate this methodology with examples from my research, provide practical guidelines, and include R code to enable others to conduct similar studies. This paper aims to bridge the gap between technological advancement and societal perception, offering a tool for more informed decision-making in technology development and policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, mail push-to-web survey invitations contain a URL to allow respondents access to a web survey instrument. Today, a Quick Response (QR) code can be used to provide access to the survey without the need to manually type a URL. Including a QR code could improve survey response rates by increasing interest and reducing the perceived burden of the survey by appealing to smartphone owners and those who primarily rely on a smartphone to access the internet. QR codes may also reduce errors from keying in the survey URL manually. However, not everyone is familiar with or knows how to use QR codes, perhaps making a survey with a QR code seem more burdensome or irrelevant. The inclusion of a second way to access a survey (a QR code in addition to a URL) may also lead to choice paralysis and lower response rates. We present the results of two experiments, one conducted in 2015, prior to more widespread adoption of QR codes, and the other in 2022, after an uptick in QR adoption due to enhancement in smartphone technology and response to the coronavirus pandemic. Each experiment tested the impact of including a QR code on response rates to a mail push-to-web invitation sent to randomly selected US residential addresses. In both 2015 and 2022, we found a slight increase in response rates and the percent of respondents who are Hispanic when the QR code is included, though the 2015 findings were not statistically significant. We did not find evidence of mode choice paralysis when a QR code is presented as an additional access option or that QR codes negatively affect the demographic composition of respondents. The findings underscore the importance of testing and replicating research as adoption of newer technologies evolves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of multiple survey, administrative, and third-party data offers the opportunity to innovate and improve survey estimation via statistical modeling. With decreasing response rates and increasing interest for more timely and geographically detailed estimates, imputation methodology that combines multiple data sources to adjust for low unit response and allow for more detailed publication levels, including geographic estimates, is both timely and necessary. Motivated by the Advance Monthly Retail Trade Survey (MARTS) and Monthly Retail Trade Survey (MRTS), we propose Bayesian hierarchical multiple imputation-dependent data models with the goals of automating imputation for the MARTS by using historic MRTS data and providing geographically granular (state-level) estimates for the MRTS via mass imputation using third-party data and spatial dependence. As a natural byproduct of this approach, measures of uncertainty are provided. This article illustrates the advantages of applying established Bayesian hierarchical modeling techniques with multiple source data to address practical problems in official statistics and is, therefore, of independent interest. The motivating empirical studies are unified by their hierarchical modeling framework, which ultimately results in a more principled approach for estimation for the MARTS and a more geographically granular data product for the MRTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the prevalence and nature of cognitive interviewing (CI) for testing survey questionnaires in the United States and compare our results to those from Blair and Presser's similar study of three decades ago when such testing was relatively new. We find that although CI is now much more common than in 1993, there are still many organizations that do not use it. In addition, we find that there has been only a modest reduction in the great variation of ways CI is conducted both within and across organizations. We interpret this variability mainly as a reflection of the lack of consensus about best practices and call for research that will make consensus about best practices more likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbitrary placing cut-offs in data, i.e. binning, is recognised as poor statistical practice. We explore the consequences of using arbitrary cut-offs in two large datasets, the National Student Survey (2019 and 2022). These are nationwide surveys aimed at capturing student satisfaction amongst UK undergraduates. For these survey data, it is common to group the responses to the question on student satisfaction on a five point Likert scale into '% satisfied' based on two categories. These % satisfied are then further used in metrics. We examine the consequences of using three rather than two categories for the rankings of courses and institutions, as well as the consequences of excluding the midpoint from the calculations. Across all courses, grouping the midpoint with satisfied leads to a median shift of 8.40% and 11.41% in satisfaction for 2019 and 2022, respectively. Excluding the midpoint from the calculations leads to a median shift of 4.20% and 5.70% in satisfaction for 2019 and 2022, respectively. While the overall stability of the rankings is largely preserved, individual courses