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We construct text-based measures of the primary concerns listed firms associated with the spread of COVID-19 and other epidemic diseases. We identify which firms perceive to lose or gain from a given epidemic and textually decompose the epidemic's effect on the firm's demand and supply. We find that the effects of COVID-19 manifest as a simultaneous shock to demand and supply, with both shocks affecting firms' market valuations in equal measure on average. By contrast, demand-related impacts appear more important in accounting for the observed collapse in firm-level investment during the COVID-19 crisis. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix , which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Aims: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) preferentially infects the respiratory tract; however, several studies have implicated a multi‐organ involvement. Hepatic dysfunctions caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection have been increasingly recognized and described to correlate with disease severity. To elucidate molecular factors that could contribute towards hepatic infection, we concentrated on microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non‐coding RNAs that modulate various cellular processes and which are reported to be differentially regulated during liver injury. We aimed to study the infection of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) with SARS‐CoV‐2 and to evaluate the potential of miRNAs for modulating viral infection. Methods: We analysed liver autopsies from a coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19)‐positive cohort for the presence of viral RNA using Nanopore sequencing. PHH were used for the infection with SARS‐CoV‐2. The candidate miRNAs targeting angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) were identified using in silico approaches. To discover the potential regulatory mechanism, transfection experiments, qRT‐PCRs, western blots and luciferase reporter assays were performed. Results: We could detect SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in COVID‐19‐positive liver autopsies. We show that PHH express ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and can be readily infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, resulting in robust replication. Transfection of selected miRNA mimics reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor expression and SARS‐CoV‐2 burden in PHH. In silico and biochemical analyses supported a potential direct binding of miR‐141‐3p to the SARS‐CoV‐2 genome. Conclusion: We confirm that PHH are susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and demonstrate selected miRNAs targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 entry factors and/or the viral genome reduce viral loads. These data provide novel insights into hepatic susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 and associated dysfunctions in COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a systemic illness that can result in various manifestations. In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome, patients often exhibit complications unrelated to the respiratory system. Potential liver damage can occur in 14.8 to 53.0% of the affected patients. Liver impairment in COVID-19 can also occur because of the use of polypharmacy during disease management. It is essential to be aware of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, especially when considering the off-label usage of medications in both preventative and therapeutic regimens used on a wide scale. This review aims to give pertinent information regarding drugs utilized thus far in COVID-19 patients and their potential toxicity to the liver. We also present a suggested management approach to DILI in COVID-19 patients and lessons learned from the pharmacological management of this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) entails a spectrum of symptoms, including fatigue, reduced physical performance, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, and psychological distress. Given the effectiveness of exercise-based rehabilitation for PCS, this study examined the efficacy of rehabilitation for PCS patients, focusing on sex-specific differences. Methods: Prospective cohort study during inpatient rehabilitation. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and spirometry were performed at admission and discharge. Questionnaires were used to assess fatigue, health-related quality of life, wellbeing, and workability for up to 6 months. Results: 145 patients (36% female, 47.1 ± 12.7 years; 64% male, 52.0 ± 9.1 years; p = 0.018) were referred to rehabilitation 262.0 ± 128.8 days after infection (female, 285.5 ± 140.6 days; male, 248.8 ± 112.0 days; p = 0.110). Lead symptoms included fatigue/exercise intolerance (81.4%), shortness of breath (74.5%), and cognitive dysfunction (52.4%). Women presented with higher relative baseline exercise capacity (82.0 ± 14.3%) than males (68.8 ± 13.3%, p < 0.001), but showed greater improvement in submaximal workload (p = 0.026). Men exhibited higher values for FEV1, FEV1/VC, PEF, and MEF and lower VC at baseline (p ≤ 0.038), while FEV1/VC improvement more in women (p = 0.027). Higher baseline fatigue and lower wellbeing was detected in women and correlated with impaired pulmonary function (p < 0.05). Disease perception including fatigue, health-related quality of life, wellbeing and workability improved with rehabilitation for up to six-month. Conclusions: Rehabilitation improves cardiopulmonary fitness, pulmonary function and disease burden in women and men with long-term PCS. Women with PCS may benefit from intensified respiratory muscle training. Clinical assessment should include cardiopulmonary exercise testing and pulmonary function tests and fatigue assessments for all PCS patients to document limitations and tailor therapeutical strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic increases the risk of adverse fetal outcomes during pregnancy. Maternal infection during pregnancy, particularly with cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B and C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus can have detrimental effects on both mother and fetus, potentially leading to adverse outcomes such as spontaneous abortion or neonatal infection. However, the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection on the maternal–fetal interface remains poorly understood. In this study, we initially utilised immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical to investigate placental samples from pregnant women who were infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 during the first trimester. Our data indicate that infection in the first trimester induces an upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) levels at the maternal–fetal interface. Subsequently, single‐cell RNA sequencing and metabolomics sequencing analyses reveal alterations in maternal–fetal interface. Remarkably, immune cells exhibited low expression levels of HIF possibly associated with immune activation. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate a gradual reduction in transcriptome and metabolic changes as gestation progressed beyond 12–16 weeks compared to samples obtained at 6–8 weeks gestation. Overall, our study suggests that early‐stage SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during the first trimester leads to severe hypoxia and aberrant cell metabolism at the maternal–fetal interface which gradually resolves as pregnancy progresses. Nevertheless, these abnormal changes may have long‐term implications for maternal–fetal interface development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulmonary pseudoaneurysm (PAP) is a fatal complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 infections in the lungs. Other causative agent such as fungal and tubercular also responsible for this entity. Early detection and treatment can save a patient's life. Case presentation: Here we describe a case of a left pulmonary artery pseudo aneurysm in a 54-year-old patient with COVID-19 pneumonia who presented with massive hemoptysis and which was treated with endovascular embolization. Conclusion: It is caused by vasculopathy due to immunosuppression /immune dysregulation in COVID-19. Minimally invasive endovascular embolization of pseudoaneurysm carries less mortality and morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID‐19 is a highly contagious virus that causes pneumonia, which quickly progresses to acute respiratory distress. In the case of COVID‐19, physiotherapy is critical in non‐invasive support management, postural changes, chest physiotherapy (CPT), and bed mobility. This study aims to look into the effects of physiotherapy intervention on functional outcome levels in COVID‐19 patients in the acute stage. Methods: A total of 60 severe COVID‐19 patients (54 males and 6 females) with a mean age of 50 years were studied. The intervention group (n = 30) had two daily physiotherapy sessions that included positioning, CPT, cardio exercises, breathing exercises, and early mobility, whereas the control group (n = 30) received only standard medical care. Patients were tested twice at the baseline and discharge using peripheral oxygen saturation, respiratory rate (RR) test, dyspnea rate, two‐min walk test, and spirometer scores, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Results: The two groups improved significantly between the baseline and discharge ratings. The intervention group, on the other hand, significantly improved all outcome indicators at discharge (p‐value = 0.00). This study found that physiotherapy management improved oxygen saturation, RR, dyspnea, and lung function tests in COVID‐19 patients except in FVC (p‐value = 0.402) and FEV1(p‐value = 0.114). Conclusion: Physiotherapist interventions with COVID‐19 patients increase respiratory function and treatment time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds and Purpose: Post-COVID syndrome is characterized by persistent symptoms, including fatigue and cognitive impairment. These