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2,025 results on '"S Nakano"'

1. Probabilistic modelling of substorm occurrences with an echo state network

Author

S. Nakano, R. Kataoka, M. Nosé, and J. W. Gjerloev

Subjects
Science, Physics, QC1-999, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

The relationship between solar-wind conditions and substorm activity is modelled with an approach based on an echo state network. Substorms are a fundamental physical phenomenon in the magnetosphere–ionosphere system, but the deterministic prediction of substorm onset is very difficult because the physical processes that underlie substorm occurrences are complex. To model the relationship between substorm activity and solar-wind conditions, we treat substorm onset as a stochastic phenomenon and represent the stochastic occurrences of substorms with a non-stationary Poisson process. The occurrence rate of substorms is then described with an echo state network model. We apply this approach to two kinds of substorm onset proxies. One is a sequence of substorm onsets identified from auroral electrojet intensity, and the other is onset events identified from activity of Pi2 pulsations, which are irregular geomagnetic oscillations often associated with substorm onsets. We then analyse the response of substorm activity to solar-wind conditions by feeding synthetic solar-wind data into the echo state network. The results indicate that the effect of the solar-wind speed is important, especially for Pi2 substorms. A Pi2 pulsation can often occur even if the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is northward, while the activity of auroral electrojets is depressed during northward IMF conditions. We also observe spiky enhancements in the occurrence rate of substorms when the solar-wind density abruptly increases, which might suggest an external triggering due to a sudden impulse of solar-wind dynamic pressure. It seems that northward turning of the IMF also contributes to substorm occurrences, though the effect is likely to be minor.

Published
2023
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2. Echo state network model for analyzing solar-wind effects on the AU and AL indices

Author

S. Nakano and R. Kataoka

Subjects
Science, Physics, QC1-999, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

The properties of the auroral electrojets are examined on the basis of a trained machine-learning model. The relationships between solar-wind parameters and the AU and AL indices are modeled with an echo state network (ESN), a kind of recurrent neural network. We can consider this trained ESN model to represent nonlinear effects of the solar-wind inputs on the auroral electrojets. To identify the properties of auroral electrojets, we obtain various synthetic AU and AL data by using various artificial inputs with the trained ESN. The analyses of various synthetic data show that the AU and AL indices are mainly controlled by the solar-wind speed in addition to Bz of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) as suggested by the literature. The results also indicate that the solar-wind density effect is emphasized when solar-wind speed is high and when IMF Bz is near zero. This suggests some nonlinear effects of the solar-wind density.

Published
2022
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3. Behavior of the iterative ensemble-based variational method in nonlinear problems

Author

S. Nakano

Subjects
Science, Physics, QC1-999, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

The behavior of the iterative ensemble-based data assimilation algorithm is discussed. The ensemble-based method for variational data assimilation problems, referred to as the 4D ensemble variational method (4DEnVar), is a useful tool for data assimilation problems. Although the 4DEnVar is derived based on a linear approximation, highly uncertain problems, in which system nonlinearity is significant, are solved by applying this method iteratively. However, the ensemble-based methods basically seek the solution within a lower-dimensional subspace spanned by the ensemble members. It is not necessarily trivial how high-dimensional problems can be solved with the ensemble-based algorithm which employs the lower-dimensional approximation based on the ensemble. In the present study, an ensemble-based iterative algorithm is reformulated to allow us to analyze its behavior in high-dimensional nonlinear problems. The conditions for monotonic convergence to a local maximum of the objective function are discussed in a high-dimensional context. It is shown that the ensemble-based algorithm can solve high-dimensional problems by distributing the ensemble in different subspace at each iteration. The findings as the results of the present study were also experimentally supported.

Published
2021
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4. International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation

Author

P. Alken, E. Thébault, C. D. Beggan, H. Amit, J. Aubert, J. Baerenzung, T. N. Bondar, W. J. Brown, S. Califf, A. Chambodut, A. Chulliat, G. A. Cox, C. C. Finlay, A. Fournier, N. Gillet, A. Grayver, M. D. Hammer, M. Holschneider, L. Huder, G. Hulot, T. Jager, C. Kloss, M. Korte, W. Kuang, A. Kuvshinov, B. Langlais, J.-M. Léger, V. Lesur, P. W. Livermore, F. J. Lowes, S. Macmillan, W. Magnes, M. Mandea, S. Marsal, J. Matzka, M. C. Metman, T. Minami, A. Morschhauser, J. E. Mound, M. Nair, S. Nakano, N. Olsen, F. J. Pavón-Carrasco, V. G. Petrov, G. Ropp, M. Rother, T. J. Sabaka, S. Sanchez, D. Saturnino, N. R. Schnepf, X. Shen, C. Stolle, A. Tangborn, L. Tøffner-Clausen, H. Toh, J. M. Torta, J. Varner, F. Vervelidou, P. Vigneron, I. Wardinski, J. Wicht, A. Woods, Y. Yang, Z. Zeren, and B. Zhou

Subjects
IGRF, Magnetic field modeling, Geomagnetism, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Geodesy, QB275-343, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Abstract In December 2019, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Division V Working Group (V-MOD) adopted the thirteenth generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). This IGRF updates the previous generation with a definitive main field model for epoch 2015.0, a main field model for epoch 2020.0, and a predictive linear secular variation for 2020.0 to 2025.0. This letter provides the equations defining the IGRF, the spherical harmonic coefficients for this thirteenth generation model, maps of magnetic declination, inclination and total field intensity for the epoch 2020.0, and maps of their predicted rate of change for the 2020.0 to 2025.0 time period.

Published
2021
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5. A framework for estimating spherical vector fields using localized basis functions and its application to SuperDARN data processing

Author

S. Nakano, T. Hori, K. Seki, and N. Nishitani

Subjects
SuperDARN, Plasma drift velocity, Ionospheric convection, Spherical elementary current system, Radial basis function network, Kalman filter, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Geodesy, QB275-343, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Abstract A technique for estimating a plasma drift velocity distribution in the ionosphere is presented. This technique is based on a framework for representing a global vector field on a sphere by using a set of localized basis functions which is newly derived as a variant of the spherical elementary current system (SECS). A vector field on a sphere can be divided into its divergence-free (DF) component and curl-free (CF) component. The DF and CF components can then be represented by weighted sums of the DF and CF vector-valued basis functions, respectively. While the SECS basis functions have a singular point, the new basis functions do not diverge over a sphere. This property of the new basis function allows us to achieve robust prediction of the drift velocity at any point in the ionosphere. Assuming that the ionospheric plasma drift velocity has no divergence, its distribution can be represented by a weighted sum of the DF basis functions. The proposed technique estimates the ionospheric plasma drift velocity distribution from the SuperDARN data by using the DF basis functions. Since there are some wide gaps in the spatial coverage of the SuperDARN, an empirical convection model is combined with the framework based on the new basis functions. It is demonstrated that the proposed technique is useful for the estimation and modeling of the ionospheric plasma velocity distribution.

Published
2020
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8. A sequential Bayesian approach for the estimation of the age–depth relationship of the Dome Fuji ice core

Author

S. Nakano, K. Suzuki, K. Kawamura, F. Parrenin, and T. Higuchi

Subjects
Science, Physics, QC1-999, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

A technique for estimating the age–depth relationship in an ice core and evaluating its uncertainty is presented. The age–depth relationship is determined by the accumulation of snow at the site of the ice core and the thinning process as a result of the deformation of ice layers. However, since neither the accumulation rate nor the thinning process is fully known, it is essential to incorporate observational information into a model that describes the accumulation and thinning processes. In the proposed technique, the age as a function of depth is estimated by making use of age markers and δ18O data. The age markers provide reliable age information at several depths. The data of δ18O are used as a proxy of the temperature for estimating the accumulation rate. The estimation is achieved using the particle Markov chain Monte Carlo (PMCMC) method, which is a combination of the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. In this hybrid method, the posterior distributions for the parameters in the models for the accumulation and thinning process are computed using the Metropolis method, in which the likelihood is obtained with the SMC method, and the posterior distribution for the age as a function of depth is obtained by collecting the samples generated by the SMC method with Metropolis iterations. The use of this PMCMC method enables us to estimate the age–depth relationship without assuming either linearity or Gaussianity. The performance of the proposed technique is demonstrated by applying it to ice core data from Dome Fuji in Antarctica.