or institutions exhibit sizeable shifts. Depending on the analysis, the most extreme shifts for courses in rankings are between 13 and 79 ranks, for institutions between 24 and 416 ranks. Our analysis thus illustrates the potentially profound consequences of arbitrarily grouping categories for individual institutions and courses. We offer some recommendations on how this issue can be addressed but primarily we caution against the reliance on arbitrary grouping of response categories in survey data such as the NSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient transitions in critical care require coordination across provider roles and rely on the quality of providers' actions to ensure safety. Studying the behavior of providers who transition patients in critical care may guide future interventions that ultimately improve patient safety in this setting. Objective: To establish the feasibility of using the Theory of Planned Behavior in a trauma environment and to describe provider behavior elements during trauma patient transfers (de-escalations) to non-critical care units. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed a convenience sample of 103 multidisciplinary providers who do the cognitive and physical work of transitioning trauma patients from critical care to another non-critical care unit at a U.S. Level I trauma center. Descriptive methods for survey development, analysis, and administration were evaluated. Results: A total of 72 respondents completed the survey; they included registered nurses, nurse practitioners, and medical doctors, demonstrating a 70% response rate. Statistically significant differences among ICU roles were observed in perceived control (Eta-squared = 0.09, p =.001) and in several anchors in the attitude, subjective norms, and behavioral intent theoretical domains (Cohen's d ranging from 0.36 to 2.03, p <.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated variability in theory domains, signaling an opportunity to study a representative sample. It can serve as a blueprint for future behavioral studies designed to examine the Theory of Planned Behavior elements in trauma critical care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Research & Health is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought major psychological issues, such as stress and anxiety, to the global population at large, as well as to specific groups. One such group consists of university students who underwent online teaching and were isolated from physical social contacts for the majority of 2020-2021. However, the impact of stress on university students has not been studied in our country. Stress is influenced by cultural and societal aspects that vary from one country to another but share basic overall features. Methods: This is a cross-sectional cohort study, using survey methodology, specifically the perceived stress scale-4 (PSS-4). The target population consisted of first-year bachelor nursing students of the Medical University of Tirana during the academic year 2020-2021, who underwent online teaching, as well as the same cohort of students upon their physical return to university. Results: Overall stress perception was significantly higher among students in the academic year 2021-2022, Me (IQR)=8 (4), compared to the academic year 2020-2021, Me (IQR)=7 (5) (P

Abstract Background A decade ago paper questionnaires were more common in epidemiology than those administered online, but increasing Internet access may have changed this. Researchers planning to use a self-administered questionnaire should know whether response rates to questionnaires administered electronically differ to those of questionnaires administered by post. We analysed trials included in a recently updated Cochrane Review to answer this question. Methods We exported data of randomised controlled trials included in three comparisons in the Cochrane Review that had evaluated hypotheses relevant to our research objective and imported them into Stata for a series of meta-analyses not conducted in the Cochrane review. We pooled odds ratios for response using random effects meta-analyses. We explored causes of heterogeneity among study results using subgroups. We assessed evidence for reporting bias using Harbord’s modified test for small-study effects. Results Twenty-seven trials (66,118 participants) evaluated the effect on response of an electronic questionnaire compared with postal. Results were heterogeneous (I-squared = 98%). There was evidence for biased (greater) effect estimates in studies at high risk of bias; A synthesis of studies at low risk of bias indicates that response was increased (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.08–1.89) using postal questionnaires. Ten trials (39,523 participants) evaluated the effect of providing a choice of mode (postal or electronic) compared to an electronic questionnaire only. Response was increased with a choice of mode (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.18–2.26). Eight trials (20,909 participants) evaluated the effect of a choice of mode (electronic or postal) compared to a postal questionnaire only. There was no evidence for an effect on response of a choice of mode compared with postal only (OR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.86–1.02). Conclusions Postal questionnaires should be used in preference to, or offered in addition to, electronic modes.