symptoms may be experienced by up to 80% of patients. We aimed to identify possible patterns of brain activation underlying post-COVID fatigue. Methods: The study used functional MRI (Siemens MAGNETOM Prisma 3T scanner with a specially created protocol) of the brain in 30 patients with post-COVID fatigue syndrome and 20 healthy volunteers. Task functional MRI (fMRI) was performed using a cognitive paradigm (modified Stroop test). Eligible patients included adults aged 18–50 years with a >12 weeks before enrolment (less than 12 months) prior history of documented COVID-19 with symptoms of fatigue not attributable to any other cause, and with MFI-20 score > 30 and MoCA at first visit. Healthy control participants had no prior history of COVID-19 and negative tests for severe acute coronavirus respiratory syndrome with MFI-20 score < 30 and MoCA at first visit. Task fMRI data were processed using the SPM12 software package based on MATLAB R2022a. Results: Cognitive task fMRI analysis showed significantly higher activation in the post-COVID group versus healthy volunteers' group. Between-group analysis showed significant activation differences. Using a threshold of T > 3 we identified eight clusters of statistically significant activation: supramarginal gyri, posterior cingulate cortex, opercular parts of precentral gyri and cerebellum posterior lobe bilaterally. Conclusions: Post-COVID fatigue syndrome associated with subjective cognitive impairment could show changes in brain functional activity in the areas connected with information processing speed and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bat‐borne pathogens are a threat to global health and in recent history have had major impacts on human morbidity and mortality. Examples include diseases such as rabies, Nipah virus encephalitis, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Climate change may exacerbate the emergence of bat‐borne pathogens by affecting the ecology of bats in tropical ecosystems. Here, we report the impacts of climate change on the distributional ecology of the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus across the last century. Our retrospective analysis revealed a positive relationship between changes in climate and the northern expansion of the distribution of D. rotundus in North America. Furthermore, we also found a reduction in the standard deviation of temperatures at D. rotundus capture locations during the last century, expressed as more consistent, less‐seasonal climate in recent years. These results elucidate an association between D. rotundus range expansion and a continental‐level rise in rabies virus spillover transmission from D. rotundus to cattle in the last 50 years of the 120‐year study period. This correlative study, based on field observations, offers empirical evidence supporting previous statistical and mathematical simulation‐based studies reporting a likely increase of bat‐borne diseases in response to climate change. We conclude that the D. rotundus rabies system exemplifies the consequences of climate change augmentation at the wildlife–livestock–human interface, demonstrating how global change acts upon these complex and interconnected systems to drive increased disease emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a high burden of sick leave worldwide. Long-term sick leave for COVID-19 may be longer than for other influenza-like syndromes. The real impact of long COVID on absenteeism remains uncertain. Aims To investigate the burden of sick leave, especially >12 weeks, in Belgian workers with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from July 2020 to September 2021 and to compare these figures with sick leave for other infectious diseases. Methods We coupled a database of SARS-CoV-2-positive workers and workers who were absent for other infections with objective absence data. Predictors of prolonged sickness were evaluated by negative binomial regression, Cox proportional hazards regression and ordinal logistic regression. Results The study population involved 2569 workers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 392 workers who were absent for other infectious diseases. In total, 16% (95% CI 14–17%) of workers with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test had no sick leave registered. Fourteen out of 1000 (95% CI 9–20‰) workers with absenteeism for COVID-19 experienced sick leave >12 weeks as compared to 43 out of 1000 workers (95% CI 3–69‰) with absenteeism due to other infections. When including PCR-positive workers without sick leave, the prevalence of long-term sick leave decreased to 12 per 1000 (95% CI8–17‰). Long-term sick leave was associated with older age, high previous sick leave and low educational level. Conclusions The prevalence of long-term sick leave was lower than estimated in earlier investigations regardless of worrying reports about post-COVID-19 syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with an attack rate of 55% (22/40 workers) occurred at a public-facing office in England from August to September 2021. Published evidence regarding outbreaks in office workplaces remains limited. Aims To describe an investigation of workplace- and worker-related risk factors following an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a public-facing office. Methods The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) Outbreak Investigation to Understand Transmission (COVID-OUT) study undertook an investigation of the outbreak. This included surface sampling, occupational environmental assessment, molecular and serological testing of workers, and detailed questionnaires. Results Despite existing COVID-19 control measures, surface sampling conducted during a self-imposed 2-week temporary office closure identified viral contamination (10/60 samples, 17% positive), particularly in a small, shared security office (6/9, 67% positive) and on a window handle in one open-plan office. Targeted enhanced cleaning was, therefore, undertaken before the office reopened. Repeat surface sampling after this identified only one positive (2%) sample. Ventilation was deemed adequate using carbon dioxide monitoring (typically ≤1000 ppm). Twelve workers (30%) responded to the COVID-OUT questionnaire, and all had been vaccinated with two doses. One-third of respondents (4/12) reported direct physical or close contact with members of the public; of these, 75% (3/4) reported a divider/screen between themselves and members of the public. Conclusions The results highlight the potential utility of surface sampling to identify SARS-CoV-2 control deficiencies and the importance of evolving, site-specific risk assessments with layered COVID-19 mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to compare rehospitalization rates, diagnoses, and well-baby nursery (WBN) length of stay (LOS) among rehospitalized infants born during the COVID-19 pandemic to those born prior. Study Design A retrospective comparison of 215 infants rehospitalized from March 1, 2019, to March 1, 2021, was performed in an urban academic center. Rates of readmission were determined for all infants using an unadjusted odds ratio. Among infants rehospitalized at ≤30 and ≤7 days, key cohort characteristics were analyzed using chi-square analysis, Fisher's exact test, independent t -test, and nonparametric testing as applicable. Differences in readmission diagnoses determined by International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code and chart review were evaluated with multivariable logistic regression comparing infants born during the pandemic to the year prior. Results Pandemic infants had a 51% increased odds of rehospitalization ≤7 days of discharge from WBN compared with prepandemic infants (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–2.09). Rehospitalized infants born during the pandemic had shorter WBN LOS; infants rehospitalized ≤30 days had LOS of 54.3 ± 18.6 versus 59.6 ± 16.2 hours (p = 0.02) and infants rehospitalized ≤7 days had LOS of 53.8 ± 17.8 versus 60.8 ±17.0 hours (p = 0.02). The pandemic group of infants had a 3.5 increased odds of being readmitted for hyperbilirubinemia compared with other diagnoses after adjusting for biological sex, ethnicity, percent weight lost at time of discharge, gestational age, and mode of delivery (CI 1.9, 6.4). Conclusion Rehospitalization ≤7 days post-WBN discharge was more common in infants born during the pandemic. Infants rehospitalized during the pandemic were more likely to have shorter WBN LOS and to be rehospitalized for hyperbilirubinemia. Retrospective analyses limit conclusions about causation but suggest that being born during the pandemic increased risk of rehospitalization for hyperbilirubinemia among infants in urban, under resourced setting warranting further investigation. Key Points Newborns rehospitalized during the pandemic had a shorter newborn nursery stay. Newborns in the pandemic had a higher rate of rehospitalization within 7 days of birth compared to year prior. More infants who required readmission during the pandemic were hospitalized for hyperbilirubinemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: It was previously reported that perceived external locus of control may exacerbate depressive symptoms, is associated with anxiety, boosts stress and general mental distress and weakens resilience against traumatic situations or difficulties. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: Those with a higher external locus of control are more prone to develop PTSD symptoms since the perceived external locus of control is among the predictors of PTSD. An internal locus of control is considered important in preventing PTSD, although an external locus of control appears to be a variable that causes/increases the prevalence of PTSD. What are the implications for practice?: It is known that nurses are deployed in clinical and fieldwork during disaster and assume key roles both interventional practices and psychosocial education. Thus, it is of particular importance for mental health nurses to be aware of the locus of control in themselves, their colleagues, and the community before, during and after disasters to be able to combat the risk/presence of PTSD. Aim: The present systematic review explored the impacts of perceived locus of control on PTSD among individuals experiencing disasters. Method: This is a systematic review study carried out through a search of the relevant research published in English over the period December 2021 to April 2022. Accordingly, we sought the studies to review on the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "Child, Children, Adolescent, Adolescence, Adult, Aged, Elderly, Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Internal‐External Control, Locus of Control, Disasters, Natural Disasters." Results: A total of 1.011 studies were found in the five databases using the keywords above. Following the exclusions, the remaining six studies were recruited for this systematic review. The six studies in question addressed earthquakes (2), hurricanes (1), wildfires (1), SARS (1) and fireworks explosions (1). In the study with wildfire survivors, there was a weak significant association between external locus of control and PTSD among those directly exposed to the disaster (r =.15, p <.01). The study with survivors of the SARS epidemic demonstrated that those with a high perceived chance (external) locus of control suffered PTSD (p =.001). An internal locus of control is considered important in preventing PTSD, although an external locus of control appears to be a variable that causes/increases the prevalence of PTSD. Conclusion: It was concluded that perceived locus of control is related to PTSD in individuals experiencing a disaster. The additional evidence was that post‐disaster PTSD among those with a high perceived external locus of control is stronger than those with a high perceived internal locus of control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), viral transport, fate, disinfection and environmental release in wastewater treatment plants have been issues of high importance for overall management. Although a huge number of scientific publications related to coronaviruses have been published, the number of studies on different aspects of wastewater treatment strategies to deal with SARS‐CoV‐2 abatement is still relatively limited and results are often confusing. To define real wastewater risks for public health and the environment, we have performed a systematic review and identified 96 papers from the PubMed database. We focused on SARS‐CoV‐2 wastewater treatments and how the type and level of treatments affect the virological quality of the effluents, the role of disinfectants, the treatment of medical wastewater, the role of new technologies, as well as the wastewater treatment in low‐ and middle‐income countries. It was concluded that, in general, well‐designed and well‐functioning wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and on‐site reliable sanitation systems may significantly limit the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2. The development of cost‐effective decentralized water and wastewater treatment facilities for low‐ and middle‐income countries for the abatement of coronaviruses should be enhanced. Lessons learned during the COVID‐19 pandemic with regard to wastewater treatment are expected to support an improved detection, response and containment of future viral disease outbreaks. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The causative agent of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a virus from the SARS-CoV-2 group of viruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome. The aim of the study was to examine the differences in hematological analyses of patients suffering from COVID-19 with and without comorbidities, to determine the degree of the clinical picture based on the MEWS scale and to examine the persistence of inflammatory parameters with the severity of the clinical picture. Methods: The research is a cross-sectional retrospective study, conducted in the laboratory diagnostics service of Tesanj General Hospital. It included 211 respondents positive for the coronavirus in the Tesanj General Hospital. The degree of severity of the clinical picture was determined on the basis of the MEWS scale. Results: A total of 211 patients positive for coronavirus participated in the study, of which 61.1% (129) were male and 38.9% (82) were female. Based on the results, a statistically significant difference was found in the ratio of hematological parameters in subjects with and without comorbidities (p < 0.05). A strong positive correlation was found between the ratio of SE and D-dimer in subjects and the degree of severity of the clinical picture. Conclusions: A statistically significant difference was recorded in the ratio of hematological parameters (lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, hematocrit, and APTT) in subjects with and without comorbidities in all three of the observed groups (p < 0.05), while there were no statistically significant differences in other hematological parameters (p > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute disorder of the peripheral nervous system, causing flaccid paralysis, areflexia, and variable sensory involvement. Proximal as well distal muscles of the limbs can be involved, and in most severe and advanced cases progresses to respiratory failure and death. GBS is considered an autoimmune disease, and at the basis of the attack at the peripheral nervous system different mechanisms have been recognized, in particular viral infections or other immune stimulations. Cranial nerve involvement in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and primary central nervous system lymphoma are rare conditions that could present with similar clinical features. Here we present a case of a 36‐year‐old man hospitalized for acute polyradiculoneuritis of the cranial nerves and lumbar roots that arose a 14 days after severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID‐19 2 (Sars‐CoV‐2) vaccination. Most of the main criteria for the diagnosis of GBS were met, including clinical and electrophysiological criteria. Albuminocytologic dissociation and high protein level in cerebrospinal fluid were also found. Therefore, the patient was treated with a cycle of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) with notable improvement of symptoms and gradual recovery of motility. A five months later, following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, the patient presented with worsening of neurological symptoms and was readmitted to the hospital. He underwent instrumental tests again and was treated with repeated cycles of IVIG and then with a cycle of plasmapheresis without any improvement. In the following 10 days he developed very serious conditions; he was transferred to intensive care unit and deceased after 6 days. The cause of the neurological syndrome was determined only after autoptic analysis, which revealed the presence of primary peripheral nervous system (PNS) DLBCL. The reported case highlights that GBS‐like presentation always requires a careful differential diagnosis, and physicians should also consider the possibility of an occult cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions People with HIV might be at an increased risk of long COVID (LC) because of their immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation and alterations in immunological responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2; coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID‐19]). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between HIV infection and LC and the prevalence and characteristics of and risk factors for LC among people with HIV.Multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Sociological Abstracts, were searched to identify articles published before June 2023. Published articles were included if they presented at least one LC outcome measure among people with HIV and used quantitative or mixed‐methods study designs. For effects reported in three or more studies, meta‐analyses using random‐effects models were performed using R software.We pooled 39 405 people with HIV and COVID‐19 in 17 eligible studies out of 6158 publications in all the databases. It was estimated that 52% of people with HIV with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection developed at least one LC symptom. Results from the random‐effects model showed that HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of LC (odds ratio 2.20; 95% confidence interval 1.25–3.86). The most common LC symptoms among people with HIV were cough, fatigue, and asthenia. Risk factors associated with LC among people with HIV included a history of moderate–severe COVID‐19 illness, increased interferon‐gamma‐induced protein 10 or tumour necrosis factor‐α, and decreased interferon‐β, among others.The COVID‐19 pandemic continues to exacerbate health inequities among people with HIV because of their higher risk of developing LC. Our review is informative for public health and clinical communities to develop tailored strategies to prevent aggravated LC among people with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 caused the pandemic situation experienced since the beginning of 2020, and many countries faced the rapid spread and severe form of the disease. Mechanisms of interaction between the virus and the host were observed during acute phase, but few data are available when related to immunity dynamics in convalescents. We conducted a longitudinal study, with 51 healthy donors and 62 COVID-19 convalescent patients, which these had a 2-month follow-up after symptoms recovery. Venous blood sample was obtained from all participants to measure blood count, subpopulations of monocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. Serum was used to measure cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, anti-N IgG and anti-S IgG/IgM antibodies. Statistic was performed by Kruskal–Wallis test, and linear regression with days post symptoms and antibody titers. All analysis had confidence interval of 95%. Less than 35% of convalescents were anti-S IgM+, while more than 80% were IgG+ in D30. Anti-N IgG decreased along time, with loss of seroreactivity of 13%. Eosinophil count