Published
2016
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10. Non-storm irregular variation of the Dst index

Author

S. Nakano and T. Higuchi

Subjects
Science, Physics, QC1-999, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

The Dst index has a long-term variation that is not associated with magnetic storms. We estimated the long-term non-storm component of the Dst variation by removing the short-term variation related to magnetic storms. The results indicate that the variation of the non-storm component includes not only a seasonal variation but also an irregular variation. The irregular long-term variation is likely to be due to an anti-correlation with the long-term variation of solar-wind activity. In particular, a clear anti-correlation is observed between the non-storm component of Dst and the long-term variation of the solar-wind dynamic pressure. This means that in the long term, the Dst index tends to increase when the solar-wind dynamic pressure decreases. We interpret this anti-correlation as an indication that the long-term non-storm variation of Dst is influenced by the tail current variation. The long-term variation of the solar-wind dynamic pressure controls the plasma sheet thermal pressure, and the change of the plasma sheet thermal pressure would cause the non-storm tail current variation, resulting in the non-storm variation of Dst.

Published
2012
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11. Merging particle filter for sequential data assimilation

Author

S. Nakano, G. Ueno, and T. Higuchi

Subjects
Science, Physics, QC1-999, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

A new filtering technique for sequential data assimilation, the merging particle filter (MPF), is proposed. The MPF is devised to avoid the degeneration problem, which is inevitable in the particle filter (PF), without prohibitive computational cost. In addition, it is applicable to cases in which a nonlinear relationship exists between a state and observed data where the application of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is not effectual. In the MPF, the filtering procedure is performed based on sampling of a forecast ensemble as in the PF. However, unlike the PF, each member of a filtered ensemble is generated by merging multiple samples from the forecast ensemble such that the mean and covariance of the filtered distribution are approximately preserved. This merging of multiple samples allows the degeneration problem to be avoided. In the present study, the newly proposed MPF technique is introduced, and its performance is demonstrated experimentally.

Published
2007

12. Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Author

Masahiro Yamasaki, Masaya Taniwaki, Noboru Hattori, N Matsumoto, S. Nakano, and Kazuma Kawamoto

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, lcsh:RC705-779, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Medicine, Humans, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, lcsh:Diseases of the respiratory system, Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, business, Dermatology, Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Published
2021

13. Theoretical Studies on Electronic States of Rh-C60. Possibility of a Room-temperature Organic Ferromagnet

Author

K. Yamaguchi, H. Nagao, M. Okumura, T. Kawakami, Y. Kitagawa, and S. Nakano

Subjects
Ferromagnetic Rh-C60, fullerene, tight binding band calculation., Organic chemistry, QD241-441
Abstract

A possible mechanism for a ferromagnetic interaction in the rhombic (Rh) formof C60 (Rh-C60) is suggested on the basis of theoretical studies in relation to cage distortionof the C60 unit in the polymerized 2D-plane. Band structure calculations on Rh-C60 showthat cage distortion leads to competition between diamagnetic and ferromagnetic states,which give rise to the possibility of thermally populating the ferromagnetic state.

Published
2004
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14. 515: Pathways balancing SARS-COV-2 infectivity and disease severity in CF

Author

Takanori Asakura, Yu Mikami, S. Nakano, Richard C. Boucher, Kenichi Okuda, Caitlin E. Edwards, Wanda K. O'Neal, T. Kato, G. Chen, Ralph S. Baric, Lisa C. Morton, L. Sun, Raymond J. Pickles, Scott H. Randell, P. Hawkins, Hong Dang, Rodney C. Gilmore, and Carla Ribeiro

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Infectivity, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Posters, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Infection/Microbiology, medicine.disease, Virology, Cystic fibrosis, Disease severity, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Medicine, business
Published
2021

15. Non-storm irregular variation of the Dst index

Author

S. Nakano and T. Higuchi

Subjects
lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, integumentary system, animal diseases, lcsh:QC801-809, Physics::Space Physics, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

The Dst index has a long-term variation that is not associated with magnetic storms. We estimated the long-term non-storm component of the Dst variation by removing the short-term variation related to magnetic storms. The results indicate that the variation of the non-storm component includes not only a seasonal variation but also an irregular variation. The irregular long-term variation is likely to be due to an anti-correlation with the long-term variation of solar-wind activity. In particular, a clear anti-correlation is observed between the non-storm component of Dst and the long-term variation of the solar-wind dynamic pressure. This means that in the long term, the Dst index tends to increase when the solar-wind dynamic pressure decreases. We interpret this anti-correlation as an indication that the long-term non-storm variation of Dst is influenced by the tail current variation. The long-term variation of the solar-wind dynamic pressure controls the plasma sheet thermal pressure, and the change of the plasma sheet thermal pressure would cause the non-storm tail current variation, resulting in the non-storm variation of Dst.

Published
2018

16. Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Cl� ria, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. Deng, Y. Dengjel, J. Denizot, M. Dent, P. Der, C.J. Deretic, V. Derrien, B. Deutsch, E. Devarenne, T.P. Devenish, R.J. Di Bartolomeo, S. Di Daniele, N. Di Domenico, F. Di Nardo, A. Di Paola, S. Di Pietro, A. Di Renzo, L. Di Antonio, A. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dickey, C.A. Dickson, R.C. Diederich, M. Digard, P. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, C. Ding, W.-X. Ding, Z. Dini, L. Distler, J.H.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dmytruk, K. Dobson, R.C.J. Doetsch, V. Dokladny, K. Dokudovskaya, S. Donadelli, M. Dong, X.C. Dong, X. Dong, Z. Donohue, T.M., Jr. Donohue-Jr, T.M. Doran, K.S. D'orazi, G. Dorn, G.W., II Dosenko, V. Dridi, S. Drucker, L. Du, J. Du, L.-L. Du, L. du Toit, A. Dua, P. Duan, L. Duann, P. Dubey, V.K. Duchen, M.R. Duchosal, M.A. Duez, H. Dugail, I. Dumit, V.I. Duncan, M.C. Dunlop, E.A. Dunn, W.A., Jr. Dupont, N. Dupuis, L. Durán, R.V. Durcan, T.M. Duvezin-Caubet, S. Duvvuri, U. Eapen, V. Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D. Echard, A. Eckhart, L. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Flamigni, F. Florey, O. 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Published
2016

17. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. 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Nixon, R.A. Njar, V.C.O. Noda, T. Noegel, A.A. Nolte, E.M. Norberg, E. Norga, K.K. Noureini, S.K. Notomi, S. Notterpek, L. Nowikovsky, K. Nukina, N. Nürnberger, T. O'donnell, V.B. O'donovan, T. O'dwyer, P.J. Oehme, I. Oeste, C.L. Ogawa, M. Ogretmen, B. Ogura, Y. Oh, Y.J. Ohmuraya, M. Ohshima, T. Ojha, R. Okamoto, K. Okazaki, T. Oliver, F.J. Ollinger, K. Olsson, S. Orban, D.P. Ordonez, P. Orhon, I. Orosz, L. O'rourke, E.J. Orozco, H. Ortega, A.L. Ortona, E. Osellame, L.D. Oshima, J. Oshima, S. Osiewacz, H.D. Otomo, T. Otsu, K. Ou, J.-H.J. Outeiro, T.F. Ouyang, D.-Y. Ouyang, H. Overholtzer, M. Ozbun, M.A. Ozdinler, P.H. Ozpolat, B. Pacelli, C. Paganetti, P. Page, G. Pages, G. Pagnini, U. Pajak, B. Pak, S.C. Pakos-Zebrucka, K. Pakpour, N. Palková, Z. Palladino, F. Pallauf, K. Pallet, N. Palmieri, M. Paludan, S.R. Palumbo, C. Palumbo, S. Pampliega, O. Pan, H. Pan, W. Panaretakis, T. Pandey, A. Pantazopoulou, A. Papackova, Z. Papademetrio, D.L. Papassideri, I. Papini, A. Parajuli, N. Pardo, J. Parekh, V.V. Parenti, G. Park, J.-I. Park, J. Park, O.K. Parker, R. Parlato, R. Parys, J.B. Parzych, K.R. Pasquet, J.-M. Pasquier, B. Pasumarthi, K.B.S. Patterson, C. Pattingre, S. Pattison, S. Pause, A. Pavenstädt, H. Pavone, F. Pedrozo, Z. Peña, F.J. Peñalva, M.A. Pende, M. Peng, J. Penna, F. Penninger, J.M. Pensalfini, A. Pepe, S. Pereira, G.J.S. Pereira, P.C. de la Cruz, V.P. Pérez-Pérez, M.E. Pérez-Rodríguez, D. Pérez-Sala, D. Perier, C. Perl, A. Perlmutter, D.H. Perrotta, I. Pervaiz, S. Pesonen, M. Pessin, J.E. Peters, G.J. Petersen, M. Petrache, I. Petrof, B.J. Petrovski, G. Phang, J.M. Piacentini, M. Pierdominici, M. Pierre, P. Pierrefite-Carle, V. Pietrocola, F. Pimentel-Muiños, F.X. Pinar, M. Pineda, B. Pinkas-Kramarski, R. Pinti, M. Pinton, P. Piperdi, B. Piret, J.M. Platanias, L.C. Platta, H.W. Plowey, E.D. Pöggeler, S. Poirot, M. Polčic, P. Poletti, A. Poon, A.H. Popelka, H. Popova, B. Poprawa, I. Poulose, S.M. Poulton, J. Powers, S.K. Powers, T. Pozuelo-Rubio, M. Prak, K. Prange, R. Prescott, M. Priault, M. Prince, S. Proia, R.L. Proikas-Cezanne, T. Prokisch, H. Promponas, V.J. Przyklenk, K. Puertollano, R. Pugazhenthi, S. Puglielli, L. Pujol, A. Puyal, J. Pyeon, D. Qi, X. Qian, W.-B. Qin, Z.-H. Qiu, Y. Qu, Z. Quadrilatero, J. Quinn, F. Raben, N. Rabinowich, H. Radogna, F. Ragusa, M.J. Rahmani, M. Raina, K. Ramanadham, S. Ramesh, R. Rami, A. Randall-Demllo, S. Randow, F. Rao, H. Rao, V.A. Rasmussen, B.B. Rasse, T.M. Ratovitski, E.A. Rautou, P.-E. Ray, S.K. Razani, B. Reed, B.H. Reggiori, F. Rehm, M. Reichert, A.S. Rein, T. Reiner, D.J. Reits, E. Ren, J. Ren, X. Renna, M. Reusch, J.E.B. Revuelta, J.L. Reyes, L. Rezaie, A.R. Richards, R.I. Richardson, R. Richetta, C. Riehle, M.A. Rihn, B.H. Rikihisa, Y. Riley, B.E. Rimbach, G. Rippo, M.R. Ritis, K. Rizzi, F. Rizzo, E. Roach, P.J. Robbins, J. Roberge, M. Roca, G. Roccheri, M.C. Rocha, S. Rodrigues, C.M.P. Rodríguez, C.I. de Cordoba, S.R. Rodriguez-Muela, N. Roelofs, J. Rogov, V.V. Rohn, T.T. Rohrer, B. Romanelli, D. Romani, L. Romano, P.S. Roncero, M.I.G. Rosa, J.L. Rosello, A. Rosen, K.V. Rosenstiel, P. Rost-Roszkowska, M. Roth, K.A. Roué, G. Rouis, M. Rouschop, K.M. Ruan, D.T. Ruano, D. Rubinsztein, D.C. Rucker, E.B., III Rudich, A. Rudolf, E. Rudolf, R. Ruegg, M.A. Ruiz-Roldan, C. Ruparelia, A.A. Rusmini, P. Russ, D.W. Russo, G.L. Russo, G. Russo, R. Rusten, T.E. Ryabovol, V. Ryan, K.M. Ryter, S.W. Sabatini, D.M. Sacher, M. Sachse, C. Sack, M.N. Sadoshima, J. Saftig, P. Sagi-Eisenberg, R. Sahni, S. Saikumar, P. Saito, T. Saitoh, T. Sakakura, K. Sakoh-Nakatogawa, M. Sakuraba, Y. Salazar-Roa, M. Salomoni, P. Saluja, A.K. Salvaterra, P.M. Salvioli, R. Samali, A. Sanchez, A.M.J. Sánchez-Alcázar, J.A. Sanchez-Prieto, R. Sandri, M. Sanjuan, M.A. Santaguida, S. Santambrogio, L. Santoni, G. Dos Santos, C.N. Saran, S. Sardiello, M. Sargent, G. Sarkar, P. Sarkar, S. Sarrias, M.R. Sarwal, M.M. Sasakawa, C. Sasaki, M. Sass, M. Sato, K. Sato, M. Satriano, J. Savaraj, N. Saveljeva, S. Schaefer, L. Schaible, U.E. Scharl, M. Schatzl, H.M. Schekman, R. Scheper, W. Schiavi, A. Schipper, H.M. Schmeisser, H. Schmidt, J. Schmitz, I. Schneider, B.E. Schneider, E.M. Schneider, J.L. Schon, E.A. Schönenberger, M.J. Schönthal, A.H. Schorderet, D.F. Schröder, B. Schuck, S. Schulze, R.J. Schwarten, M. Schwarz, T.L. Sciarretta, S. Scotto, K. Scovassi, A.I. Screaton, R.A. Screen, M. Seca, H. Sedej, S. Segatori, L. Segev, N. Seglen, P.O. Seguí-Simarro, J.M. Segura-Aguilar, J. Seiliez, I. Seki, E. Sell, C. Semenkovich, C.F. Semenza, G.L. Sen, U. Serra, A.L. Serrano-Puebla, A. Sesaki, H. Setoguchi, T. Settembre, C. Shacka, J.J. Shajahan-Haq, A.N. Shapiro, I.M. Sharma, S. She, H. Shen, C.-K.J. Shen, C.-C. Shen, H.-M. Shen, S. Shen, W. Sheng, R. Sheng, X. Sheng, Z.-H. Shepherd, T.G. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, Q. Shi, Y. Shibutani, S. Shibuya, K. Shidoji, Y. Shieh, J.-J. Shih, C.-M. Shimada, Y. Shimizu, S. Shin, D.W. Shinohara, M.L. Shintani, M. Shintani, T. Shioi, T. Shirabe, K. Shiri-Sverdlov, R. Shirihai, O. Shore, G.C. Shu, C.-W. Shukla, D. Sibirny, A.A. Sica, V. Sigurdson, C.J. Sigurdsson, E.M. Sijwali, P.S. Sikorska, B. Silveira, W.A. Silvente-Poirot, S. Silverman, G.A. Simak, J. Simmet, T. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simons, M. Simonsen, A. Singh, R. Singh, S.V. Singh, S.K. Sinha, D. Sinha, S. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Sirohi, K. Sishi, B.J.N. Sittler, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skwarska, A. Slack, R. Slaninová, I. Slavov, N. Smaili, S.S. Smalley, K.S.M. Smith, D.R. Soenen, S.J. Soleimanpour, S.A. Solhaug, A. Somasundaram, K. Son, J.H. Sonawane, A. Song, C. Song, F. Song, H.K. Song, J.