Conservation initiatives such as the Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) Programme use standardized criteria based on estimates of species abundance to identify critical habitats. They therefore depend on accurate estimates of population sizes for target species. It is essential that the metrics used to measure abundance at a candidate site are consistent with those used to estimate total abundance at national or global scales, because only then can it be determined whether abundance at a site meets threshold criteria. Imagery gathered by remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS, or drones) has rapidly become a tool for determining abundance of surface-nesting seabirds and, therefore, can assist with the designation of KBAs. However, abundance data derived from drone imagery are often in different units, such as numbers of birds or numbers of incubating adults visible on photographs, than data derived from in-person counts, which generally measure the number of nests or breeding pairs. Therefore, drone data may not be directly comparable to data that have been historically collected to estimate overall breeding-population sizes. This study considered a candidate colony of Glaucous-winged Gulls Larus glaucescens located in the Salish Sea in southwestern Canada, which has been surveyed both by drone and by traditional ground surveys. We developed a conversion factor that at least partially translates counts of incubating Glaucous-winged Gulls detected on drone imagery to an estimate of breeding pairs. Compensating for only nests without incubating adults, results suggest that numbers of incubating adults detected by drone likely represent between 63% and 84% of the total number of breeding pairs. Applying this conversion increased the population estimate for the colony and changed former conclusions about whether the site met recommended criteria for designation as a national or global KBA for Glaucous-winged Gulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dental hygiene discipline, evidence-based practice serves as a cornerstone for delivering high quality patient care and moving professional standards forward. As practitioners delve deeper into research to inform clinical decision making, the integration of robust survey methodologies becomes imperative. However, the complexities of survey design, implementation, and analysis pose notable challenges, particularly in ensuring the reliability and validity of research outcomes. This short report provides brief practical guidance about the basics of survey research methodologies for dental hygiene professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into freshwater communities often aims to link patterns of species distribution in ponds with underlying biotic factors. However, errors with species detection (e.g. false negatives) may underestimate distribution and bias assessments of community structure. Occupancy models that account for imperfect detection offer a solution to this problem. Here, we used three methods (call/visual encounter surveys, dip‐netting and newt trapping) to survey amphibians and fish (potential amphibian predators) at 100 ponds in an urbanised landscape in Hungary over one breeding season. We estimated species detection probabilities for amphibians (all life stages combined) and fish using occupancy models to gain insight into amphibian‐fish relationships and other survey‐specific variables. We detected nine amphibian and 20 fish species. There were relatively low but variable estimated probabilities of detection for amphibians (mean: 0.320, 95% Bayesian credible interval: 0.142–0.598), with three species having detection rates < 0.1. Probabilities of detection peaked in the middle of the breeding season and increased with survey effort. Detection probabilities of five species were negatively associated with the detection of fish at a pond, while there were positive relationships between detection and emergent vegetation cover. We found no substantial differences in detection rates among the three survey methods. The probability of detecting fish was much higher than for amphibians (0.588, 0.503–0.717) but was lower at ponds with high emergent vegetation where amphibian detection was higher. Our results underscore the importance of accounting for the imperfect detection of both response organisms and potentially interacting species in aquatic community studies. We recommend applying multi‐species occupancy models to enable inference for both common and rare species at ponds in landscapes subjected to human disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When surveyed, clear majorities express concern about inequality and view the government as responsible for addressing it. Scholars often interpret this view as popular support for redistribution. We question this interpretation, contending that many people have little grasp of what reducing inequality actually entails, and that this disconnect masks important variation in preferences over concrete policies. Using original survey and experimental US data, we provide systematic evidence in line with these conjectures. Furthermore, when asked about more concrete redistributive measures, support for government action changes significantly and aligns more closely with people's self-interest. These findings have implications for how egalitarian policies can be effectively communicated to the public, as well as methodological implications for the study of preferences on redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A decade ago paper questionnaires were more common in epidemiology than those administered online, but increasing Internet access may have changed this. Researchers planning to use a self-administered