played a distinct role on both antibodies during all study, and the convalescence was orchestrated by higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and IL-15, but initial stages were marked by increase in myeloid DCs, B1 lymphocytes, inflammatory and patrolling monocytes, G-CSF and IL-2. Later convalescence seemed to change to cytotoxicity mediated by T lymphocytes, plasmacytoid DCs, VEGF, IL-9 and CXCL10. Anti-S IgG antibodies showed the longest perseverance and may be a better option for diagnosis. The inflammatory pattern is yet present on initial stage of convalescence, but quickly shifts to a reparative dynamic. Meanwhile eosinophils seem to play a role on anti-N levels in convalescence, although may not be the major causative agent. We must highlight the importance of immunological markers on acute clinical outcomes, but their comprehension to potentialize adaptive system must be explored to improve immunizations and further preventive policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a highly contagious viral disease with high mortality rate. There is no vaccine against SARS, but the spread can be limited by masking or social distancing. In this paper we implement a game-theoretic model of voluntary precautions against SARS. We build on the compartmental ODE model of the 2003 SARS epidemic. We assume that susceptible individuals can mask and/or limit contacts with others in order to decrease their chances of contracting SARS. Since the risk of SARS infection depends on the actions of others, this creates a public goods game. We find the Nash equilibrium, the solution of the game, which is the optimal voluntary level of precautions the individuals should take. We also study the effects of such actions on the spread of SARS and show that the effect significantly depends on the individual cost of the precautions. As soon as the cost rises above a critical threshold, the individuals will have no incentive to use any kind of voluntary precaution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This case illustrates sarcoidosis as a potential complication of COVID‐19, highlighting the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach, including histopathology and prolonged monitoring, to distinguish it from post‐COVID fibrosis. Further research is crucial to elucidate these associations and understand their underlying mechanisms. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐ 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), a positive‐sense single‐stranded RNA virus, causes COVID‐19 and has been linked to autoimmune disorders. Sarcoidosis is a multi‐system disease that is frequently triggered by infections. It is characterized by non‐necrotizing granulomas in multiple organs. We present a case of sarcoidosis as rare sequelae of COVID‐19. A 26‐year‐old man presented with mild COVID‐19 symptoms, followed by prolonged fever and cough despite initial therapy, prompting a provisional diagnosis of post‐COVID fibrosis. A subsequent assessment at a tertiary hospital revealed dyspnea, weight loss, and abnormal chest imaging, all of which were consistent with pulmonary sarcoidosis with pulmonary tuberculosis as a differential diagnosis. A biopsy taken during bronchoscopy confirmed pulmonary sarcoidosis and treatment with inhalation steroids resulted in symptom relief, which was followed by remission with oral steroid therapy. Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology, characterized by non‐necrotizing granulomas in multiple organs. It may be triggered by infections and involves an abnormal immune response. COVID‐19 can potentially initiate sarcoidosis, with both sharing common immune mechanisms. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy, and treatment typically includes glucocorticoids and regular monitoring. This case report emphasizes the potential link between COVID‐19 and autoimmune conditions like sarcoidosis, highlighting the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach and long‐term observation to distinguish between sarcoidosis and post‐COVID fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory infections are a major health burden worldwide. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is among the leading causes of hospitalization in both young children and older adults. The onset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and the public health response had a profound impact on the normal seasonal outbreaks of other respiratory viruses. However, little is known about how a prior respiratory virus infection impacts SARS-CoV-2 disease outcomes. In this study, we examine the impact of a previous RSV infection on the disease severity of a subsequent SARS-CoV-2 challenge in BALB/c mice. Mice infected with RSV, followed by a SARS-CoV-2 challenge, 30 days later, exhibited decreased weight loss and increased survival as compared to control groups. Our results suggest a prior RSV infection can provide protection against a subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and respiratory syncytial virus are respiratory viruses that are a major health burden worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and respiratory syncytial virus frequently have peak seasonal outbreaks during the winter months, and are capable of causing severe respiratory disease, often leading to hospitalization. The 2019 pandemic brought attention to the importance of understanding how co-circulating viruses can impact the disease severity of other respiratory viruses. It is known that many hospitalized patients are undergoing multiple viral infections at once, yet not much has been studied to understand the impact this has on other respiratory viruses or patients. How co-circulating viruses impact one another can provide critical knowledge for future interventions of hospitalized patients and potential vaccination strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, in 2020 claimed millions of lives globally. The clinical manifestation of this virus is called COVID-19, and it can cause everything from flu-like symptoms to severe clinical consequences and even death. The global health organization (WHO) created awareness campaigns to reduce infection rates and slow the virus's rapid spread because there was no proven medication that could treat this infection or lessen its problems with little to no negative effects on the health of the patients. Despite the fact that vaccinations have been created as preventative measures, people still prefer to use conventional herbal drugs because it offers exceptional health benefits and, with comparatively minor side effects, can either prevent a viral infection or restrict the development of serious symptoms through various mechanistic pathways. This thorough analysis offers empirical data clarifying the protective effect of various plants against SARS-CoV-2, opening the door for additional research to reevaluate plant-based extracts—rich in bioactive compounds—in more sophisticated clinical evaluations to determine their effect on COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses data on the occurrence of hematological abnormalities in severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 infection. Among these hematological abnormalities, the majority of patients develop a hypercoagulable state associated with thromboembolic complications and poor prognosis. Approximately one-third of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 infection are diagnosed with mild to severe thrombocytopenia. Another hematological autoimmune disease observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A clinical case with the development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the setting of coronavirus infection was described. The diagnosis was based on the presence of anemia, reticulocytosis, a significant decrease in haptoglobin levels, and a positive antiglobulin test (Coombs test). Given the comorbidity, the risks of adverse effects of severe coronavirus disease were high, despite this, it was possible to achieve clinical and hematological remission of autoimmune hemolytic anemia by prescribing pathogenetic therapy with anti-CD-20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab), recombinant erythropoietin and glucocorticoid hormones. This clinical case demonstrates the possibility of successful treatment of patients with severe hemolytic anemia. Special attention should be paid to the discrepancy between the severity of the condition and objective data. This case demonstrates the need for a more in-depth approach to each patient with anemia associated with coronavirus disease infection, namely, in the presence of anemic syndrome, it is imperative to include a full range of laboratory tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Miscommunicating the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Asian Perspective" is a book that examines the infodemic, the rapid spread of false information about COVID-19, in Asia. The authors, led by Ran Wei, explore the emergence and diffusion of misinformation, the public's exposure to and sharing of misinformation, the consequences of exposure to misinformation, and the public's reaction to combat misinformation. The book also discusses the importance of human rights and culture in shaping individuals' responses to the infodemic. It provides valuable insights for researchers, students, policymakers, and stakeholders interested in public health crises. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between noninvasive ventilation (NIV) compared with invasive ventilation and mortality in subjects with severe acute respiratory infection. METHODS: This was a retrospective multi-center study of subjects with severe acute respiratory infection treated with ventilatory support between September 2012 and June 2018. We compared the 90-d mortality of subjects managed initially with NIV (NIV group) with those managed with invasive ventilation only (invasive ventilation group), adjusting by propensity score. RESULTS: Of 383 subjects, 189 (49%) were in the NIV group and 194 (51%) were in the invasive ventilation group. Of the subjects initially treated with NIV, 117 (62%) were eventually intubated. Crude 90-d mortality was lower in the NIV group versus the invasive ventilation group (42 [22.2%] vs 77 [39.7%]; P < .001). After propensity score adjustment, NIV was associated with lower 90-d mortality than invasive ventilation (odds ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.76; P < .001). The association of NIV with mortality compared with invasive ventilation was not different across the studied subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with severe acute respiratory infection and acute respiratory failure, NIV was commonly used. NIV was associated with a lower 90-d mortality. The observed high failure rate suggests the need for further research to optimize patient selection and facilitate early recognition of NIV failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19, a rapidly spreading coronavirus, leads to severe acute respiratory syndrome. In severe cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation significantly contribute to poor outcomes and mortality. This study investigated the coagulation process post-vaccination and infection in Iraq. A case-control study with 450 Iraqi participants included 90 healthy controls, 90 Pfizer vaccine recipients, 90 AstraZeneca vaccine recipients, 90 Sinopharm vaccine recipients, and 90 unvaccinated, infected individuals. Subgroups were followed up at 1, 2, and 3 months post-vaccination or infection to analyze plasma PT, PTT, INR, blood platelets, and D-Dimer. Significant differences were observed in D-Dimer levels among groups (p=0.000). Higher platelet counts were seen in infected patients, followed by AstraZeneca recipients (p<0.05). Thrombocytopenia was noted in Pfizer recipients in the first three months. A significant drop in PT and PTT was recorded in hospitalized patients one month post-infection, with no significant differences thereafter or in other groups (p>0.05). COVID-19 severity correlates with fibrin and fibrinolytic activity. AstraZeneca recipients showed a higher risk of coagulation and fibrin formation compared to Pfizer and Sinopharm recipients, highlighting the potential need for anticoagulants to mitigate risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARinf), including SARS-CoV-2, in unvaccinated student rugby players during phases from complete lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic to returning to competition is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of ARinf (including SARS-CoV-2) during non- contact and contact phases during the COVID-19 pandemic to evaluate risk mitigation strategies. In this retrospective cohort study, 319 top tier rugby players from 17 universities completed an online questionnaire. ARinf was reported during 4 phases over 14 months (April 2020-May 2021): phase 1 (individual training), phase 2 (non-contact team training), phase 3 (contact team training) and phase 4 (competition). Incidence (per 1 000 player days) and Incidence Ratio (IR) for 'All ARinf', and subgroups (SARS-CoV-2; 'Other ARinf') are reported. Selected factors associated with ARinf were also explored. The incidence of 'All ARinf' (0.31) was significantly higher for SARS-CoV-2 (0.23) vs. 'Other ARinf' (0.08) (p < 0.01). The incidence of 'All ARinf (IR = 3.6; p < 0.01) and SARS-CoV-2 (IR = 4.2; p < 0.01) infection was significantly higher during contact (phases 3 + 4) compared with non-contact (phases 1 + 2). Demographics, level of sport, co-morbidities, allergies, influenza vaccination, injuries and lifestyle habits were not associated with ARinf incidence. In student rugby, contact phases are associated with a 3-4 times higher incidence of ARinf/SARS-CoV-2 compared to non-contact phases. Infection risk mitigation strategies in the contact sport setting are important. Data from this study serve as a platform to which future research on incidence of ARinf in athletes within contact team sports, can be compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocarditis is a rare cardiomyocyte inflammatory process, typically caused by viruses, with potentially devastating cardiac sequalae in both competitive athletes and in the general population. Investigation into myocarditis prevalence in the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era suggests that infection with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is an independent risk factor for myocarditis, which is confirmed mainly through cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Recent studies indicated that athletes have a decreased risk of myocarditis after recent COVID-19 infection compared to the general population. However, given the unique nature of competitive athletics with their frequent participation in high-intensity exercise, athletes possess distinct factors of susceptibility for the development of myocarditis and its subsequent severe cardiac complications (e.g., sudden cardiac death, fulminant heart failure, etc.). Under this context, this review focuses on comparing myocarditis in athletes versus non-athletes, owing special attention to the distinct clinical presentations and outcomes of myocarditis caused by different viral pathogens such as cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus-6, human immunodeficiency virus, and Parvovirus B19, both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, as compared with SARS-CoV-2. By illustrating distinct clinical presentations and outcomes of myocarditis in athletes versus non-athletes, we also highlight the critical importance of early detection, vigilant monitoring, and effective management of viral and non-viral myocarditis in athletes and the necessity for further optimization of the return-to-play guidelines for athletes in the COVID-19 era, in order to minimize the risks for the rare but devastating cardiac fatality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac injury and sustained cardiovascular abnormalities in long-COVID syndrome, i.e. post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have emerged as a debilitating health burden that has posed challenges for management of pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and other associated chronic comorbidities in the most vulnerable group of patients recovered from acute COVID-19. A clear and evidence-based guideline for treating cardiac issues of long-COVID syndrome is still lacking. In this review, we have summarized the common cardiac symptoms reported in the months after acute COVID-19 illness and further evaluated the possible pathogenic factors underlying the pathophysiology process of long-COVID. The mechanistic understanding of how Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) damages the heart and vasculatures is critical in developing targeted therapy and preventive measures for limiting the viral attacks. Despite the currently available therapeutic interventions, a considerable portion of patients recovered from severe COVID-19 have reported a reduced functional reserve due to deconditioning. Therefore, a rigorous and comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program with individualized exercise protocols would be instrumental for the patients with long-COVID to regain the physical fitness levels comparable to their pre-illness baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac injury is common in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a significant number of recovered COVID-19 patients, portending long-term health issues for millions of infected individuals. To better understand how Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, CoV-2 for short) damages the heart, it is critical to fully comprehend the biology of CoV-2 encoded proteins, each of which may play multiple pathological roles. For example, CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (CoV-2-S) not only engages angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) to mediate virus infection but also directly activates immune responses. In this work, the goal is to review the known pathological roles of CoV-2-S in the cardiovascular system, thereby shedding lights on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 related cardiac injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has evolved into an international public health concern. Its causing agent was SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), a lipid bilayer encapsulated virus. Lipids have relevance in the host's viral cycle; additionally; viruses have been speculated to manipulate lipid signaling and production to influence the lipidome of host cells. SARS-CoV-2 engages the host lipid pathways for replication, like fatty acid synthesis activation via upregulation of AKT and SREBP pathway and inhibiting lipid catabolism by AMPK and PPAR deactivation. Consequently, lipoprotein levels are altered in most cases, i.e., raised LDL, TG, VLDL levels and reduced HDL levels like a hyperlipidemic state. Apo lipoproteins, a subsiding structural part of lipoproteins, may also impact viral spike protein binding to host cell receptors. In a few studies conducted on COVID-19 patients, maintaining Apo lipoprotein levels has also shown antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. It was speculated that several potent hypolipidemic drugs, such as statins, hydroxychloroquine, and metformin, could be used as add-on treatment in COVID-19 management. Nutraceuticals like Garlic, Fenugreek, and vinegar have the potency to lower the lipid capability acting via these pathways. A link between COVID-19 and post-COVID alteration in lipoprotein levels has not yet been fully understood. In this review, we try to look over the possible modifications in lipid metabolism due to SARS-CoV-2 viral exposure, besides the prospect of focusing on the potential of lipid metabolic processes to interrupt the viral cycle. KEY TEACHING POINTS: Viral infection mainly alters the lipid profile similar to the hyperlipidemia state. SARS-CoV infection affects cell lipidome by promoting lipid anabolism through AKT and SREBP pathways. Viral infection also inhibits lipid metabolism via AMPK and PPAR signaling pathways. Nutraceuticals could be a potent antiviral agent by targeting the lipid transduction mechanisms and