-X. Song, W. Soo, K.Y. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Soontornniyomkij, V. Sorice, M. Sotgia, F. Soto-Pantoja, D.R. Sotthibundhu, A. Sousa, M.J. Spaink, H.P. Span, P.N. Spang, A. Sparks, J.D. Speck, P.G. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Clair, D.S. Stacchiotti, A. Staels, B. Stang, M.T. Starczynowski, D.T. Starokadomskyy, P. Steegborn, C. Steele, J.W. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J. Stellrecht, C.M. Stenmark, H. Stepkowski, T.M. Stern, S.T. Stevens, C. Stockwell, B.R. Stoka, V. Storchova, Z. Stork, B. Stratoulias, V. Stravopodis, D.J. Strnad, P. Strohecker, A.M. Ström, A.-L. Stromhaug, P. Stulik, J. Su, Y.-X. Su, Z. Subauste, C.S. Subramaniam, S. Sue, C.M. Suh, S.W. Sui, X. Sukseree, S. Sulzer, D. Sun, F.-L. Sun, J. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sundaramoorthy, V. Sung, J. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, N. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y.J. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Swärd, K. Swarup, G. Sweeney, S.T. Sylvester, P.W. Szatmari, Z. Szegezdi, E. Szlosarek, P.W. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Taillebourg, E. Tait, S.W.G. Takacs-Vellai, K. Takahashi, Y. Takáts, S. Takemura, G. Takigawa, N. Talbot, N.J. Tamagno, E. Tamburini, J. Tan, C.-P. Tan, L. Tan, M.L. Tan, M. Tan, Y.-J. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tang, G. Tanida, I. Tanji, K. Tannous, B.A. Tapia, J.A. Tasset-Cuevas, I. Tatar, M. Tavassoly, I. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, A. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Taylor, M.J. Tchetina, E.V. Tee, A.R. Teixeira-Clerc, F. Telang, S. Tencomnao, T. Teng, B.-B. Teng, R.-J. Terro, F. Tettamanti, G. Theiss, A.L. Theron, A.E. Thomas, K.J. Thomé, M.P. Thomes, P.G. Thorburn, A. Thorner, J. Thum, T. Thumm, M. Thurston, T.L.M. Tian, L. Till, A. Ting, J.P.-Y. Ting, J.P.Y. Titorenko, V.I. Toker, L. Toldo, S. Tooze, S.A. Topisirovic, I. Torgersen, M.L. Torosantucci, L. Torriglia, A. Torrisi, M.R. Tournier, C. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Triola, G. Tripathi, D.N. Trisciuoglio, D. Troncoso, R. Trougakos, I.P. Truttmann, A.C. Tsai, K.-J. Tschan, M.P. Tseng, Y.-H. Tsukuba, T. Tsung, A. Tsvetkov, A.S. Tu, S. Tuan, H.-Y. Tucci, M. Tumbarello, D.A. Turk, B. Turk, V. Turner, R.F.B. Tveita, A.A. Tyagi, S.C. Ubukata, M. Uchiyama, Y. Udelnow, A. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Underwood, B.R. Ungermann, C. Ureshino, R.P. Ushioda, R. Uversky, V.N. Uzcátegui, N.L. Vaccari, T. Vaccaro, M.I. Váchová, L. Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H. Valdor, R. Valente, E.M. Vallette, F. Valverde, A.M. Van den Berghe, G. Van Den Bosch, L. van den Brink, G.R. van der Goot, F.G. van der Klei, I.J. van der Laan, L.J.W. van Doorn, W.G. van Egmond, M. van Golen, K.L. Van Kaer, L. Campagne, M.L. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W. Vanhorebeek, I. Varela-Nieto, I. Vasconcelos, M.H. Vasko, R. Vavvas, D.G. Vega-Naredo, I. Velasco, G. Velentzas, A.D. Velentzas, P.D. Vellai, T. Vellenga, E. Vendelbo, M.H. Venkatachalam, K. Ventura, N. Ventura, S. Veras, P.S.T. Verdier, M. Vertessy, B.G. Viale, A. Vidal, M. Vieira, H.L.A. Vierstra, R.D. Vigneswaran, N. Vij, N. Vila, M. Villar, M. Villar, V.H. Villarroya, J. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Vitale, G. Vogl, D.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. von Haefen, C. von Schwarzenberg, K. Voth, D.E. Vouret-Craviari, V. Vuori, K. Vyas, J.M. Waeber, C. Walker, C.L. Walker, M.J. Walter, J. Wan, L. Wan, X. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, D. Wang, F. Wang, F. Wang, G. Wang, H.-J. Wang, H. Wang, H.-G. Wang, H. Wang, H.-D. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, M.-Q. Wang, P.-Y. Wang, P. Wang, R.C. Wang, S. Wang, T.-F. Wang, X. Wang, X.-J. Wang, X.-W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.T. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.-N. Wappner, P. Ward, C. Ward, D.M.V. Warnes, G. Watada, H. Watanabe, Y. Watase, K. Weaver, T.E. Weekes, C.D. Wei, J. Weide, T. Weihl, C.C. Weindl, G. Weis, S.N. Wen, L. Wen, X. Wen, Y. Westermann, B. Weyand, C.M. White, A.R. White, E. Whitton, J.L. Whitworth, A.J. Wiels, J. Wild, F. Wildenberg, M.E. Wileman, T. Wilkinson, D.S. Wilkinson, S. Willbold, D. Williams, C. Williams, K. Williamson, P.R. Winklhofer, K.F. Witkin, S.S. Wohlgemuth, S.E. Wollert, T. Wolvetang, E.J. Wong, E. Wong, G.W. Wong, R.W. Wong, V.K.W. Woodcock, E.A. Wright, K.L. Wu, C. Wu, D. Wu, G.S. Wu, J. Wu, J. Wu, M. Wu, M. Wu, S. Wu, W.K.K. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Xavier, C.P.R. Xavier, R.J. Xia, G.-X. Xia, T. Xia, W. Xia, Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, J. Xiao, S. Xiao, W. Xie, C.-M. Xie, Z. Xie, Z. Xilouri, M. Xiong, Y. Xu, C. Xu, C. Xu, F. Xu, H. Xu, H. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, L. Xu, X. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z.-X. Xu, Z. Xue, Y. Yamada, T. Yamamoto, A. Yamanaka, K. Yamashina, S. Yamashiro, S. Yan, B. Yan, B. Yan, X. Yan, Z. Yanagi, Y. Yang, D.-S. Yang, J.-M. Yang, L. Yang, M. Yang, P.-M. Yang, P. Yang, Q. Yang, W. Yang, W.Y. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yao, M.-C. Yao, P.J. Yao, X. Yao, Z. Yao, Z. Yasui, L.S. Ye, M. Yedvobnick, B. Yeganeh, B. Yeh, E.S. Yeyati, P.L. Yi, F. Yi, L. Yin, X.-M. Yip, C.K. Yoo, Y.-M. Yoo, Y.H. Yoon, S.-Y. Yoshida, K.-I. Yoshimori, T. Young, K.H. Yu, H. Yu, J.J. Yu, J.-T. Yu, J. Yu, L. Yu, W.H. Yu, X.-F. Yu, Z. Yuan, J. Yuan, Z.-M. Yue, B.Y.J.T. Yue, J. Yue, Z. Zacks, D.N. Zacksenhaus, E. Zaffaroni, N. Zaglia, T. Zakeri, Z. Zecchini, V. Zeng, J. Zeng, M. Zeng, Q. Zervos, A.S. Zhang, D.D. Zhang, F. Zhang, G. Zhang, G.-C. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.

