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Due to the current state of gender inequality, it is typical for both boys and girls to experience physical, sexual, or psychological harm based solely on their sex in both public and educational settings. This study aims to determine the students of Saint Mary's University Senior High School (SMU SHS) of their perception of gender equity. Additionally, this study seeks to determine the attitudes toward gender roles. The researchers used both qualitative and quantitative design and determined its research locale in Saint Mary's University Senior High School, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, and the SMU SHS student population, both Grade 11 and Grade 12 as research participants. Furthermore, the researchers made use of Stratified Random Sampling as the sampling method used in the Senior High School Department. The study used a mixed-method design and used various statistical tools to analyze data specifically, thematic analysis for qualitative data and inferential statistics. Results have shown that the respondents have a positive perception of gender equity, while a negative attitude toward gender roles. For the perception of the respondents towards gender equity when they were grouped according to their profile variable there is a significant difference in their perception, except for family type. For attitudes toward gender roles, there is a significant difference in attitude. Lastly, for relationships, there is a high positive correlation between a respondent's perception of gender equity and their attitudes towards gender roles. These findings may imply the urgency of promoting gender equity awareness and challenging restrictive gender roles in education. The findings also emphasize the need for proactive engagement with religious communities to foster a more inclusive understanding of gender, advocating for a delicate balance in restricting students' freedom while promoting awareness through educational initiatives and online promotion to create a more inclusive school culture help understand the influence of religious sects on respondents' attitudes towards gender roles and the administration of the school should advocate restricting students' freedom to express themselves, promoting awareness about gender roles and their negative impact, and highlighting the importance of inclusivity through online promotion and advertisement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the pervasive timidity toward spiritual disciplines foreign to one's own context for the ultimate purpose of drafting a universalized theory for engagement with spiritual disciplines that transcends socio-historical, denominational, and personality barriers. It is my belief that certain disciplines – such as contemplation, fasting, or secrecy, for example – fluctuate in popularity according to denominational biases, personality differences, and experiential eclipses. This contemporary confusion can be resolved by emphasizing the need for a more universalized, orthopraxical approach toward spiritual practices at both the individual and corporate level. While the body of this paper seeks to deconstruct certain barriers that perpetuate spiritual discipline skepticism – such as sacred-secular dualism, contextual difference, personality variations, "denominational jingoism," and so on – through the lens of critical theory, its main thrust is toward a universalized theory for engagement with the spiritual disciplines that creates an openness to pursue any spiritual discipline that can enrich transformative encounters with the Triune God at the individual and corporate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For each parabolic subgroup \mathrm {P} of the general linear group \operatorname {GL}_n(\mathbb {F}_q), a conjecture due to Lewis, Reiner and Stanton [Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A 147 (2017), pp. 831–873] predicts a formula for the Hilbert series of the space of invariants \mathcal {Q}_m(n)^\mathrm {P} where \mathcal {Q}_m(n) is the quotient ring \mathbb {F}_q[x_1,\ldots,x_n]/(x_1^{q^m},\ldots,x_n^{q^m}). In this paper, we prove the conjecture for the Borel subgroup \mathrm {B} by constructing a linear basis for \mathcal {Q}_m(n)^\mathrm {B}. The construction is based on an operator \delta which produces new invariants from old invariants of lower ranks. We also upgrade the conjecture of Lewis, Reiner and Stanton by proposing an explicit basis for the space of invariants for each parabolic subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Features of graphs that hinder finding closed paths with particular properties, as represented by the Traveling Salesperson Problem—TSP, are identified for three classes of graphs. Removing these terms leads to a companion graph with identical closed path properties that is easier to analyze. A surprise is that these troubling graph factors are precisely what is needed to analyze certain voting methods, while the companion graph's terms are what cause voting theory complexities as manifested by Arrow's Theorem. This means that the seemingly separate goals of analyzing closed paths in graphs and analyzing voting methods are complementary: components of data terms that assist in one of these areas are the source of troubles in the other. Consequences for standard decision methods are in Sects. 2.5, 3.7 and the companion paper (Saari in Theory Decis 91(3):377–402, 2021). The emphasis here is on paths in graphs; incomplete graphs are similarly handled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Begonia neisti sp. nov., a new species of B. sect. Platycentrum, from Dibang valley of Arunachal Pradesh, India is described and illustrated. A detailed taxonomic description, along with a photographic plate, illustration, distribution map and conservation status are provided. The conservation status of the new species is preliminarily assessed as data deficient (DD) according to the IUCN red list criteria. Molecular data (ITS2) underwent phylogenetic analysis (maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI)) to elucidate the relationships of the studied species within the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-seventeenth century, Chinese Chan master Yinyuan Longqi 隱元隆琦 (Jp. Ingen Ryūki, 1592–1673), accompanied by several disciples, traveled to Japan and established Ōbaku Zen, a new sect of Zen Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan. Ōbaku art, particularly portrait paintings of Ōbaku abbots and their spiritual predecessors, became critical representations of the sect and greatly influenced later Japanese Buddhist art. While much of the existing scholarship focuses on the artistic and stylistic aspects of Ōbaku portraiture, this paper emphasizes its religious context and doctrinal dimensions. Building on Elizabeth Horton Sharf's inquiry into the "meaning and function" of Ōbaku portrait painting, the paper investigates how Ōbaku doctrine is expressed through these images. Using the Triptych of Three Zen Masters: Linji, Bodhidharma, and Deshan as a case study, this paper explores the role of portraiture in visually conveying Ōbaku teachings and the religious aspirations of those Chinese immigrant monks. By examining the integration of image, inscription, and seal as a unified "pictorial trinity", the paper argues that Ōbaku portraiture embodies the sect's distinct doctrine, rooted in Ming-era Chan practices such as beating, shouting, and strict dharma transmission. Moreover, the