questionnaire should know whether response rates to questionnaires administered electronically differ to those of questionnaires administered by post. We analysed trials included in a recently updated Cochrane Review to answer this question. Methods: We exported data of randomised controlled trials included in three comparisons in the Cochrane Review that had evaluated hypotheses relevant to our research objective and imported them into Stata for a series of meta-analyses not conducted in the Cochrane review. We pooled odds ratios for response using random effects meta-analyses. We explored causes of heterogeneity among study results using subgroups. We assessed evidence for reporting bias using Harbord's modified test for small-study effects. Results: Twenty-seven trials (66,118 participants) evaluated the effect on response of an electronic questionnaire compared with postal. Results were heterogeneous (I-squared = 98%). There was evidence for biased (greater) effect estimates in studies at high risk of bias; A synthesis of studies at low risk of bias indicates that response was increased (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.08–1.89) using postal questionnaires. Ten trials (39,523 participants) evaluated the effect of providing a choice of mode (postal or electronic) compared to an electronic questionnaire only. Response was increased with a choice of mode (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.18–2.26). Eight trials (20,909 participants) evaluated the effect of a choice of mode (electronic or postal) compared to a postal questionnaire only. There was no evidence for an effect on response of a choice of mode compared with postal only (OR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.86–1.02). Conclusions: Postal questionnaires should be used in preference to, or offered in addition to, electronic modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most public opinion research in China uses direct questions to measure support for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and government policies. These direct question surveys routinely find that over 90 per cent of Chinese citizens support the government. From this, scholars conclude that the CCP enjoys genuine legitimacy. In this paper, we present results from two survey experiments in contemporary China that make clear that citizens conceal their opposition to the CCP for fear of repression. When respondents are asked directly, we find, like other scholars, approval ratings for the CCP that exceed 90 per cent. When respondents are asked in the form of list experiments, which confer a greater sense of anonymity, CCP support hovers between 50 per cent and 70 per cent. This represents an upper bound, however, since list experiments may not fully mitigate incentives for preference falsification. The list experiments also suggest that fear of government repression discourages some 40 per cent of Chinese citizens from participating in anti-regime protests. Most broadly, this paper suggests that scholars should stop using direct question surveys to measure political opinions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When respondents complete long surveys, evidence suggests that they may change their response behavior as they become fatigued. The present study examines question order effects in a block‐randomized job analysis survey that collected task ratings (importance, frequency, and needed at certification) for a certification program. Analyses showed that average task ratings were lower for tasks presented later in the survey for both complete and partial responses, though the effect of question ordering was stronger for non‐completers in two rating categories (importance and needed at certification). Additionally, rater variance was lower for questions that appeared later in the survey. The results highlight the value of using randomization to mitigate order effects on survey response quality. Practitioner points: Survey respondents alter their response behavior in lengthy surveys, but little work has examined this phenomenon in job analysis surveys.Ratings decreased for questions that appeared later in the survey, especially for participants who did not ultimately complete the survey.Rater variance also decreased as questions appeared later in the survey.Survey administrators should randomize question order and keep surveys as short as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the influence of psychological factors, external factors, financial literacy, hedonic motivation, and utilitarian motivation on impulsive buying behavior using Shopee PayLater in generation Z employees at Private Banks in South Tangerang, South Tangerang. Impulsive buying is a spontaneous and unplanned buying behavior, which is often triggered by a variety of internal and external factors. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method to collect data from respondents who are employees of generation Z. Data analysis is carried out using multiple linear regression techniques to determine the influence of each independent variable on impulsive buying behavior. The results showed that psychological factors and hedonic motivation had a significant positive influence on impulsive buying behavior. In contrast, financial literacy had a negative effect, while external factors and utilitarian motivation did not show a significant influence. These findings provide insights for companies to develop effective marketing strategies by considering factors that influence impulsive consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to understand how claims related to sugar content in products affect consumer perception of product health (perceived healthfulness), brand trust, and intention to buy