Published
2016

18. Use of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) pulse sequences for differential diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas and hepatic cysts

Author

M, Ohkawa, T, Katoh, S, Nakano, N, Fujiwara, Y, Mori, I, Hino, and M, Tanabe

Subjects
Cysts, Liver Diseases, Liver Neoplasms, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, eye diseases, hepatic hemangioma, Diagnosis, Differential, body regions, parasitic diseases, FLAIR, Humans, sense organs, cardiovascular diseases, Hemangioma, MRI, hepatic cyst
Abstract

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging of hepatic hemangiomas (10 patients, 16 lesions) and hepatic cysts (8 patients, 10 lesions) was performed. All hemangiomas were hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. With Gd-DTPA (0.1 mmol/kg), all hemangiomas were enhanced but not all cysts. It was necessary to perform contrast enhanced imaging to differentiate hepatic hemangiomas from hepatic cysts. However, on FLAIR imaging, hepatic hemangiomas were strongly hyperintense and 9 of the 10 hepatic cysts were isointense. One of the hepatic cysts was slightly hyperintense. FLAIR images were useful in differential diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas and hepatic cysts without using Gd-DTPA.

Published
1997

19. Exploring scaffolds to discover new STAT3 inhibitors, as novel anticancer agents

Author

S. Villa, D. Masciocchi, A. Gelain, S. Dell'Orto, F. Meneghetti, A. Pedretti, D. Barlocco, L. Legnani, L. Yoma, B_M. Kwon, S. Nakano, A. Asai, Villa, S, Masciocchi, D, Gelain, A, Dell'Orto, S, Meneghetti, F, Pedretti, A, Barlocco, D, Legnani, L, Yoma, L, Kwon, B, Nakano, S, and Asai, A

Subjects
DFT
Published
2012

20. CANGAROO-III search for TeV Gamma-rays from two clusters of galaxies

Author

Yasushi Muraki, S. Yanagita, Ken'ichi Tsuchiya, S. Hara, Geoffrey V. Bicknell, Tatsuo Yoshida, A. Seki, K. Nishijima, Y. Sakamoto, Y. Hirai, Fuyuki Tokanai, S. Hayashi, Philip G. Edwards, C. Itoh, J. Kushida, Victor Stamatescu, Hideaki Katagiri, Hiroshi Muraishi, Ryoji Enomoto, Tsuguya Naito, Toshikazu Suzuki, Masaki Mori, Toru Tanimori, R. Kiuchi, Roger W Clay, Kunio Inoue, T. Hattori, D. Nishida, Hidetoshi Kubo, Tadashi Kifune, Y. Yamada, Takanori Yoshikoshi, Takeshi Nakamori, T. Hara, Y. Mizumoto, Michiko Ohishi, Yusuke Higashi, Y. Yukawa, F. Kajino, S. Nakano, Yutaka Matsubara, D. L. Swaby, Shuichi Gunji, Shin Watanabe, G. J. Thornton, E. Yamazaki, Shigeto Kabuki, R. Mizuniwa, T. Mizukami, and Akiko Kawachi

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic microwave background, Gamma ray, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Galaxy, Accretion (astrophysics), Space and Planetary Science, Cluster (physics), Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Galaxy cluster, Cherenkov radiation, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Because accretion and merger shocks in clusters of galaxies may accelerate particles to high energies, clusters are candidate sites for the origin of ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic-rays. A prediction was presented for gamma-ray emission from a cluster of galaxies at a detectable level with the current generation of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The gamma-ray emission was produced via inverse Compton upscattering of cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons by electron-positron pairs generated by collisions of UHE cosmic rays in the cluster. We observed two clusters of galaxies, Abell 3667 and Abell 4038, searching for very-high-energy gamma-ray emission with the CANGAROO-III atmospheric Cherenkov telescope system in 2006. The analysis showed no significant excess around these clusters, yielding upper limits on the gamma-ray emission. From a comparison of the upper limit for the north-west radio relic region of Abell 3667 with a model prediction, we derive a lower limit for the magnetic field of the region of ~0.1 micro G. This shows the potential of gamma-ray observations in studies of the cluster environment. We also discuss the flux upper limit from cluster center regions using a model of gamma-ray emission from neutral pions produced in hadronic collisions of cosmic-ray protons with the intra-cluster medium (ICM). The derived upper limit of the cosmic-ray energy density within this framework is an order of magnitude higher than that of our Galaxy., 7 pages, 6 figures, Accepted in ApJ

Published
2009

21. CANGAROO-III Search for Gamma Rays from Kepler's Supernova Remnant

Author

R. Enomoto, Y. Higashi, T. Yoshida, T. Tanimori, G. V. Bicknell, R. W. Clay, P. G. Edwards, S. Gunji, S. Hara, T. Hara, T. Hattori, S. Hayashi, Y. Hirai, K. Inoue, S. Kabuki, F. Kajino, H. Katagiri, A. Kawachi, T. Kifune, R. Kiuchi, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, Y. Matsubara, T. Mizukami, Y. Mizumoto, R. Mizuniwa, M. Mori, H. Muraishi, Y. Muraki, T. Naito, T. Nakamori, S. Nakano, D. Nishida, K. Nishijima, M. Ohishi, Y. Sakamoto, A. Seki, V. Stamatescu, T. Suzuki, D. L. Swaby, G. Thornton, F. Tokanai, K. Tsuchiya, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamada, E. Yamazaki, S. Yanagita, T. Yoshikoshi, and Y. Yukawa

Subjects
Physics, Infrared, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Gamma ray, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Kepler, law.invention, Telescope, Supernova, Space and Planetary Science, law, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Supernova remnant, Cherenkov radiation, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Kepler's supernova, discovered in October 1604, produced a remnant that has been well studied observationally in the radio, infrared, optical, and X-ray bands, and theoretically. Some models have predicted a TeV gamma-ray flux that is detectable with current Imaging Cherenkov Atmospheric Telescopes. We report on observations carried out in 2005 April with the CANGAROO-III telescope. No statistically significant excess was observed, and limitations on the allowed parameter range in the model are discussed., 6 pages 6 figures, to appear in ApJ, August 20, 2008, v683n2

Published
2008

22. CANGAROO-III Observations of the 2006 Outburst of PKS2155-304

Author

Y. Sakamoto, K. Nishijima, T. Mizukami, E. Yamazaki, J. Kushida, R. Enomoto, M. Ohishi, G. V. Bicknell, R. W. Clay, P. G. Edwards, S. Gunji, S. Hara, T. Hattori, S. Hayashi, Y. Higashi, Y. Hirai, K. Inoue, C. Itoh, S. Kabuki, F. Kajino, H. Katagiri, A. Kawachi, T. Kifune, R. Kiuchi, H. Kubo, R. Mizuniwa, M. Mori, H. Muraishi, T. Naito, T. Nakamori, S. Nakano, D. Nishida, A. Seki, V. Stamatescu, T. Suzuki, D. L. Swaby, T. Tanimori, G. Thornton, F. Tokanai, K. Tsuchiya, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamada, S. Yanagita, T. Yoshida, T. Yoshikoshi, and Y. Yukawa

Subjects
Physics, High energy, Crab Nebula, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

We have used the CANGAROO-III imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes to observe the high-frequency-peaked BL Lacertae (HBL) object PKS 2155-304 between 2006 July 28 (MJD 53944) and August 2, triggered by the H.E.S.S. report that the source was in a high state of TeV gamma-ray emission. A signal was detected at the 4.8 sigma level in an effective live time of 25.1 hours during the outburst period. The flux of Very High Energy gammarays from the CANGAROO-III observations shows the variability on the time scale of less than a few hours. The averaged integral flux above 660 GeV is (1.6 +/- 0.3_stat +/- 0.5_syst) x 10^-11 cm^-2 sec^-1 which corresponds to ~45% of the flux observed from the Crab nebula. Follow-up observations between August 17 (MJD 53964) and 25 indicate the source activity had decreased., 24 pages, 7 figures, to be published in ApJ

Published
2007

23. Correlation between Haemorrhagic Complications and CT Findings before and after Intra-arterial Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Author