prominence of Bodhidharma in Ōbaku portraits, as illustrated in the triptych, reflects these Chinese immigrant monks' desire to emulate Bodhidharma in spreading the dharma and expanding their sect's influence in a new land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, political philosophers have debated the role of religious reasons in public deliberations, such as appealing to religious convictions and religious classics. Exclusivists, such as Rawls, Quong, Hartley, and Watson, argue that democratic governments and citizens should restrict or exclude the use of religious reasons in making laws and policies, while inclusivists, such as Gaus, Vallier, and Billingham, oppose such categorical exclusion. Nevertheless, the debate mainly focuses on the role of religious reasons in public deliberation. In this paper, I will argue that religious behaviors—defined as highly altruistic actions motivated by religious beliefs, such as dedicating substantial time and effort to serving the poor and advancing the common good—can exert positive influences on public deliberation. Through this kind of altruistic action, religious believers can subtly influence non-religious citizens. While religious believers may not rationally persuade non-religious citizens through religious reasoning, the altruistic actions exhibited by religious believers could emotionally inspire admiration and motivate non-religious citizens to learn more about those religions. This enhances mutual understanding among different religious and secular sects and thus improves public deliberation. Furthermore, I argue that the improved understanding fostered by religious behaviors can facilitate exclusivism and inclusivism to overcome certain philosophical challenges, such as the problems of incompleteness and anarchy, which are among the most frequent criticisms directed at exclusivism and inclusivism. Hence, this paper highlights an aspect overlooked in the exclusivism–inclusivism debate: no matter whether the democratic government and citizens should permit or restrict religious reasons, religious behavior is still beneficial in public deliberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multigene phylogeny of the Inocybe alienospora group is presented based on analyses of ITS, 28S, and rpb2 nucleotide data. Four major subclades and three additional independent lineages were identified in the I. alienospora group. Two species with superficial similarities with the I. alienospora group, viz, I. multicoronata and I. elata, however, were not nested within the I. alienospora group. Inocybe sect. Leptocybe is proposed to accommodate the I. alienospora group in a more formal classification system. As such, sect. Leptocybe now includes 12 documented species and seven new species described in this work. The seven new species include I. aprica sp. nov., I. casuarinoides sp. nov. I. haikouensis sp. nov., three species associated with Casuarina from tropical China; also I. heteromorpha, a species associated with fagaceous trees from tropical China; and I. aurescens sp. nov., I. juji sp. nov., and I. peppa sp. nov., three species associated with fagaceous trees from subtropical China. In addition, new geographical data for I. carpinicola and I. acutata are reported. The East Asian species I. acutata and the neotropical species I. lasseri were confirmed as members of sect. Leptocybe. A key to the 19 species in sect. Leptocybe is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accusations of sexual perversion, of defying both the statutes of man and the laws of the almighty, have since Antiquity been a staple of heresiographic discourse. They had pride of place in Muslim heresiology as well, which charged many a heretical sect with engaging in group sex, incest, wine-drinking, as well as the shunning of the obligatory rituals such as prayer and pilgrimage. One group has fared particularly badly at the hands of Muslim heresiographers – the so-called Shiʿi 'extremists' (Ghulāt), who lived in Iraq in the eighth and ninth centuries. Scholarship has mostly taken a simplistic approach to accounts about their alleged antinomianism, by either rejecting them as hostile propaganda or, more frequently, by accepting them wholesale as accurate. Meanwhile the historical, polemical contexts in which such accusations were made have been ignored. This article evaluates within a broad historical context two bodies of evidence: the heresiographical accusations on the one hand, and the Ghulāt's own writings on the other. My contention is that while the most hair-raising accusations are nothing by hostile polemics, others do reflect the Ghulāt's actual beliefs and practices. I conclude by examining the cultural meanings which antinomianism had among the Ghulāt – namely, as boundary markers and tools for identity construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groups of Psychological Abuse (GPAs) are hierarchical groups made up of one or several leaders and members who persistently and systematically use manipulative and coercive strategies to subjugate other people. The general aims of this study were (1) to obtain evidence of psychological abuse through the analysis of five sectarian cases and (2) to provide support for the taxonomy proposed by Rodríguez-Carballeira et al. (2015). An abductive content analysis extracted indicators from five case studies using court transcripts as secondary data sources. Results revealed 26 psychological abuse strategies, with the most prevalent category being control of personal life (41.9%), followed by emotional abuse (14.9%), and control and manipulation of information (14.7%). The most frequently used strategies of abuse were control over sexual life and emotional relationships, control-weakening of the psychophysical state, and manipulation of information. These findings suggest implications for prevention and intervention in both the psychological and legal context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Says-based definitions of lying require a notion of what is said. I argue that a conventions-based notion of utterance content inspired by Korta and Perry's (in: Tsohatzidis (ed), John Searle's philosophy of language: Force, meaning, and thought, Cambridge University Press, 2007a) locutionary content and Devitt's (Overlooking conventions. The trouble with linguistic pragmatism, Springer, 2021) what is said meets the desiderata for that theoretical role. In Sect. 1 I recall two received says-based definitions of lying and the notions of what is said that have been proposed for them. In Sect. 2 I recall the desiderata that a notion of content must fulfil in order to cover the role of what is said in says-based definitions of lying. In Sect. 3 I discuss the points that Korta and Perry's locutionary content and Devitt's what is said have in common with respect to the centrality that linguistic conventions have for the constitution of utterance contents. In Sect. 4 I argue that a conventions-based notion of utterance content meets the desiderata for the role of what is said in says-based definitions of lying and has some important advantages over the notions of what is said that have been so far proposed. In Sect. 5 I point out the impact that the debate over the definition of lying has on the semantics/pragmatics divide in philosophy of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe article presents a unique case of coalition formation and mobilisation across sectarian differences between February 14 and March 14, 2005, after the assassination