maintaining cell lipidome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waning immunity and emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlight the need for further research in vaccine development. A recombinant fusion protein containing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) fused to the human IgG1 Fc (RBD-Fc) was produced in CHO-K1 cells. RBD-Fc was emulsified with four adjuvants to evaluate its immunogenicity. The RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed by ELISA. The virus neutralizing potency of the vaccine was investigated using four neutralization methods. Safety was studied in mice and rabbits, and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) effects were investigated by flow cytometry. RBD-Fc emulsified in Alum induced a high titer of anti-RBD antibodies with remarkable efficacy in neutralizing both pseudotyped and live SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. The neutralization potency dropped significantly in response to the Omicron variant. RBD-Fc induced both TH2 and particularly TH1 immune responses. Histopathologic examinations demonstrated no substantial pathologic changes in different organs. No changes in serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were observed. ADE effect was not observed following immunization with RBD-Fc. RBD-Fc elicits highly robust neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses, with no adverse effects. Therefore, it could be considered a promising and safe subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 is known to cause severe acute respiratory syndrome, and serious cases need to be treated with corticosteroids. Herein, we report an 87-year-old woman who developed bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head after corticosteroid treatment for coronavirus disease 2019-related pneumonia. Sixteen months after treatment, she developed right hip pain without any evidence of trauma. A diagnosis of bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head was made based on sclerotic bands on plain radiographs and low-signal bands on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. The patient underwent right total hip arthroplasty 4 months after symptom onset. Histological examination of the resected femoral head revealed pathological evidence of osteonecrosis. The postoperative course was good, and the patient can now walk unassisted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of histologically proven osteonecrosis after corticosteroid therapy for coronavirus disease 2019-related disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The indicator microorganisms increased along the water flow direction. • Indicator microorganisms had a positive correlation with COD. • Increased indicator microorganisms led to over 30% health risk increase. • Indicator microorganisms' concentration was higher in summer/autumn than in spring. • Staff related to water surface operation had the highest health risk. As an important means to solve water shortage, reclaimed water has been widely used for landscape water supply. However, with the emergence of large-scale epidemic diseases such as SARS, avian influenza and COVID-19 in recent years, people are increasingly concerned about the public health safety of reclaimed water discharged into landscape water, especially the pathogenic microorganisms in it. In this study, the water quality and microorganisms of the Old Summer Palace, a landscape water body with reclaimed water as the only replenishment water source, were tracked through long-term dynamic monitoring. And the health risks of indicator microorganisms were analyzed using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). It was found that the concentration of indicator microorganisms Enterococcus (ENT), Escherichia coli (EC) and Fecal coliform (FC) generally showed an upward trend along the direction of water flow and increased by more than 0.6 log at the end of the flow. The concentrations of indicator microorganisms were higher in summer and autumn than those in spring. And there was a positive correlation between the concentration of indicator microorganisms and COD. Further research suggested that increased concentration of indicator microorganisms also led to increased health risks, which were more than 30% higher in other areas of the park than the water inlet area and required special attention. In addition, (water) surface operation exposure pathway had much higher health risks than other pathways and people in related occupations were advised to take precautions to reduce the risks. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global health, with diverse factors influencing the risk of death among reported cases. This study mainly analyzes the main characteristics that have contributed to the increase or decrease in the risk of death among Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) cases classified as COVID-19 reported in southeast Brazil from 2020 to 2023. Methods: This cohort study utilized COVID-19 notification data from the Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica (SIVEP) information system in the southeast region of Brazil from 2020 to 2023. Data included demographics, comorbidities, vaccination status, residence area, and survival outcomes. Classical Cox, Cox mixed effects, Prentice, Williams & Peterson (PWP), and PWP fragility models were used to assess the risk of dying over time. Results: Across 987,534 cases, 956,961 hospitalizations, and 330,343 deaths were recorded over the period. Mortality peaked in 2021. The elderly, males, black individuals, lower-educated, and urban residents faced elevated risks. Vaccination reduced death risk by around 20% and 13% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Hospitalized individuals had lower death risks, while comorbidities increased risks by 20–26%. Conclusion: The study identified demographic and comorbidity factors influencing COVID-19 mortality. Rio de Janeiro exhibited the highest risk, while São Paulo had the lowest. Vaccination significantly reduces death risk. Findings contribute to understanding regional mortality variations and guide public health policies, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions for vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID 19 pandemic is still ongoing, having taken more than 6 million human lives with it, and it seems that the world will have to learn how to live with the virus around. In consequence, there is a need to develop different treatments against it, not only with vaccines, but also new medicines. To do this, human-virus protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a key part in drug-target discovery, but finding them experimentally can be either costly or sometimes unreliable. Therefore, computational methods arose as a powerful alternative to predict these interactions, reducing costs and helping researchers confirm only certain interactions instead of trying all possible combinations in the laboratory. Malivhu is a tool that predicts human-virus PPIs through a 4-phase process using machine learning models, where phase 1 filters ssRNA(+) class virus proteins, phase 2 filters Coronaviridae family proteins and phase 3 filters severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) species proteins, and phase 4 predicts human-SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2/MERS protein-protein interactions. The performance of the models was measured with Matthews correlation coefficient, F1-score, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy scores, getting accuracies of 99.07%, 99.83%, and 100% for the first 3 phases, respectively, and 94.24% for human-SARS-CoV PPI, 94.50% for human-SARS-CoV-2 PPI, and 95.45% for human-MERS PPI on independent testing. All the prediction models developed for each of the 4 phases were implemented as web server which is freely available at https://kaabil.net/malivhu/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was highest in densely populated regions of Kenya. Transmission gradually trickled down to the less densely populated, remote and underserved regions such as the pastoral regions of Kajiado County which are characterized by poor healthcare systems. Molecular assays that were pivotal for COVID-19 diagnosis were not available in these regions. Serology is an alternative method for retrospectively tracking the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in such populations. Dry blood spots (DBS) were prepared from consenting patients attending six health facilities in Kajiado County from March 2020 to March 2022. Upon elution, we conducted an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of SARS-Cov-2 IgG antibodies. Of the 908 DBSs we analyzed, 706 (78%) were from female participants. The overall seropositivity to SARS-Cov-2 antibodies was 7.3% (95% CI 5.7–9.1). The elderly (over 60 years) and male participants had a high likelihood of testing positive for SAR-CoV-2 infections. Mashuru (15.6%, 14/90) and Meto (15%, 19/127) health facilities registered the highest proportion of seropositive participants. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among pastoralists in the remote and underserved regions of Kajiado County was established by DBS sampling and serologic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Economic relief programs are strategies designed to sustain societal welfare and population health during a regional or global scale infectious disease outbreak. While economic relief programmes are considered essential during a regional or global health crisis, there is no clear consensus in the literature about their health and non-health benefits and their impact on promoting equity. Methods: We conducted a scoping review, searching eight electronic databases from January 01, 2001, to April 3, 2023, using text words and subject headings for recent pathogens (coronavirus (COVID-19), Ebola, Influenza, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), HIV, West Nile, and Zika), and economic relief programs; but restricted eligibility to high-income countries and selected diseases due to volume. Title and abstract screening were conducted by trained reviewers and Distiller AI software. Data were extracted in duplicates by two trained reviewers using a pretested form, and key findings were charted using a narrative approach. Results: We identified 27,263 de-duplicated records, of which 50 were eligible. Included studies were on COVID-19 and Influenza, published between 2014 and 2023. Zero eligible studies were on MERS, SARS, Zika, Ebola, or West Nile Virus. We identified seven program types of which cash transfer (n = 12) and vaccination or testing incentive (n = 9) were most common. Individual-level economic relief programs were reported to have varying degrees of impact on public health measures, and sometimes affected population health outcomes. Expanding paid sick leave programs had the highest number of studies reporting health-related outcomes and positively impacted public health measures (isolation, vaccination uptake) and health outcomes (case counts and the utilization of healthcare services). Equity impact was most often reported for cash transfer programs and incentive for vaccination programs. Positive effects on general well-being and non-health outcomes included improved mental well-being and quality of life, food security, financial resilience, and job security. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that individual-level economic relief programs can have significant impacts on public health measures, population health outcomes and equity. As countries prepare for future pandemics, our findings provide evidence to stakeholders to recognize health equity as a fundamental public health goal when designing pandemic preparedness policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are widely used for the cost‐effective and rapid detection of diverse analytes. However, traditional LFIA suffers from difficulties in providing quantitative results and has low sensitivity. Herein, LFIA is combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL), a leading transduction technique with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range, to achieve highly sensitive and quantitative detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein). Ruthenium(II)‐based complexes are synthesized and loaded into dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres (PEI‐Ru/dSiO2), which possessed central‐radial pore channels and served as tags for ECL‐LFIA. The electrodes are fabricated on a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane, which simplifies the structure of the ECL‐LFIA. PEI‐Ru/dSiO2 is captured on the electrode surface via a sandwich immunoreaction, which enhances the ECL signal by decreasing the distance between PEI‐Ru/dSiO2 and the electrode surface. Using 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐2,2′,2′'‐nitrilotriethanol (BIS‐TRIS) as coreactant, the ECL‐LFIA is used for detecting SARS‐CoV‐2 N protein, with a linear range of 1–104 ng mL−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.52 ng mL−1. ECL‐LFIA can also be used to detect analytes in complex matrices. These results demonstrate that the prepared ECL‐LFIA has great potential as a point‐of‐care testing platform for the rapid and quantitative detection of disease biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outcomes are presented for a multisite retrospective case series, describing a contemporary cohort of 22 immunocompromised patients with persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) polymerase chain reaction positivity who were retreated with antiviral therapy. For those with data available 14 and 30 days after commencement of antiviral therapy, 41% (9 of 22) and 68% (15 of 22), respectively, cleared COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 varies widely in its presentation and severity, with low mortality in high-income countries. In this study in 16 Latin American countries, we sought to characterize patients with MIS-C in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) compared with those hospitalized on the general wards and analyze the factors associated with severity, outcomes, and treatment received. Study Design: An observational ambispective cohort study was conducted including children 1 month to 18 years old in 84 hospitals from the REKAMLATINA network from January 2020 to June 2022. Results: A total of 1239 children with MIS-C were included. The median age was 6.5 years (IQR 2.5-10.1). Eighty-four percent (1043/1239) were previously healthy. Forty-eight percent (590/1239) were admitted to the PICU. These patients had more myocardial dysfunction (20% vs 4%; P < 0.01) with no difference in the frequency of coronary abnormalities (P = 0.77) when compared to general ward subjects. Of the children in the PICU, 83.4% (494/589) required vasoactive drugs, and 43.4% (256/589) invasive mechanical ventilation, due to respiratory failure and pneumonia (57% vs 32%; P = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with the need for PICU transfer were age over 6 years (aOR 1.76 95% CI 1.25-2.49), shock (aOR 7.06 95% CI 5.14-9.80), seizures (aOR 2.44 95% CI 1.14-5.36), thrombocytopenia (aOR 2.43 95% CI 1.77-3.34), elevated C-reactive protein (aOR 1.89 95% CI 1.29-2.79), and chest x-ray abnormalities (aOR 2.29 95% CI 1.67-3.13). The overall mortality was 4.8%. Conclusions: Children with MIS-C who have the highest risk of being admitted to a PICU in Latin American countries are those over age six, with shock, seizures, a more robust inflammatory response, and chest x-ray abnormalities. The mortality rate is five times greater when compared with high-income countries, despite a high proportion of patients receiving adequate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been associated with oligosymptomatic cases or severe acute respiratory syndrome, with multiple organ failure and death. One of the most significant events for clinical outcomes is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). It is known that AKI in COVID-19 is multifactorial, and the main mechanisms are cytokine storm, metabolic stress, use of nephrotoxic drugs, rhabdomyolysis, viral tropism to kidney tissues, and multiple organ failure. However, little is known about the impact of AKI clinical presentation and pathophysiological mechanisms on the outcome of patients affected by COVID-19. Objectives: To identify AKI clinical presentation and etiology, also known as phenotypes, and pathophysiological mechanisms, also known as subphenotypes, in patients affected by COVID-19 and associate them with death. This cohort and retrospective study evaluate the medical records of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to a tertiary public hospital from 1 June 2020, to 31 July 2021, from admission to clinical outcome (hospital discharge or death). Clinical and laboratory data were analyzed during the hospitalization. Renal function was estimated by urine output and serum creatinine; therefore, the diagnosis and AKI classification were based on the 2012 KDIGO criteria. The occurrence of AKI was the inclusion criterion. According to clinical and laboratory presentations, we recognized two phenotypes of AKI (the direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the kidney) and several pathophysiological mechanisms. Subphenotypes of the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 on kidneys were associated with Kidney Viral Tropism, Cytokine Storm, COVID-19-Related Multiple Organ Failure, and Mixed (more than one mechanism associated with COVID-19). Subphenotypes of indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 on kidney phenotypes were Ischemic, Nephrotoxic due to rhabdomyolysis, and Septic. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with death. Result: In total, 372 patients were included; 55.6% were male, 82.3% were Caucasians, and the mean age was 61.4 years. The majority of patients were admitted to the ICU (88.2%) and required mechanical ventilation (86.3%). AKI was predominantly KDIGO 3 (65.6%). When classifying our patients' AKI in two kidney phenotypes based on their clinical presentation, the direct impact of the SARS-CoV-2 phenotype was predominant (71,5%) and associated with higher mortality (83.8 vs. 46.3%, p = 0.001). Among the AKI pathophysiological mechanisms, Mixed—synergism of viral mechanisms—was the most prevalent (23.4%), followed by Viral Tropism (19.9%), Multiple Organ Failure—MOF (18%), Septic (15.6%), Ischemic (12.9%), and Cytokine Storm (10.2%). Mortality was high (73.1%). Logistic regression identified APACHE II, ATN-ISS, and the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the kidney as factors associated with death, while ischemic AKI was associated with lower mortality. Conclusions: We can conclude that APACHE II and ATN-ISS scoring are clinical predictions of hospital mortality in COVID patients with AKI, as well as AKI etiology involving the direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the kidney, while ischemic pathophysiological mechanisms of AKI are associated with lower mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is insufficient data on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Chinese patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). This study aims to explore the manifestation of pwMS during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the prognosis of MS in northern China. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, an online self-administered questionnaire and telephone interviews were conducted among pwMS of northern China. Clinical correlation of SARS-CoV-2 infection since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in northern China was analyzed. Results: 164 patients with an average age of 38.9 ± 12.2 years were included, of which 57.3% had a disease course ≤ 5 years. 33.5% of the patients were COVID-19 vaccinated. 87.2% received disease-modifying therapy (DMT), and the average immunotherapy duration was 1.9 ± 1.6 years. 83.5% were SARS-CoV-2 infected, 14.6% reported worsening of their original condition after infection, and 5.1% had a relapse of MS. Shorter disease course was independently related to infection risk (P = 0.046), whereas increasing age was related to aggravated behavioral symptoms (P = 0.008). However, gender, vaccination, and DMT were not associated with susceptibility or poor prognosis. Conclusion: A shorter disease course is independently associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and age is associated with worsening disability. It seems to be safe and necessary to use DMT during the pandemic, however, the use of B cell-depletion agents should be approached with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the involvement of neutrophils in the lungs during the recovery phase of COVID-19. The study used a mouse model to investigate changes in neutrophil phenotype and their association with lung injury. The findings showed persistent recruitment of neutrophils and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the lungs for up to 30 days after infection, which correlated with lung fibrosis and inflammation. The study suggests that neutrophil activation may contribute to pulmonary complications in COVID-19 survivors and highlights the need for further research to develop effective therapeutic strategies. [Extracted from the article]