S. Nakano, Takumi Yoneyama, Hirokazu Kawano, and S. Wakisaka

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Lentiform nucleus, business.industry, Original Articles, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Surgery, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Reperfusion therapy, medicine.artery, Middle cerebral artery, Occlusion, medicine, Intra arterial, Contrast extravasation, Radiology, Ct findings, Middle cerebral artery occlusion, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether haemorrhagic complications can be predicted by evaluating CT findings before and after intra-arterial reperfusion therapy for acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Pretherapeutic early CT signs within three hours after onset and post-therapeutic contrast extravasation were evaluated in 61 patients treated within six hours after onset. Early CT signs were evaluated in the deep (obscuration of the margin of the lentiform nucleus and loss of the insular ribbon) and superficial MCA territories (cortical effacement). Haemorrhagic transformations were seen in 39.3% of patients, 54.2% of them had both pre-therapeutic early CT signs and post-therapeutic contrast extravasation. Obscuration of the entire lentiform nucleus and the presence of contrast extravasation were reliable predictors for haemorrhagic transformations, and cortical effacement had also a tendency to be associated with haemorrhage. Absence of early CT signs did not always result in the absence of haemorrhagic transformations and 37.5% of haemorrhage occurred in the presumed normal area without early CT signs. On the other hand, absence of post-therapeutic contrast extravasation was a reliable negative predictor for intraparenchymal haematoma.

Published
2003

24. Reversibility of Ischemia Evaluated by Ischemic Duration and Residual Cerebral Blood Flow

Author

Tsutomu Iseda, S. Nakano, Tomokazu Goya, and S. Wakisaka

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Ischemia, Original Articles, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Tisokinase, Surgery, Cerebral blood flow, Infusion therapy, Internal medicine, Time course, cardiovascular system, medicine, Ischemic lesion, Cardiology, business, Perfusion, circulatory and respiratory physiology
Abstract

We first investigated the time course of CBF thresholds of ischemic cortices by a retrospective review of 19 patients with MCA occlusion who had clearly defined ischemic duration from onset to angiographic complete recanalization. Secondly, CBF thresholds of ischemic cortices salvageable with intravenous low dose native t-PA infusion therapy (7.2 mg of tisokinase) were examined by a retrospective review of 20 patients with distal embolic occlusions of MCA divisions or branches. All patients underwent pretreatment CBF measurement by SPECT using 99mTc-ECD. Pretreatment SPECT and 3 months post-treatment CT images were compared using computerized coregistration. The degree of hypoperfusion was analyzed by an asymmetry index (AI), which was a count-density ratio for the ischemic lesion to the contralateral corresponding area. Ischemic cortices on SPECT were divided into reversible and irreversible lesions. Judging from the regression lines with 95% confidence interval between the ischemic duration and AI, the infarcted CBF thresholds at 3 and 6 hours after onset may be about 30 and 50% of contralateral presumed normal CBF, respectively. On the other hand, to save the ischemic tissue with our intravenous t-PA infusion therapy, residual CBF might be needed at least 45% of contralateral presumed normal CBF. It is likely that CBF threshold of ischemia surely salvageable with our intravenous t-PA infusion therapy may be approximately 50–55% of contralateral presumed normal CBF.

Published
2000

25. Species-specific bird functions in a forest-canopy food web

Author

S. Nakano and Masashi Murakami

Subjects
Canopy, Food Chain, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Sitta europaea, Predation, Trees, Lepidoptera genitalia, Songbirds, Japan, Species Specificity, Forest ecology, Animals, Ecosystem, General Environmental Science, Parus, Tree canopy, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, Ecology, Ants, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Lepidoptera, Animal ecology, Larva, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Research Article
Abstract

Bird functions in a forest-canopy food web were evaluated by a large-scale field experiment using 'canopy' enclosures. By controlling the presence of two bird species, great tits (Parus major; foliage gleaner) and nuthatches (Sitta europaea; trunk gleaner), in the enclosures, their effect on predatory insects (ants), herbivorous insects (Lepidoptera larvae) and producers (oak trees) was quantified. Great tits reduced the density of Lepidoptera larvae and, indirectly, leaf damage, but had no impact on ants. Nuthatches decreased the density of ants but did not influence either Lepidoptera larvae or leaf damage. These results highlight species-specific functions of birds in the maintenance of forest ecosystems.

Published
2000

26. Numerical investigation of crystal growth process of bulk Si and nitrides – a review.

Author

L. Liu, H. Miyazawa, S. Nakano, D. Kashiwagi, X. J. Chen, and Y. Kangawa

Abstract

Heat and mass transfer during crystal growth of bulk Si and nitrides by using numerical analysis was studied. A three-dimensional analysis was carried out to investigate temperature distribution and solid-liquid interface shape of silicon for large-scale integrated circuits and photovoltaic silicon. The analysis enables prediction of the solid-liquid interface shape of silicon crystals. The result shows that the interface shape became bevel like structure in the case without crystal rotation. We also carried out analysis of nitrogen transfer in gallium melt during crystal growth of gallium nitride using liquid-phase epitaxy. The result shows that the growth rate at the center was smaller than that at the center. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007

27. A hydrogen sensor based on Mg-Pd alloy thin film.

Author

K Yoshimura, S Nakano, S Uchinashi, S Yamaura, H Kimura, and A Inoue

Subjects
HYDROGEN, DETECTORS, THIN films, MAGNETRONS
Abstract

We report on the hydrogen sensing property of Pd-capped Mg-Pd alloy thin films which were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering. Pd-capped Mg0.9Pd0.1 films of thicknesses 10 nm Pd and 40 nm Mg-Pd show a good hydrogen sensing property for hydrogen-containing atmosphere at room temperature. Their sensing range is from 40 ppm to 4% hydrogen in Ar. These films are supposed to be candidates for a low-cost room temperature hydrogen sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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28. Food habit divergence between white-spotted charr and masu salmon in Japanese mountain streams: circumstantial evidence for competition.

Author

H. Miyasaka, S. Nakano, and T. Furukawa-Tanaka

Subjects
ECOLOGICAL niche, CHAR fish, ONCORHYNCHUS
Abstract

Abstract The diet and foraging microhabitat of white-spotted charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis, were compared between mountain stream reaches where it occurs with (sympatric) and without (allopatric) masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou masou, a potential competitor, to examine the evidence for interspecific competition between these fish, which commonly co-occur in Japanese mountain streams. In three streams examined, the similarity between the diets of allopatric charr and salmon was much greater than that between the diets of sympatric charr and salmon. Both allopatric charr and sympatric salmon intensively utilized terrestrial invertebrates among stream drifts (52%-65% of the diet), whereas this prey category made up only an intermediate portion of sympatric charr diets (11%-29%). Examination of available prey composition in stream drifts showed that the consumption of terrestrial invertebrates by allopatric charr and sympatric salmon was approximately twice as much as that by sympatric charr. The presence of salmon, a potential competitor, may alter the diet of charr in the sympatric reaches. Charr holding focal points closer to the streambed were considered less efficient than sympatric salmon in their utilization of terrestrial invertebrates drifting primarily on the stream surface, although the foraging microhabitat of the charr was not influenced by the salmon. The mechanisms responsible for the dietary divergence between sympatric charr and salmon are probably the consequence of scramble competition over terrestrial invertebrates drifting on the stream surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003

32. 209 VIABILITY OF PORCINE EMBRYOS VITRIFIED BY THE METAL MESH VITRIFICATION METHOD AFTER SURGICAL OR NONSURGICAL TRANSFER.