of PM Rafik Hariri in Lebanon. I show that sectarianism as an analytical tool is of little use in explaining sect-based manifestations. I propose sect habitus as an alternative: where the concept of sectarianism has mainly led to investigations of its roots, the notion of sect habitus leads to study how sect identities manifest and are reproduced in daily life. Using ethnography and discourse analysis, I analyse changes in the sect habitus at the popular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated expeditions conducted in Arunachal Pradesh resulted in the discovery of a unique Begonia, Begonia bijantiae D.Borah, Taram & M.Hughes, belonging to Begonia sect. Diploclinium. This species is described here based on collections made in Hunli, Lower Dibang Valley District of Arunachal Pradesh. Additionally, a poorly known species, Begonia ovatifolia is illustrated with first‐ever published photographs, accompanied by an expanded description based on a collection from West Kameng district of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the inheritance of mitochondria in Pelargonium section Ciconium using 36 interspecific crosses generated. We designed KASP markers targeting four mitochondrial loci, belonging to the mitomes of four main crossing parents, enabling tracking the transmission of each mitome in the crosses. These markers discriminate between an individual species versus the other section Ciconium species. We found that maternal inheritance of mitochondria is most frequent, with occasional occurrences of paternal inheritance, while biparental inheritance is rare. For a P. multibracteatum crossing series, we found ambiguous results. Our results confirm those of previous studies, namely, that paternal inheritance of mitochondria can occur in P. sect Ciconium but that the instance is rare and much less common than is the case for chloroplasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing diffusion of perspectivism within the debate on information system ontologies [ISOs] does not correspond to a thorough analysis of what perspectivism specifically consists of. This paper aims to fill this void. First, I show what supporting perspectivism in information system ontologies [PISO] means in terms of (minimal) claims and implications; then I argue that the definitions of ISO implicitly assume PISO's (minimal) claims or, in other words, that ISOs presuppose and maintain PISO. Section 2 presents the main definitions of ISO. Section 3 specifies what claims are common to all perspectivists in ISO. Sects. 4–7 analyze the implications of those claims. Section 8 explores the chance of multiple perspectivisms within ISOs' domain. Finally, Sects. 9–10 assume that, if PISO's (minimal) claims and (their) implications can be inferred from ISO's definitions, then ISOs are perspectivist, or PISO's minimal claims are assumptions underlying ISOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frullania (subg. Trachycolea) sect. Trachycolea has been studied using integrative taxonomy methods and utilizing sampling from almost all areas of distribution of the species previously referred to this section. A phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ribosomal ITS1-2 and chloroplast trnL-F sequence data and a morphological study reveal a wide range of morphological variability within specimens that has largely disguised the overall taxonomic diversity. Frullania parvistipula, previously regarded as a widespread species, has been found to represent a group of separate species within different sections of F. subg. Trachycolea: F. caucasica and F. conistipula in F. sect. Trachycolea, F. parvistipula in F. sect. Australes, and F. fukuzawana in F. sect. Integristipulae II. Illustrations of the type specimens of F. conistipula, F. fukuzawana, and F. parvistipula, as well as illustrations of the sequenced specimens belonging to two of the discussed species (F. conistipula and F. parvistipula), are provided. The morphological differences separating the highly similar F. caucasica, F. conistipula, F. fukuzawana, F. koponenii, and F. parvistipula are discussed. A dichotomous key is presented for accepted species. New combinations are provided for two taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We deal with the Signorini contact problem between two Timoshenko beams. In this work we use the theory of semigroups to show the existence of solutions that decay uniformly to zero. This method is new and more effective than the widely used energy method. This is because in particular we obtain uniform decay of the solutions to zero for any boundary condition. A second important point is that we can take advantage of stabilization results of others linear dynamic systems with different dissipative mechanisms and apply them through our method for Contact Problems (see Sect. 4). Finally, thanks to Lipschitzian perturbations we can generalize the Signorini problem to more general semi linear problems in a simple way (see Sect. 4.3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern wireless communication, ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas are becoming increasingly popular. A novel compact MIMO antenna with a unique "Palms-Up Together" shape, symbolizing a praying gesture linked with specific religious sects is shown in this paper. With a remarkable impedance bandwidth of 171%, the antenna can cover almost the whole UWB spectrum, from 2.2 to 27.7 GHz. It attributes nine distinct resonance frequencies and a gain ranging from 2.9 to 9.5 dBi, except at 10.4 GHz. The antenna's performance was simulated using CST software, revealing four hexagonal slots in the truncated ground plane that improved impedance bandwidth. A simple stub improves isolation and reduces mutual coupling between radiating elements. The antenna measures 0.36λ * 0.28λ, where λ is the wavelength at 2.2 GHz. At lower frequencies, the stub ensures sure isolation stays below 15 dB, and at higher frequencies, it remains below 20 dB. The design satisfies essential performance requirements, as demonstrated by the results of simulation for parameters including ECC, CCL, MEG, DG, and TARC. To evaluate its performance even more, the design was compared with previous studies, highlighting potential areas for improvement. 2.8, 4.9, 6, 10.4, 12.5, 15.1, 19, 23, and 24.9 GHz are the nine resonance frequencies that have been observed. This makes the antenna particularly well-suited for UWB MIMO applications, including sub-6 GHz, C-band, X-band, Ku-band, and radar systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Studies is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of the Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and aims - We tested the integrity of Rhynchospora sect. Pleurostachys, understand its evolution and origins, and test the phylogenetic separation of three morphologically distinct taxa. Material and methods - We used the chloroplast marker trnL-F and the two nuclear markers nrETS and nrITS in our phylogenetic analysis. Key results - We demonstrated that R. sect. Pleurostachys is monophyletic and that the section is divided into two large clades with the early divergent species in each clade occurring outside the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The molecular analysis also confirmed the distinctness of the three species new to science. Conclusions - Rhynchospora sect. Pleurostachys probably originated outside the Atlantic Forest but diversified there. The three taxa are described as species new to science: Rhynchospora barbosae, R. hamadryadis, and R. eremica, from the tropical semi-deciduous and deciduous forests of Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil, are illustrated and compared to other related species of the section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the specifics of missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Don Army Region at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The feature of this region of the Russian Empire, which hampered the missionary work on its territory, was the ethnic heterogeneity of its population and religious subordination to two different dioceses: the Don and Novocherkassk Eparchy, and the Yekaterinoslav and Taganrog Eparchy. This period of the country’s domestic history is marked by an active growth of various sectarian groups and movements. To combat them, the church authorities took different actions, both national and local, which are outlined in this article. The prominent growth of sectarianism in the South of Russia required the bishops of southern eparchies to gather in Kiev. The Orthodox Missionary Society was opened in Saint Petersburg to counteract the sectarians, and eparchial missionary committees subordinate to the Society were established in many dioceses. To prepare missionaries, the theological seminaries opened Missiology departments where students not only studied the theoretical foundations but also participated in disputes with sectarians. In addition, the eparchies created a new staff position of an eparchial travelling missionary. The eparchies were divided into missionary districts, and each of them had a separate missionary subordinate to the eparchial missionary. Another means of countering the spread of sectarianism was the supply of central and parish libraries with anti-sectarian books and manuals. One of the forms of the Russian Orthodox Church’s missionary activity was the creation of religious and educational brotherhoods, some kind of charitable organizations. Different settlements started to run the pastoral and missionary courses aimed at combating the sectarians and at educating people. To help the eparchial bishops, the Most Holy Governing Synod started the Vicarial Chairs. The Right Reverend Flavian (Gorodetsky), the Bishop of Aksay and Vicar of the Don Eparchy, was appointed to the Don Eparchy. In the Yekaterinoslav Eparchy, the Chair of Vicar Bishop appeared in Taganrog, where Bishop Theophylact (Klimentiev) was appointed. A special form of mission in the Don Region was the invitation for interviews of former Old Believers who had converted to the Orthodox Church.

The prelude holds dual significance. Firstly, it denotes the initial exploration of sectarian Buddhism by the Sanlun zong and the Tiantai zong. Secondly, it signifies the act of "exploring" itself as a means of establishing a distinct sect. The concept of "Discerning the Zong" not only permeates the context of the sectarianization of Buddhism but also exerts influence on the evolution trajectory of the Sinicization of Buddhism to some extent. Sectarian Buddhism is rooted in the foundational principles and overarching framework of the Sanlun zong and the Tiantai zong, presenting a continuous portrayal of the development of Chinese Buddhist sects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ainsliaea is an Eastern Asian genus with approximately 50 species, and is characterized by two main habit types or leaf arrangements: rosulate with leaves aggregated at the stem base or pseudo‐verticillate with leaves clustered above the stem base. Most species of Ainsliaea have been classified into two sections, A. sect. Ainsliaea and sect. Aggregatae, respectively, based on their habit type. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies have challenged existing infrageneric classifications for Ainsliaea, and the systematic value of habit needs to be re‐evaluated because the habits of some key species were described differently, leading to taxonomic controversies on infrageneric classifications and species delimitations. To address these issues, this study reconstructed a more comprehensive phylogeny of Ainsliaea with two more samples of the highly variable A. lancifolia and a new sampling of A. nana. Habit variations in Ainsliaea were observed both in the field and in herbarium collections, and habit evolution was reconsidered based on the updated phylogeny. The phylogenetic analysis highly supports that A. uniflora and A. lancifolia form the first‐ and the second‐earliest diverging lineages in Ainsliaea, respectively; A. nana, recently rediscovered by us after more than 60 years, constitutes a distinct lineage sister to a large clade with all leaves aggregated above the stem base; and A. pertyoides forms another large clade with the rosulate‐leaf species. The latter three species have distinct habits: A. lancifolia with leaves sparsely alternate along the stem but often reduced to a basal rosette in rheophytic environments, A. nana with leaves aggregated at and also above the same stem base, and A. pertyoides with rosulate leaves when young. Thus, two new sections, A. sect. Alternae sect. nov. and A. sect. Intermediae sect. nov., are proposed to accommodate A. lancifolia and A. nana, respectively, and A. pertyoides is reasonably kept in A. sect. Ainsliaea. The results of this study provide insights into the evolution of habits in Ainsliaea and suggest that the traditional classification based solely on habit may not accurately mirror the evolutionary history of the genus. The newly proposed A. sect. Alternae and sect. Intermediae reflect a more natural classification of Ainsliaea and provide a framework for future studies on the evolution and ecology of the genus. Combining evidence from phylogeny and morphology, a conspectus of the genus and taxonomic updates for A. lancifolia, A. nana and A. pertyoides are provided. Overall, this study highlights the importance of combining molecular and morphological data to accurately classify and understand the evolutionary history of plant groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is a synopsis of the species of Myrcia occurring in Pernambuco, Brazil. We recorded 30 species distributed in eight sections: M. sect. Aguava (4), Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia (9), M. sect. Calyptranthes (3), M. sect. Gomidesia (5), M. sect. Myrcia (4), M. sect. Reticulosae (2), M. sect. Sympodiomyrcia (2) and M. sect. Tomentosae (1), beyond Myrcia sp. which has not been included in any section yet. Myrcia laricina (O. Berg) Burret ex Luetzelb. and M. hirtiflora DC. are new records for the State. Myrcia arenaria had the first record for humid forest in the municipality of Brejo da Madre de Deus. This study provides an identification key, comments on morphological distinction, geographic distribution and habitat for all taxa. In addition, distribution maps, photographic plates with the distinctive characteristics of the species are included and the updating names of Calyptranthes, Gomidesia and Marlierea under Myrcia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Śiva is not invited to the great sacrifice organised by Dak'a, his bride Satī's father, he emanates from himself the terrible Vīrabhadra, who completely destroys the sacrificial arena. The remote origins of this mythical story, which is extensively narrated especially in the Purāas, lie in some myths concerning Rudra, Śiva's Vedic-Brahmanic precursor. The cult of Vīrabhadra spread throughout South India during the Vijayanagara empire, mainly