the product (likelihood to purchase). The method used in this study is to use an experimental research design with hypothesis testing. The research method used was a survey with a questionnaire distributed to respondents in Jabodetabek who had bought and consumed ready to drink tea in the last three months. The analysis was carried out by the SEM method using the Smart PLS program. The results of this study show that claims related to sugar content in products have a positive and significant influence on perceived healthfulness and consumer trust in brands (brand trust). Claims that the product has a healthier sugar content can directly increase consumer purchase interest (likelihood to purchase). In addition to direct influence, these claims influence buying interest through a mediation mechanism of health perception and brand trust, strengthening the overall effect on consumers’ purchasing decisions. This study emphasizes the importance of considering the role of mediation in understanding how product claims affect consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-country surveys often aim at cross-country comparisons. A common quality standard is conducting these surveys within a common fieldwork period, across all participating countries. However, the rate the target sample is achieved within that fieldwork period in each country varies substantially. Thus, the distribution of the interview month often varies substantially in the final sample. This may lead to biased estimates of cross-country differences if the variable of interest exhibit a non-constant trend over time. We demonstrate the implications of such an asynchronous fieldwork, using physical activity measured in the European Social Survey Round 7 collected between September 2014 and January 2015. Accounting for fieldwork month, we present a set of different post-estimation predictions. Physical activity varies across interview month, with countries with more observations during autumn were upward-biased, compared to countries with more observations during winter. Our results demonstrate how comparisons between countries are affected when interview month is omitted, and how accounting for interview month in the analysis is an easy way to mitigate this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grouped and right-censored (GRC) counts have been used in a wide range of attitudinal and behavioural surveys yet they cannot be readily analyzed or assessed by conventional statistical models. This study develops a unified regression framework for the design and optimality of GRC counts in surveys. To process infinitely many grouping schemes for the optimum design, we propose a new two-stage algorithm, the Fisher Information Maximizer (FIM), which utilizes estimates from generalized linear models to find a global optimal grouping scheme among all possible N -group schemes. After we define, decompose, and calculate different types of regressor-specific design errors, our analyses from both simulation and empirical examples suggest that: 1) the optimum design of GRC counts is able to reduce the grouping error to zero, 2) the performance of modified Poisson estimators using GRC counts can be comparable to that of Poisson regression, and 3) the optimum design is usually able to achieve the same estimation efficiency with a smaller sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of research projects and infrastructure services involve pooling data across different survey programs. Creating a homogenous integrated dataset from heterogeneous source data is the domain of ex-post harmonization. The harmonization process involves various considerations. However, chief among them is whether two survey measurement instruments have captured the same concept. This issue of conceptual comparability is a fundamental precondition for pooling different source variables to form a harmonized target variable. Our paper explores this issue with a mixed-methods approach. On the one hand, we use psychometric latent variable modeling by presenting several single-item wordings for social trust to respondents and then performing factor analytic procedures. On the other hand, we complement and contrast these quantitative findings with qualitative findings gained with an open-ended web probe. The combined approach gave valuable insights into the conceptual comparability of the eleven social-trust-related single-item wordings. For example, we find that negative, distrust-related wordings and positive, trust-related wordings should not be pooled into an integrated variable. However, the paper will also illustrate and discuss why it is easier to disprove conceptual comparability than fully prove it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To identify impacts of different survey methodologies assessing primary care physicians' (PCPs') experiences with electronic health records (EHRs), we compared three surveys: the 2022 Continuous Certification Questionnaire (CCQ) from the American Board of Family Medicine, the 2022 University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Physician Health IT Survey, and the 2021 National Electronic Health Records Survey (NEHRS). Materials and Methods We evaluated differences between survey pairs using Rao-Scott corrected chi-square tests, which account for weighting. Results CCQ received 3991 responses from PCPs (100% response rate), UCSF received 1375 (3.6% response rate), and NEHRS received 858 (18.2% response rate). Substantial, statistically significant differences in demographics were detected across the surveys. CCQ respondents were younger and more likely to work in a health system; NEHRS respondents were more likely to work in private practice; and UCSF respondents disproportionately practiced