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, sparked by the emergence of a novel coronavirus in early 2020, has prompted a surge in published articles. This study aims to systematically analyse the characteristics and trends of impactful research in the field. The 100 most-cited publications associated with COVID-19 were identified by two independent reviewers using the 'Web of Science' database across all available journals up to the year 2023. Data collected include country, citation count, subject, level of evidence (using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine System 2011), impact factor, funding, and study design. We identified 394 038 publications, and the 100 most-cited publications were ranked. These were cited by a total of 283 034 articles (median citation = 767), median impact factor of 66.9 and 72 articles with fundings. China (n  = 44), USA (n  = 19), and UK (n  = 13) were the three highest contributors (n  = 220 505). Most articles were level 5 evidence (n  = 48), followed by level 3 (n  = 28), 4 (n  = 14), 2 (n  = 7), and 1 (n  = 3). The main subjects were mechanism of action and structures of SARS-CoV-2 virus (n  = 18) and impact of COVID-19 on public health (n  = 18). Publications in 2022 and 2023 predominantly focused on the impact of COVID-19. Majority of the highly cited studies were of low-to-moderate quality, with only 10 consisting of randomized controlled trials or systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis. These findings reflect a growing interest in understanding the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on public and mental health. This analysis found the potential for future double-blinded randomized controlled trials to validate existing findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has led to the global COVID‐19 pandemic, significantly impacting the health of pregnant women. Obstetric populations, already vulnerable, face increased morbidity and mortality related to COVID‐19, aggravated by preexisting comorbidities. Recent studies have shed light on the potential correlation between COVID‐19 and preeclampsia (PE), a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity worldwide, emphasizing the significance of exploring the relationship between these two conditions. Here, we review the pathophysiological similarities that PE shares with COVID‐19, with a particular focus on severe COVID‐19 cases and in PE‐like syndrome cases related with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We highlight cellular and molecular mechanistic inter‐connectivity between these two conditions, for example, regulation of renin–angiotensin system, tight junction and barrier integrity, and the complement system. Finally, we discuss how COVID‐19 pandemic dynamics, including the emergence of variants and vaccination efforts, has shaped the clinical scenario and influenced the severity and management of both COVID‐19 and PE. Continued research on the mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy and the potential risk of developing PE from previous infections is warranted to delineate the complexities of COVID‐19 and PE interactions and to improve clinical management of both conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) outbreak in 2019 has necessitated investigating its potential adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes and fetal development. Objective: This study aimed to review the evidence on the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy on fetal outcomes. Method of Study: Literatures since the outbreak of COVID‐19 from PubMed and Web of Science were summarized in this narrative review, to show the effects of maternal SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy on fetal development. Results: SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy can be transmitted vertically through the placenta, both in utero and perinatally, affecting the maternal–fetal immune interface and placental function. Viral infections during pregnancy have been linked to central nervous system development impairments and disorders such as autism. Changes in the structure and function of the respiratory, immune, and visceral systems have also been reported. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy has been linked with increased risks of stillbirth and preterm birth. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear and may include cytokine storms, macrophage mediation, genetic mutations, methylation, and other epigenetic changes. Exploring the protective effects of antiviral treatment and other interventions in animal and clinical studies may help improve outcomes. Conclusion: SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy activates the maternal–fetal immune interface through vertical transmission, and has short‐ and long‐term effects on fetal development, including the central nervous system. Future long‐term studies may help provide evidence that can inform interventions to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recurrent spillovers of coronaviruses (CoVs) have posed severe threats to public health and the global economy. Bat severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like CoVs RsSHC014 and WIV1, currently circulating in bat populations, are poised for human emergence. The trimeric spike (S) glycoprotein, responsible for receptor recognition and membrane fusion, plays a critical role in cross-species transmission and infection. Here, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures of the RsSHC014 S protein in the closed state at 2.9 Å, the WIV1 S protein in the closed state at 2.8 Å, and the intermediate state at 4.0 Å. In the intermediate state, one receptor-binding domain (RBD) is in the “down” position, while the other two RBDs exhibit poor density. We also resolved the complex structure of the WIV1 S protein bound to human ACE2 (hACE2) at 4.5 Å, which provides structural basis for the future emergence of WIV1 in humans. Through biochemical experiments, we found that despite strong binding affinities between the RBDs and both human and civet ACE2, the pseudoviruses of RsSHC014, but not WIV1, failed to infect 293T cells overexpressing either human or civet ACE2. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that the Y623H substitution, located in the SD2 region, significantly improved the cell entry efficiency of RsSHC014 pseudoviruses, which is likely accomplished by promoting the open conformation of spike glycoproteins. Our findings emphasize the necessity of both efficient RBD lifting and tight RBD-hACE2 binding for viral infection and underscore the significance of the 623 site of the spike glycoprotein for the infectivity of bat SARS-like CoVs. IMPORTANCE The bat SARS-like CoVs RsSHC014 and WIV1 can use hACE2 for cell entry without further adaptation, indicating their potential risk of emergence in human populations. The S glycoprotein, responsible for receptor recognition and membrane fusion, plays a crucial role in cross-species transmission and infection. In this study, we determined the cryo-EM structures of the S glycoproteins of RsSHC014 and WIV1. Detailed comparisons revealed dynamic structural variations within spike proteins. We also elucidated the complex structure of WIV1 S-hACE2, providing structural evidence for the potential emergence of WIV1 in humans. Although RsSHC014 and WIV1 had similar hACE2-binding affinities, they exhibited distinct pseudovirus cell entry behavior. Through mutagenesis and cryo-EM analysis, we revealed that besides the structural variations, the 623 site in the SD2 region is another important structural determinant of spike infectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foxes are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 in laboratory settings, and there have also been reports of natural infections of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in foxes. In this study, we assessed the binding capacities of fox ACE2 to important sarbecoviruses, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and animal-origin SARS-CoV-2 related viruses. Our findings demonstrated that fox ACE2 exhibits broad binding capabilities to receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of sarbecoviruses. We further determined the cryo-EM structures of fox ACE2 complexed with RBDs of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 prototype (PT), and Omicron BF.7. Through structural analysis, we identified that the K417 mutation can weaken the ability of SARS-CoV-2 sub-variants to bind to fox ACE2, thereby reducing the susceptibility of foxes to SARS-CoV-2 sub-variants. In addition, the Y498 residue in the SARS-CoV RBD plays a crucial role in forming a vital cation-π interaction with K353 in the fox ACE2 receptor. This interaction is the primary determinant for the higher affinity of the SARS-CoV RBD compared to that of the SARS-CoV-2 PT RBD. These results indicate that foxes serve as potential hosts for numerous sarbecoviruses, highlighting the critical importance of surveillance efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]