thanks to the Śivaite sect of the Vīraśaivas. The long-lasting diffusion of his cult is also demonstrated by the wide production of metal plaques depicting this god. A few years ago the art collectors Paola and Giuseppe Berger donated a conspicuous collection of these plaques to the Veneranda Accademia Ambrosiana of Milan; they are currently on display in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. Many of these plaques are possibly attributable to the 18th and 19th centuries and their exact provenance cannot be defined at the present stage of studies, but most of them presumably come from Karnataka. They show an almost constant basic iconography, but also a wide range of different artistic languages. Here we propose a general analysis of this repertoire, and a more detailed description of some of the specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the histories of both colonial and postcolonial Malawi, there have been cases of religious-related violence, both in its physical and non-physical forms. Such cases have led to the deaths of the "perpetrators" of violence and 'innocent' believers, destruction of property, prison detentions, and even the forced removal of citizens from the country. This paper analyzes two case studies, one in which private citizens perpetrated the violence, led by a preacher called John Chilembwe, of the Providence Industrial Mission (PIM), challenging British colonial authorities during the second decade of the twentieth century. In the second case, the focus is on the independent Malawi government, which used violence against members of the Jehovah's Witness (JW) religious sect from the early 1960s to the early 1990s, owing to the Witnesses' disassociation from the demands of the secular state. Using data primarily drawn from various archives and other published studies, this paper argues that the use of 'religious-based violence' is not just a domain 'reserved' for those experiencing oppression, exclusion, and marginalization. Rather, authoritarian governments, like the one that emerged in postcolonial Malawi and other parts of Africa, also resorted to using 'religious-based violence' to serve as a tool for eliminating 'non-conforming' religious sects and organizations. In doing so, this paper contributes to the various fields of scholarship, including the relationship between religion and violence in modern Africa and the dynamics and operations of the state in both colonial and postcolonial Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes the novel understanding of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood as a sect, going against the grain of the existing literature, which posits it as a political group, a social movement, or a religious movement (or some combination of all of the above). The sectarianisation occurs within the group via ideological build-up, organisational tactics, and internal socialisation of behaviour. The group is also a sect by constituting its unique identity in opposition to external actors. To make the argument, the analysis draws on the statements of key figures within the movement's history, such as its founder Hasan al-Banna, as well as a range of interviews with current and ex-members. My argument has two main consequences for our understanding of sectarianism in general and the Brotherhood in particular. First, sectarianism is a process of sectarianisation that operates beyond the state and at lower levels, such as groups and individuals. Second, the Brotherhood is not a mere victim of the sectarianising practices of the state. Its sectarianisation is partly of its own making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sects of indigenous origin especially tribal population residing at the forest-fringes are the traditional users of the folk-medicines derived from the plants grown in proximity to where they live. Such age-old practices through generations have transformed knowledge into neural wisdom in them. This can open up a new dimension for the commercial synthesis of "Bio-medicines" supportive to eradicate the menace of drug resistance. The pharmaceutical industry can promote researches on bio-medical aspects of the ethno-medicinal plants (many being wild) and plant parts which are best addressed as Non-Timber Forest Products, to cure and prevent human diseases. Present study has dealt with these Non-Timber Forest Products to conceptualize and promote natural preventives and curatives as replacements for chemically synthesized medicines (drugs) having incidence of drug resistance and harmful side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Iuris Stetinensis is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Iris luojiensis Z.Y. Wang, H.W. Huang and R. Li sp. nov. from southwest China is described and illustrated. This species occurs on shrub slopes in mountainous regions of southwest China. Iris luojiensis is morphologically similar to Iris japonica Thunb., Iris calcicola Z. C. Lu, Z.P. Huang and Yan Liu and Iris wattii Baker, but easily distinguished from them by its bluish‐violet flowers, 3–6 flowering‐stem branches, leaf size, particularly the upper leaves, and by only having two to three (seldom one) flowers per bract. A phylogenetic analysis based on the complete plastid genome supports the separation of I. luojiensis from other morphologically related species. According to morphological and molecular evidence, I. luojiensis can be placed in the I. sect. Lophiris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russula is the largest genus in the Russulales and is widespread throughout the world. Almost all Russula species are known to be ectomycorrhizal with high ecological and edible values, and some are lethal poisonous. In this study, four new species belonging to the subgenus Russula crown clade are identified based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence from the Xizang Autonomous Region and other provinces of China. Morphologically, Russula paragraveolens (sect. Polychromae, subsect. Xerampelinae) is mainly characterised by a cherry red to blood red pileus centre, a reddish orange pileus margin; R. pseudograveolens (sect. Polychromae, subsect. Xerampelinae) is characterised by a violet brown to brownish red pileus centre, a pale red to pastel red pileus margin and short basidia; R. shigatseensis (sect. Flavisiccantes, subsect. Lepidinae) is characterised by a brownish orange to madder red pileus centre, pinkish red pileus margin, and having lateral branches or branches of hyphal terminations in pileipellis; R. yadongensis (sect. Tenellae, subsect. Laricinae) is characterised by a dark purplish red pileus centre with brownish purple tints and having isolated to clustered spines of spore ornamentations. Their distinct taxonomic status is confirmed by the positions of the four new species in both the ITS and 4-locus (nucLSU, mtSSU, rpb2, tef1) phylogenetic trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hungarian parliament ratified the Fundamental Law of Hungary on the 25th of April 2011, and adopted a new church policy the very same year: Act CCVI of 2011 on the right to freedom of conscience and religion and the legal status of churches, denominations and religious communities, also knowns as the Ecclesiastical Act, short: EHTV. The preamble of the Fundamental Law refers to the Christian traditions of Hungary and the role Christianity played in binding the nation together. The in-effect preamble of the EHTV declares the ideological neutrality of the state and establishes four