in larger academic settings. Many EHR experience indicators were similar between CCQ and NEHRS, but CCQ respondents reported higher documentation burden. Discussion The UCSF approach is unlikely to supply reliable data. Significant demographic differences between CCQ and NEHRS raise response bias concerns, and while there were similarities in some reported EHR experiences, there were important, significant differences. Conclusion Federal EHR policy monitoring and maintenance require reliable data. This test of existing and alternative sources suggest that diversified data sources are necessary to understand physicians' experiences with EHRs and interoperability. Comprehensive surveys administered by specialty boards have the potential to contribute to these efforts, since they are likely to be free of response bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forster and Neugebauer's (2024) invalidation study is invalid. Their conclusion that factorial survey (FS) experiments "are not suited for studying hiring behavior" (P. 901) is unjustified, because their claim that they conducted a field experiment (FE) and FS with "nearly identical" designs is false (P. 891). The two experiments included: (1) different factor levels (for three factors), (2) different unvalidated applicant names (to manipulate ethnicity), (3) different applicant photos, (4) different fixed factors (e.g., applicant stories about moving), and (5) different experimental settings (e.g., testing, instrumentation, and conditions of anonymity). In the current article, I discuss each of these major design differences and explain why it invalidates Forster and Neugebauer's (2024) comparison of their FE and FS findings. I conclude by emphasizing that social scientists are better served by asking why FE and FS findings sometimes differ than by assuming that any difference in findings across the experimental designs invalidates FS.

This research examines how teachers‘ creativity-fostering behaviours and emotional intelligence can predict their students’ performance in circular geometry. The study was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses, and the research methodology employed was that of a survey. The starting population consisted of a total of 2056 people, and a multi-stage sampling procedure was used to draw a sample of 384 respondents, female and male: 336 students aged 15-19 and 48 teachers aged 35-58. The Teacher Creativity Fostering Scale (TCFBS), the Teacher Emotional Intelligence Scale (TEIS) and the Circular Geometry Performance Test (CGPT) were used to obtain the research data. For the statistical analysis of the data, correlations and analysis of variance were carried out. Teacher creativity-enhancing behaviours were found to predict 58% of student performance in circular geometry, while teachers' emotional intelligence explained 41%. These findings highlight the importance of fostering creative problem-solving strategies and designing tasks tailored to students' individual strengths.

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Methods in Ecology & Evolution is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Bundesbank Online Panel – Firms ("BOP-F") is a dataset with responses from a high frequency firm-level survey of the same name. The Bundesbank has conducted the survey since June 2020, and since July 2021 the survey has been carried out at a monthly frequency. Every month, around 3000 firms from all economic sectors, regions and size classes are surveyed. The survey consists of recurring core questions about the economic situation of firms and their expectations and special questions that usually differ from quarter to quarter. The latter often relate to current topics, for instance, climate change, digitalization, Covid-19. The data can be accessed for research and especially the possibility to combine it with other administrative Bundesbank data makes it particularly valuable for research. The objective of this paper is to describe the methodology of the data collection, the content data as well as the data's research potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social scientists increasingly form composite datasets using data from different survey programs, which often use different single-question instruments to measure the same latent construct. This creates an obstacle when we want to run analyses using the combined data, since the scores measured with different instruments are not necessarily comparable. In this paper, we explore one consequence of such comparability problems. Specifically, we examine the case where instruments measuring the same construct have different item difficulties. This means if we applied the instruments to the same population, we would get different mean responses. If such mean differences are not mitigated before combining data, we introduce a mean bias into our composite data. Such mean bias has direct consequences for analyses based on the combined data. In data drawn from the same population, mean bias introduces error variance. In data drawn from different populations it would bias or even invert true population differences. However, in this paper I demonstrate that mean bias can also bias bivariate correlations if one or both variables in a composite dataset are subject to mean bias. If differences in item difficulty are not mitigated before combining data, we introduce a variant of Simpson’s paradox into our data: The bivariate correlation in each source survey might differ substantially from the correlation in the composite dataset. In a set of systematic simulations, I demonstrate this correlation bias effect and show how it changes depending on the mean biases in each variable and the strength of the underlying true correlation.