Author

Y. Fujino, Y. Nakamura, H. Kobayashi, S. Nakano, C. Suzuki, and K. Yoshioka

Subjects
SWINE embryos, LIVESTOCK embryo transplantation, SERUM, LIQUID nitrogen, SURGERY, DILUTION
Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate viability of porcine embryos vitrified by the metal mesh vitrification (MMV) method after surgical or nonsurgical transfer. Prepubertal gilts were treated with eCG and hCG (= Day 0), and then inseminated artificially. Expanding blastocysts that were about 200 m in diameter were collected on Day 7. The embryos were equilibrated in 7.5% ethylene glycol (EG) + 7.5% DMSO + 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in PBS at 37C for 5 min, and then transferred into 15% EG + 15% DMSO + 0.6 M trehalose + 20% FBS in PBS for 1 min. Embryos in groups of 5 were transferred in a minimum volume of the vitrification solution (less than 1 L) onto stainless steel mesh (75 m screen size, 1.5 mm in width by 10 mm in length, with a 3-mm right-angle bend), and then plunged into liquid nitrogen. The mesh was stored in a 1.8-mL cryotube submerged in liquid nitrogen. Warming and dilution were performed by moving the mesh from liquid nitrogen into 0.5 M trehalose + 20% FBS in PBS at 37C for 5 min. Embryos were rinsed twice in NCSU37 + 10% FBS (mNCSU37) for 5 min. After being vitrified, embryos in groups of 20 per recipient were suspended in modified NCSU37 medium and then transferred into gilts either by surgical transfer (5 gilts) or by nonsurgical transfer (6 sows). For surgical transfer, embryos suspended in 0.1 mL of medium were transferred into the uterine horn at 15 cm above the uterine body, which was about 35 cm from the external uterine orifice. For nonsurgical transfer, an intrauterine catheter made from polyethylene tubing (1.2 m long, 3.0 mm outer diameter, 0.5 mm inner diameter) was used. A spiral guide inserted through the vagina into the cervix was used to guide the catheter into one uterine horn. The catheter was moved through the cervix and along the uterine horn. Then, embryos suspended in 1 mL of medium were transferred. Pregnancy was assessed by ultrasonography at 30 days post-estrus. With surgical transfer, 4 of 5 recipients became pregnant, and 3 gilts farrowed a total of 21 (10, 8, 3) live piglets; the fourth gilt aborted one fetus on Day 34. With nonsurgical transfer, 3 of 6 sows became pregnant. The present study demonstrates that vitrified porcine embryos can develop after both surgical and nonsurgical transfer to recipients. As a practical measure, nonsurgical transfer of vitrified porcine blastocysts may be used instead of surgical transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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33. Expression of B-cell activating factor of the tumour necrosis factor family (BAFF) in T cells in active systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of BAFF in T cell-dependent B cell pathogenic autoantibody production.

Author

S. Morimoto, S. Nakano, T. Watanabe, Y. Tamayama, A. Mitsuo, Y. Nakiri, J. Suzuki, K. Nozawa, H. Amano, Y. Tokano, T. Kobata, and Y. Takasaki

Subjects
*TUMOR necrosis factors, *B cells, *AUTOANTIBODIES, *SYSTEMIC lupus erythematosus
Abstract

Objectives. To determine whether B cell activating factor of the tumour necrosis factor family (BAFF) is involved in T cell-dependent B cell pathogenic autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 23 SLE patients were analysed by flow cytometry to examine the intracellular expression of BAFF in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the surface expression of BAFF-receptor (R) and TACI on CD20+ B cells. Moreover, peripheral blood was used to determine the level of BAFF messenger RNA (mRNA) in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the level of BAFF-R mRNA in CD20+ B cells. Blocking of BAFF function with TACI-Ig measured anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients with active SLE expressed intracellular BAFF whereas those from normal subjects did not. BAFF-R and TACI were expressed on B cells from both normal controls and patients with active SLE and there was no significant difference. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from SLE patients expressed BAFF mRNA whereas those from normal controls did not. Expression of BAFF-R mRNA in CD20+ B cells showed no significant difference between SLE patients and normal controls. TACI-Ig suppressed spontaneous in vitro T cell-dependent B cell anti-dsDNA antibodies production on active SLE with kidney involvement. Conclusions. BAFF may play a pathogenic role in SLE by stimulating T cell-dependent B cell autoantibodies production. Blockade of BAFF is a promising therapeutic approach for SLE especially in patients with kidney involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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36. One-step warming of vitrified human cleavage and blastocyst stage embryos does not adversely impact embryo survivability and subsequent developmental potential.

Author

Shioya M, Hashizume R, Okabe-Kinoshita M, Kojima K, Nishi S, Nakano S, Koga K, Fujita M, and Takahashi K

Subjects
Humans, Female, Pregnancy, Embryo Culture Techniques methods, Embryo Transfer methods, Cleavage Stage, Ovum physiology, Adult, Pregnancy Rate, Vitrification, Blastocyst physiology, Cryopreservation methods, Embryonic Development physiology
Abstract

Study Question: Does one-step warming (OW), a simplified embryo warming protocol, adversely affect survival and developmental potential in vitrified cleavage or blastocyst stage embryos compared to standard multi-step warming (SW)?, Summary Answer: OW showed no detrimental effects on survival and developmental potential compared to SW in cleavage and blastocyst stage embryos., What Is Known Already: While standard embryo warming protocols involve a multi-step procedure using a stepwise osmotic solution to avoid a rapid influx of water into the embryo, recent studies suggest that eliminating the stepwise warming process does not reduce embryo survival and embryo transfer outcomes. However, previous reports have focused primarily on pregnancy rates, and a more detailed analysis of the effects of rapid osmotic pressure changes on embryos is necessary to standardize the protocol., Study Design, Size, Duration: This preliminary study includes donated 377 vitrified human embryos (177 cleavage and 200 blastocyst stage) from 210 patients approved for discard at the patient's consent. The embryos were randomly allocated and warmed using either SW or OW protocols. In the SW protocol, embryos were rinsed with a stepwise osmotic solution (thawing, dilution, and washing solutions), and the process was completed with a 13-min warming period. In the OW protocol, embryos were only rinsed in a single solution (thawing solution) for 1 min., Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Post-warming embryos were cultured using a time-lapse incubator. Survival rate and developmental potential, including the occurrence of abnormal morphokinetics and the time required for blastocyst formation after warming of cleavage stage embryos, were compared between SW and OW. Embryos that developed into the blastocyst stage were morphologically evaluated. In the warming of blastocyst stage embryos, the survival rate was determined by the presence of blastocoel expansion, and the proportion of full re-expanded blastocysts was observed at 3- and 24-h post-warming. An in vitro adhesion assay was also performed on blastocysts after culture, and adhesion rate and outgrowth area were measured 24, 48, and 72 h after culture with fibronectin-precoated dishes., Main Results and the Role of Chance: OW did not negatively impact survival rates in either cleavage (100% in both OW and SW groups) or blastocyst stage embryos (99% in both groups). Cleavage stage embryos warmed by OW had superior or comparable rates of morulation (96 vs 85%, P = 0.0387), blastulation (78 vs 73%, P = 0.4044), full-blastocyst formation (60 vs 53%, P = 0.3196), and expanded-blastocyst formation (56 vs 49%, P = 0.4056) compared to those warmed by SW. Time-lapse monitoring analysis revealed that the frequency of collapses was reduced in OW (30 vs 50%, P = 0.0410). Additionally, all other abnormal morphokinetics were equivalent between OW and SW (P > 0.05); moreover, the time required for blastocyst formation (P > 0.05) and the morphological quality after development into the blastocyst stage (P > 0.05) were not significantly different between OW and SW. In warming of blastocyst stage embryos, the time required for full re-expansion was longer with OW (3.20 ± 3.03 h vs 2.14 ± 2.17 h, P = 0.0008), but there was no significant difference in the proportion of full re-expanded blastocysts at 3- (67 vs 75%, P = 0.2417) and 24-h (98 vs 97%, P = 1.0000) post-warming. The in vitro adhesion assay showed no significant differences in adhesion rate and outgrowth area at all observation points (P > 0.05)., Limitations, Reasons for Caution: This study was carried out as a preliminary trial using discarded embryos, which limited the number of embryos analyzed. Additionally, the impact on embryo transfer outcomes, such as clinical pregnancy and livebirth rates, remains unclear., Wider Implications of the Findings: Our findings suggest that OW is a safe and efficient alternative to SW protocols and may improve the efficiency of IVF laboratory workflow without impairing embryo potentials., Study Funding/competing Interest(s): No funding was obtained for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare related to this study., Trial Registration Number: N/A., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2025
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37. Pressure-Induced Dehydration and Reversible Recrystallization of Dihydrogen-Bonded Sodium Borohydride Dihydrate NaBH 4 ·2H 2 O.