different legal classifications and rules for religious communities. In 2018 (7th amendment), Article R) of the Fundamental Law was expanded by some paragraphs. The terms "Christianity" and "creation" (genesis) were newly introduced into the Fundamental Law only through the amendments. In my study I wish to talk in the context of historical lineage about the 7th and 9th amendments, and their relevancy to fundamental rights in the jurisprudential (legal theory and practice) context of a neutral or Christian state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lampranthus consists of 85 species of succulent perennials which are all endemic to southern Africa. Most of its species are restricted to fynbos and regenerate in large numbers after fires. We use nine chloroplast markers to generate a phylogeny with a dense sampling of Lampranthus and some taxa which may be closely related to it. While we found that most of the species belong to one strongly supported "core" clade, we also found three minor clades of Lampranthus that fall outside this core. For Lampranthus we set up a new classification of three subgenera. The clades forming L. subg. Adunci (3 spp.) and subg. Calcarati (1 sp.) are unresolved within the Ruschieae and we treat them as subgenera until their relationships are clarified. Three sections are proposed for L. subg. Lampranthus and we also suggest new synonymy for several species in L. sect. Lampranthus (65 spp.) and sect. Blandi (15 spp.). Roosia and the type species for Esterhuysenia are nested in L. sect. Blandi and so these genera are subsumed under Lampranthus. Esterhuysenia stokoei forms part of Lampranthus and is the sole member of a new section within L. subg. Lampranthus. The two larger sections of L. subg. Lampranthus show different evolutionary trends and distributions: Lampranthus sect. Lampranthus contains more species, they are mostly in the winter rainfall region of the Western Cape and they have a greater range of floral shapes and colours. Lampranthus sect. Blandi contains a single species in the Kamiesberg, in the Northern Cape, while most of its species occur along the southern coast of southern Africa eastwards to southern Natal. These species are florally less diverse. Two species of Lampranthus are moved to a new genus, Malephoropsis gen. nov. These are unrelated to the rest of Lampranthus and they fall among species of Malephora, Disphyma and Gibbaeum with which they share softly corky branches, mesomorphic leaves and only slightly woody fruits with false septa. Several species, which were at one stage included in Lampranthus, are re‐instated in Ruschia; for four others, previously transferred out of Lampranthus to Esterhuysenia or Oscularia, but which cannot be accommodated into any of the existing genera, we propose a new genus, Sederbergia gen. nov. Lastly, we consider three monotypic genera which were sequenced here for the first time: Circandra is re‐instated in Erepsia; Malotigena is transferred to Delosperma subg. Proterogyna; the relationships of Daggodora remain unresolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responses to skeptical arguments need to be serious: they need to explain not only why some premise of the argument is false, but also why the premise is plausible, despite being false. Moorean responses to skeptical arguments are inadequate because they are not serious: they do not explain the plausibility of false skeptical premises (Sects. 2–3). Skeptical arguments presuppose the truth of the following two claims: the requirements for epistemic justification are internalist, and these internalist requirements are never satisfied (with respect to our beliefs about the external world). In this paper, I provide a serious response to the skeptic on behalf of the internalist: I explain why the claim that internalist requirements are never satisfied is plausible but false. First, I argue that the claim is plausible, but only insofar as one lacks an account of how perceptual experiences make it rational to hold beliefs about the external world (and the skeptic does lack such an account) (Sect. 4). Second, I provide such an account of experiential rationality, and I argue that in light of this account John McDowell can be understood as persuasively arguing that the claim that internalist requirements are never satisfied is false (Sects. 5–6). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbenaceae is an important element of Neotropical flora, and Stachytarpheta is the second largest genus in the family. Whereas pollen morphology has helped in the differentiation of several taxonomic groups, palynological data on Stachytarpheta are still scarce, especially for Brazil, where its greatest species richness is concentrated. The present work aimed to analyze the pollen morphology of selected species of Stachytarpheta sect. Stachytarpheta, to aid in the taxonomy of the group. Pollen grains from 11 species were analyzed before and after chemical treatment, measured and treated statistically; multivariate analyses were also performed. The pollen grains of S. sect. Stachytarpheta are large or very large monads, that are radially symmetric and isopolar, with amb varying among triangular, subtriangular, subcircular, and quadrangular, and shape among subspheroidal, oblate-spheroidal, prolate-spheroidal, and subprolate. The three or four apertures are of the colpus type and narrow. The ornamentation is verrucate, with perforations at the base of the verrucae and isolated granules. The pollen grains also possess a margin and an anapertural membrane, which are the main characteristics useful for differentiating the species of the section. The size, amb, shape, apertural type, and ornamentation are also important for morphological differentiation, but multivariate analyses did not support the groups formed based on pollen characterization. An identification key is provided to distinguish the 11 studied species based on pollen morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a biodiversity survey in the Western Taurus Mountains (Antalya, Türkiye), a new species of the genus Knautia (Dipsacoideae, Caprifoliaceae), named K. sivridaghense, was discovered. This new species, characterized by its dwarf caespitose perennial habit, is found in rocky areas under mixed forests at elevations of 1400-1450 m. Knautia sivridaghense is distinguished from its morphologically similar species, K. goecmenii, especially by its dwarf caespitose perennial habit, unbranched stems, length of involucral bracts, and other floral characteristics. Our phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear ITS and chloroplast petN(ycf6)-psbM regions confirm its placement within sect. Tricheroides, contributing to the understanding of the complexity of the genus. In addition to introducing the new species, this study also underscores the need for further research to unravel the evolutionary history and speciation mechanisms within the genus Knautia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Protoperidinium vietnamicum sp. nov. is described from the coastal waters of Vietnam. It is characterized by an elongated, pentagonal to pyriform body in ventral and dorsal view, with moderate dorsoventral compression. Epitheca is tapering into a robust apical horn, which is shorter than the antapical horns. Cingulum is equatorial, descending by about 0.50–0.75 of its width. Sulcus is wide, shallow, and slightly oblique. Plate 1′ is ortho‐type, and intercalary 2a and 3a plates are pentagonal. Plate 1a is quadrangular, having