Abstract Extensive research has focused on the impact of weather on working capacity and income. However, in regions where income data largely relies on surveys, a pivotal yet underexplored question is whether weather not only influence real income but also introduce biases into survey-collected income data. We analyze longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey and corresponding weather records from the Global Surface Summary of the Day, and uncover a negative correlation between survey-day temperature and self-reported annual income from the previous year. With a series of robustness checks, we confirm that the effect is primarily driven by behavioral factors rather than actual income changes. And threshold regression analyses show that the impact of temperature is more pronounced on hot days and relatively subdued or even reversed on cooler days. Further analyses indicate that mood, rather than cognitive capacity, plays a central role in causing the observed downward bias.

Over the past decade, national statistical offices in low- and middle-income countries have increasingly transitioned to computer-assisted personal interviewing and computer-assisted telephone interviewing for the implementation of household surveys. The byproducts of these types of data collection are survey paradata, which can unlock objective, module- and question-specific, actionable insights on survey respondent burden, survey costs, and interviewer effects – all of which have been understudied in low- and middle-income contexts. This study uses paradata generated by Survey Solutions, a computer-assisted personal interviewing platform used in recent national household surveys implemented by the national statistical offices of Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Across countries, the average household interview, based on a socioeconomic household questionnaire, ranges from 82 to 120 minutes, while the average interview with an adult household member, based on a multi-topic individual questionnaire, takes between 13 to 25 minutes. The paper further provides guidelines on the use of paradata for module-level analysis to aid in operational survey decisions, such as using interview length to estimate unit cost for budgeting purposes as well as understanding interviewer effects using a multilevel model. Our findings, particularly by module, point to where additional interviewer training, fieldwork supervision, and data quality monitoring may be needed in future surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, national statistical offices in low- and middle-income countries have increasingly transitioned to computer-assisted personal interviewing and computer-assisted telephone interviewing for the implementation of household surveys. The byproducts of these types of data collection are survey paradata, which can unlock objective, module- and question-specific, actionable insights on survey respondent burden, survey costs, and interviewer effects – all of which have been understudied in low- and middle-income contexts. This study uses paradata generated by Survey Solutions, a computer-assisted personal interviewing platform used in recent national household surveys implemented by the national statistical offices of Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Across countries, the average household interview, based on a socioeconomic household questionnaire, ranges from 82 to 120 minutes, while the average interview with an adult household member, based on a multi-topic individual questionnaire, takes between 13 to 25 minutes. The paper further provides guidelines on the use of paradata for module-level analysis to aid in operational survey decisions, such as using interview length to estimate unit cost for budgeting purposes as well as understanding interviewer effects using a multilevel model. Our findings, particularly by module, point to where additional interviewer training, fieldwork supervision, and data quality monitoring may be needed in future surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research has focused on the impact of weather on working capacity and income. However, in regions where income data largely relies on surveys, a pivotal yet underexplored question is whether weather not only influence real income but also introduce biases into survey-collected income data. We analyze longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey and corresponding weather records from the Global Surface Summary of the Day, and uncover a negative correlation between survey-day temperature and self-reported annual income from the previous year. With a series of robustness checks, we confirm that the effect is primarily driven by behavioral factors rather than actual income changes. And threshold regression analyses show that the impact of temperature is more pronounced on hot days and relatively subdued or even reversed on cooler days. Further analyses indicate that mood, rather than cognitive capacity, plays a central role in causing the observed downward bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives : Current knowledge about the causes of offending behavior is heavily reliant on self-reports of offending (SRO). However, methodological research on the impact of modes of administration on SRO is very scarce. Further, the existing evidence conflicts with the general knowledge about responding to sensitive questions. In this study, we aimed to test whether SRO are affected by modes of administration. Methods: We carried out a methodological experiment, with a 2 (interviewer-administered vs. self-administered surveys) × 2 (paper-and-pencil vs. computer- assisted surveys) factorial design. A total of 181 