approximately one third the area of plate 3a. Additionally, the new combination Protoperidinium curvicorne (Böhm) comb. nov. is proposed. It is a large cell‐sized species with a round, broad body, and strong dorsoventral compression. Its epitheca narrows abruptly into a slender apical horn strongly tilted towards the ventral side. The cingulum is narrow, shallow, descending by about 1.5–2.0 cingular widths, and strongly inclined relative to the equatorial plane of the cell. The plate 1′ is ortho‐type, and 2a and 3a are pentagonal. Specimens from the type locality of the taxon were examined. Both species are provided with detailed descriptions and are illustrated with line drawings, as well as with light microscopy images and SEM micrographs. An in‐depth discussion and comparison with similar species are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campanula L. is among the genera with the highest number of endemics in the Caucasus ecoregion. A group of attractive alpine and subalpine perennial rosette plants with short single-flowered stems centred in the Caucasus has been treated as Campanula subg. Scapiflorae or at other ranks, with considerably varying circumscription and classification. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of three plastid DNA regions (trnK/matK, petD, rpl16) of a strongly extended sampling, comprising 23 of the 27 commonly accepted taxa (85%) with 330 accessions built on and guided by the results of our previous study of the group, confirmed the polyphyly of C. subg. Scapiflorae in any of its circumscriptions. The core clade of the group comprises exclusively endemics and near-endemics of the Caucasus and is treated here as C. sect. Tridentatae in a revised circumscription. The phylogenetic relationships of the disparate other elements of the Scapiflorae group are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens karenensis (I. sect. Semeiocardium) from Kayin State, Myanmar is described and illustrated here. It is most similar to I. micromeris, but differs in having lower petals with outer margins strongly undulate in the lower half (vs. lower petals entire), apex of upper petals acute to obtuse (vs. apex rounded), short stout spur, ± as long as the depth of lower sepal, ca. 2.5 mm long (vs. long attenuate spur, twice as long as the depth of lower sepal, ca. 5 mm long). Its conservation status is also assessed as Critically Endangered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood-rotting fungi are organisms that can decompose wood substrates and extract nutrients from them to support their growth. They play a crucial role in the material cycle of forest ecosystems. The genus Pluteus plays a significant role in wood decomposition. In this study, the morphology and molecular systematics of the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus were carried out. Pluteus brunneodiscus was identified as a new species, along with the discovery of two new records, P. cystidiosus and P. chrysophlebius, and a common species, P. romellii. Pluteus brunneodiscus is characterized by the brown center of the pileus that transitions to white towards the margins, with the surface cracking to form irregular granules. It is typically found in Populus forests growing on decomposing twigs or wood chips. Line drawings, color photographs, and phylogenetic analyses of related species within the genus Pluteus accompany the descriptions of these four species. The analyses are based on ITS + TEF1-α sequence data. Finally, a key for the twenty species within the sect. Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus, which has been documented in China, is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is highly rich in diversity of Begonia, and in which Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region, following Yunnan province, has the second highest number of Begonia species. As a distribution center of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum, Guangxi already had 58 species recognized in this section. In this paper, Begonia ornithopedata, a new taxon of B. sect. Coelocentrum from southwestern Guangxi is described. With the bird-foot-shape lobed leaves, the new species is easily distinguished from any of other taxa, excepting few similarities only in leaf morphology of B. laminariae Irmsch. and B. circumlobata Hance. Its conservation status is assigned as the Endangered according to The Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccinium dehongense (Ericaceae), a new species from Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province, China is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to Vaccinium sect. Epigynium and is most similar to V. vacciniaceum, but differs from the latter in the subsessile leaves, the inflorescence usually developing at leafless nodes, the shorter pedicels and the filaments being ca. 1/3 length of the stamens. Since the type locality of this new species is very near the border between China and Myanmar, it is probably also distributed in the adjacent area of Myanmar. As no population assessment of this species in its whole distribution area is made, it is best to assign a conservation status of 'Data Deficient' (DD) for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until now, phylogenetic relationships for the genus Calliandra section Androcallis (Fabaceae) were unresolved. We reconstructed the phylogeny of the section, including previously sequenced species from Central and South America and unexamined species from Colombia. Here, we generated 80 novel DNA sequences of Calliandra species from Colombia for the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the chloroplast trnL and trnL-F intergenic spacer. By incorporating a broader taxonomic sampling, the relationships among main clades in C. sect. Androcallis were clarified, providing a systematics framework in which to test evolutionary hypotheses. Phylogenetic analysis recovered four well-supported clades within C. sect. Androcallis. Relationships among the four to five major clades, contingent upon the inclusion of C. sect. microcallis, are strongly supported for the first time. Most species within each clade had similar geographical distributions. However, core C. sect. Androcallis relationships, including most species from Colombia sequenced here, remain unclear. A second goal of this study was to determine the taxonomic status of Calliandra medellinensis. This enigmatic taxon emblematic of Medellín, Colombia, is found in limited numbers within the Aburrá Valley and no populations have been found in the field. For that reason, it has been proposed to be a hybrid taxon. Here, C. magdalenae and C. haematocephala were not monophyletic within the core C. sect. Androcallis clade, while results concerning the monophyly of C. medellinensis are not conclusive. More informative molecular markers should be used in future studies to the determine the status of species for these taxa. Specifically, genomic studies should assess interspecific hybridization demographic models. Such insights can illuminate the C. medellinensis origin, guiding conservation strategies and providing valuable evolutionary overviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species under the names of Lepiota brunneopileata and L. pakistanensis are described herein based on four collections during mushroom surveys in 2021–2022 from scrubland in district Gujrat, Pakistan. Morpho-anatomy and phylogenetic placement, based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrITS) and Larger Subunit (nrLSU), clustered them into Lepiota sect. Lepiota and Stenosporae. Lepiota brunneopileata is characterized by brown to dark brown disk, squamules on light brown pileus surface as well as on stipe, spurred, truncate basidiospores (3.9–7.0 × 2.7–4.1 μm), narrowly clavate to cylindrical and utriform cheilocystidia, with light brown to brown trichodermal pileus covering elements. Lepiota pakistanensis possesses small basidiomata with ochraceous disk, ochraceous to light brown cottony squamules on creamy white pileus surface, fusiform to slightly amygdaliform basidiospores (10.3–11.7 × 4.7–5.8 μm), clavate to broadly clavate cheilocystidia, trichodermal pileus covering with long cylindrical to fusiform terminal elements and spherocystous to clavate basal elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some interesting Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) specimens that have short stems, long stipules and short yellow petals were collected from Nallıhan, Ankara. In the careful examination made, it was seen that the specimens resemble Astragalus ovinus Boiss., A. fabaceus M.Bieb. and A. angustiflorus K.Koch belonging to the section Caprini, but it was determined that there is a difference due especially to some generative characters. After comparison with the closest taxa, it was decided that it is new for science and was named Astragalus nallihanicus. It grows at altitudes between about 850-1050 meters a.s.l. in a pine forest clearing. The size of some morphological features such as stipules (lower ones 17-22 mm long), calyx teeth (8-9 mm long), standards (19-22 mm long), wings (16-18 mm long), legumes (8.3-10.5 mm wide) and the dimensions of the seeds (3.5-4.1 × 2.1-2.5 mm), allow Astragalus nallihanicus to be distinguished from the closest taxa. Here, a description of the new species, comparison with similar taxa, informative photographs, and some ecological preferences have been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sect. Chrysantha Chang, belonging to the Camellia genus, is one of the rare and precious ornamental plants distinguished by a distinctive array of yellow-toned petals. However, the variation mechanisms of petal color in Sect. Chrysantha Chang remains largely unclear. Methods: We conducted an integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome to reveal petal coloration mechanism in three species, which have different yellow tones petals, including C. chuongtsoensis (CZ, golden yellow), C. achrysantha (ZD, light yellow), and C. parvipetala (XB, milk white). Results: A total of 356 flavonoid metabolites were detected, and 295 differential metabolites were screened. The contents of 74 differential metabolites showed an upward trend and 19 metabolites showed a downward trend, among which 11 metabolites were annotated to the KEGG pathway database. We speculated that 10 metabolites were closely related to the deepening of the yellowness. Transcriptome analysis indicated that there were 2,948, 14,018 and 13,366 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CZ vs. ZD, CZ vs. XB and ZD vs. XB, respectively. Six key structural genes (CcCHI, CcFLS, CcDFR1, CcDFR2, CcDFR3, and CcCYP75B1) and five candidate transcription factors (MYB22, MYB28, MYB17, EREBP9, and EREBP13) were involved in the regulation of flavonoid metabolites. The findings indicate that flavonoid compounds influence the color intensity of yellow-toned petals in Sect. Chrysantha Chang. Our results provide a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color variation and present potential candidate genes for Camellia breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carex linanensis X.D.Qiu & X.F.Jin, a new species in sect. Mitratae of the sedge family (Cyperaceae) from north-western Zhejiang is described and illustrated. We performed a statistical comparison of the new species with other closely-related species from the same section. Carex linanensis is similar to Carex sachalinensis F.Schmidt, but differs in having leaf blades 1–2 mm wide (vs. 2.5–3.5 mm wide), utricles longer than pistillate glumes, with beak margin smooth (vs. barbate) and peduncles of lateral spikes enclosed in bract sheaths (vs. exserted from bract sheaths). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The era of high throughput sequencing offers new paths to identifying species boundaries that are complementary to traditional morphology-based delimitations. De novo species delimitation using traditional or DNA super-barcodes serve as efficient approaches to recognizing putative species (molecular operational taxonomic units, MOTUs). Tea plants (Camellia sect. Thea) form a group of morphologically similar species with significant economic value, providing the raw material for tea, which is the most popular nonalcoholic caffeine-containing beverage in the world. Taxonomic challenges have arisen from vague species boundaries in this group. Results: Based on the most comprehensive sampling of C. sect. Thea by far (165 individuals of 39 morphospecies), we applied three de novo species delimitation methods (ASAP, PTP, and mPTP) using plastome data to provide an independent evaluation of morphology-based species boundaries in tea plants. Comparing MOTU partitions with morphospecies, we particularly tested the congruence of MOTUs resulting from different methods. We recognized 28 consensus MOTUs within C. sect. Thea, while tentatively suggesting that 11 morphospecies be discarded. Ten of the 28 consensus MOTUs were uncovered as morphospecies complexes in need of further study integrating other evidence. Our results also showed a strong imbalance among the analyzed MOTUs in terms of the number of molecular diagnostic characters. Conclusion: This study serves as a solid step forward for recognizing the underlying species boundaries of tea plants, providing a needed evidence-based framework for the utilization and conservation of this economically important plant group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eleven new species are described. • New infraspecific combination created for I. pinnata. • All species illustrated in detailed photographic plates. • Conservation assessment and IUCN red list status is recommended for every species. Indigofera sect. Brachypodae DC. is a large group of approximately 40 species within the Cape Clade, mostly restricted to the Core Cape Region (CCR), with only two species extending eastwards to Grahamstown. This section has been subdivided into four subsections based primarily on morphological characters. Subsect. Brachypodae is the most diverse of the four subsections and is characterised by having sclerophyllous leaves, with a distinctly sunken midvein and (usually) revolute leaf margins. This group occurs almost exclusively within Fynbos, with a few species growing in coastal Strandveld vegetation. Revised here, nineteen species are recognized in this subsection, eleven of which are new to science. Additionally, a new infraspecific combination is created for I. pinnata following nomenclatural and identification confusion. All species are formally described here, with photographic plates of each and illustrations of corollas and calyces provided. Many of the new species were either unrecognised at the time of the last revision in Flora Capensis 2, or have only been discovered recently. Distribution maps and information regarding habitat preference, phenology, and ecology and recommended IUCN red list status of each species are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]