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of these conditions and completed the International Self-Report Delinquency 3 (ISRD3) questionnaire. Results: Findings showed an increased odds of reporting offending behavior in self-administered surveys, compared to face-to-face interviews. Paper-and-pencil and computer-assisted modes resulted in comparable estimates of offending. Conclusions: This experiment provides evidence that SRO provide more accurate estimates of offending behavior using self-administered surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a crucial method in organizational and social behavior research, self-report surveys must manage method bias. Method biases are distorted scores in survey response, distorted variance in variables, and distorted relational estimates between variables caused by method designs. Studies on method bias have focused on post hoc statistical control, but integrated analyses of the sociopsychological mechanism of method bias are lacking. This review proposes a framework for method bias and offers a relatively complete and detailed review of the sociopsychological and statistical mechanisms of four main types of method bias and their procedural remedies. This review proposes "reduce, remove, and rectify" as a guideline for researchers in survey design to address method bias. Finally, this review presents two directions for future methodology research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, fear of crime researchers have disagreed about how to best measure fear of crime. One approach proposed that measuring frequency of fear of crime within the past year has the highest validity. We argue that a frequency approach is vulnerable to the anchoring effect, in which participants base their numerical estimate on an available anchor. We conducted a survey experiment to test the effect of question wording on reported frequency of fear of crime. Participants were randomly assigned to report the number of times they felt fearful of crime within either a year, a month, or a week. There was also a fourth condition that asked a forced-choice question with many response options. They also reported the intensity of their most recent instance. We hypothesized that the year condition would yield lower frequency and higher intensity reports, followed by the month condition, and then the week condition. We did not find differences in intensity between conditions, but we found stark differences in frequencies between the year, month, and week conditions in the hypothesized direction. This is consistent with the anchoring effect: the word “year,” “month,” or “week” signaled an anchor to participants, and they adjusted their estimates from those anchors. These findings have important implications for measuring fear of crime and for survey methodology generally. We advise against asking about the frequency of fear of crime because such questions will lead participants to anchor and adjust. We also strongly caution researchers who wish to measure the frequency of other emotions, feelings, or behaviors.

Water-related ecosystem services of forest land are essential for human well-being. Their provision is related to forest management practices that forest owners and managers apply. When these preferential management practices increase the operating costs, they should be paid/compensated by users of these services. The research focused on identifying the prerequisites of the innovation systems to support payments for ecosystem services (PES) in Slovakia. We analysed the structure, relationships, and functions of the innovation system as monetary and non-monetary incentives, cooperation support and risk mitigation. We collected data using a standardised questionnaire sent out to stakeholders from forestry, nature protection, water management and civil society. The data was processed with simple descriptive methods commonly used in social studies and survey data processing. The information about the potential supply and demand of water-related ecosystem services were obtained from forest owners and managers makes the PES development in the future more feasible. Results revealed that when developing PES schemes, the coordination of stakeholders should follow settled legislation rules at the national level, which still need to be included. Furthermore, the innovation system should provide mainly monetary incentives to providers of ecosystem services.

Respondents in standardized survey interviews do not always answer closed-ended questions with just a type-conforming answer, such as “yes” or “three.” Instead, they sometimes expand the type-conforming answer or provide a response that does not contain a type-conforming answer. Standardized survey methodology aims to avoid such answers because they are found to cause interviewers to deviate from their script. However, we found that many expanded and non-conforming responses do not lead to intervention by the interviewer and are treated as unproblematic. A Conversation Analytic study of survey interviews, incorporating three different surveys, with recordings available for interviews varying in number between four and 430 interviews, shows that answer attempts can be divided into five types: four turn expansions (serial extras, uncertainty markers, prefaced answers, answers followed by elaborations), and non-conforming answers. Each of these targets a specific aspect of the interview situation. A follow-up quantitative analysis of 610 Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI) shows that expanded answers are overwhelmingly accepted by interviewers, while non-conforming answers are in most cases followed by interviewer probing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]