Author

Nakano S, Fujihisa H, Yamawaki H, Shibazaki Y, Kikegawa T, and Orimo SI

Abstract

Sodium borohydride dihydrate (NaBH 4 ·2H 2 O) forms through dihydrogen bonding between the hydridic hydrogen of the BH 4 - ion and the protonic hydrogen of the water molecule. High-pressure structural changes in NaBH 4 ·2H 2 O, observed up to 11 GPa through X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectroscopy, were analyzed to assess the influence of dihydrogen bonds on its crystal structure. At approximately 4.6 GPa, certain dihydrogen bonds were broken, leading to the decomposition of NaBH 4 ·2H 2 O into ambient pressure phase of NaBH 4 (α-NaBH 4 ) and ice VII. Upon further compression beyond 6.6 GPa, NaBH 4 gradually transformed into its high-pressure phase, γ-NaBH 4 . During decompression, γ-NaBH 4 reverted to α-NaBH 4 at the pressure between 4.4 and 2.7 GPa and subsequently reacted with ice VII, resulting in the recrystallization of NaBH 4 ·2H 2 O. This recrystallization, occurring during decompression from 4.4 to 2.7 GPa, is identical to the starting sample and can be termed "decompression-induced recrystallization", highlighting the strength of the dihydrogen bonds in NaBH 4 ·2H 2 O. In addition, density functional theory calculations were used to evaluate the pressure dependence of hydrogen-hydrogen (H-H) distances in NaBH 4 ·2H 2 O. As pressure increased, the number of dihydrogen bonds within the unit cell rose from seven at near-ambient pressure to 12 at approximately 4.5 GPa just before the dehydration, indicating that each hydrogen atom in the water molecule formed dihydrogen bonds with around three hydrogens from the BH 4 - ions just prior to dehydration. Such pressure tuning of dihydrogen bonds may lead to the creation of new energy storage materials.

Published
2025
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38. Cachectic biomarkers as confounders behind the obesity paradox in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.

Author

Miura Y, Higuchi S, Kohno T, Shiraishi Y, Kitamura M, Nagatomo Y, Kawakubo Ichihara Y, Mizuno A, Nakano S, Soejima K, Goda A, Kohsaka S, and Yoshikawa T

Abstract

Background: Obesity is a risk factor for heart failure (HF) development but is associated with a lower incidence of mortality in HF patients. This obesity paradox may be confounded by unrecognized comorbidities, including cachexia., Methods: A retrospective assessment was conducted using data from a prospectively recruiting multicenter registry, which included consecutive acute heart failure patients. A low, normal, and high body mass index (BMI) was defined as <20 kg/m 2 , 20-25 kg/m 2 , and ≥25 kg/m 2 , respectively. Cachexia was defined as a combination of BMI < 20 kg/m 2 and any biochemical abnormalities including albumin, hemoglobin, or C-reactive protein. Patients with either of the three biochemical abnormalities were categorized as those with cachectic biomarkers. Two-year all-cause, cardiac, and noncardiac mortality were evaluated., Results: This study evaluated 3314 patients (mean BMI, 22 ± 4 kg/m 2 [low BMI with cachexia, 828 (25%); low BMI without cachexia, 273 (8%); normal BMI, 1584 (48%); high BMI, 629 (19%)]). Overall, an increase of 1 point in BMI was associated with a decreased incidence of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-0.94; p < 0.001). Regardless of the mode of death, the low BMI with cachexia indicated the worst prognosis, while the low BMI without cachexia showed a similar prognosis to the normal BMI. Cachectic biomarkers, which were observed more frequently in the low BMI, predicted a higher incidence of 2-year all-cause mortality across the BMI categories (adjusted HR for the low BMI, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.30-2.77; p = 0.001; adjusted HR for the normal BMI, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.34-2.79; p < 0.001; adjusted HR for the high BMI, 3.60; 95% CI, 1.61-8.08; p = 0.002)., Conclusions: BMI could be only a surrogate marker. The cachectic biomarkers may reflect the underlying conditions and contribute to elucidating the obesity paradox., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Dr. Shiraishi has received lecture fees from Otsuka Pharma-ceuticals Co., Ltd. and Ono Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. S. Nakano reports speaking fees and consulting fees from Pfizer and Otsuka. S. Kohsaka reports an investigator-initiated grant from Novartis, and personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb. All other authors report no conflicts of interest., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2025
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39. Usefulness of four-dimensional noise reduction filtering using a similarity algorithm in low-dose dynamic computed tomography for the evaluation of breast cancer: a preliminary study.

Author

Uraoka D, Matsuda M, Tanabe Y, Kawaguchi N, Nishiyama C, Okada A, Uda K, Suekuni H, Nishiyama H, Kamei Y, Kurata M, Kitazawa R, Nakano S, and Kido T

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of four-dimensional noise reduction filtering using a similarity algorithm (4D-SF) on the image quality and tumor visibility of low-dose dynamic computed tomography (CT) in evaluating breast cancer., Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients with 38 lesions who underwent low-dose dynamic breast CT and were pathologically diagnosed with breast cancer were enrolled. Dynamic CT images were reconstructed using iterative reconstruction alone or in combination with 4D-SF. We selected the peak enhancement phase image of breast cancer for each patient for quantitative and qualitative evaluations of image quality and measurement of the maximum diameter of breast cancer. The signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated for quantitative evaluation. The maximum diameters of the breast cancer were measured from the images obtained with and without 4D-SF (4D-SF ±) (size-4D-SF + and size-4D-SF-) and for the pathological specimen (size-PS) and compared., Results: The median and interquartile ranges of the signal-to-noise ratio [4D-SF-: 3.03 (2.54-4.17) vs 4D-SF + : 5.52 (4.75-6.66)] and contrast-to-noise ratio [4D-SF-: 2.88 (2.00-3.60) vs 4D-SF + : 7.84 (4.65-10.35)] were significantly higher for 4D-SF + than for 4D-SF- (p < 0.001). The overall image quality (Observer 1, p < 0.001; Observer 2, p < 0.001) and tumor margin sharpness scores (Observer 1, p = 0.003; Observer 2, p < 0.001) were significantly higher for 4D-SF + than for 4D-SF-. The tumor contrast scores for 4D-SF + and 4D-SF- were not significantly different (Observers 1, 2; p = 0.083). Size-4D-SF- was significantly smaller than size-PS (p < 0.001); size-4D-SF + was also smaller than size-PS, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.088). The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.65 for size-PS and size-4D-SF- and 0.77 for size-PS and size-4D-SF + ., Conclusion: The 4D-SF can improve the image quality and tumor visibility of low-dose dynamic CT in evaluating breast cancer extent due to noise reduction., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: Shota Nakano is an employee of Canon Medical Systems Corporation. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethical approval: All the procedures performed in the studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the local institutional review board (Registration number: 1912007). Informed consent: The local institutional review board waived the requirement for informed consent., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Published
2025
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40. Scanning dual-comb spectroscopic microscopy for multidimensional optical information acquisition.

Author

Kajiwara S, Okabe T, Bekku S, Nakano S, Ootani K, Hase E, Mitsumoto R, Yoshii K, Yasui T, and Minamikawa T

Abstract

We developed a scanning dual-comb spectroscopic microscopy (S-DCSM) system to acquire multidimensional optical information of transparent or semi-transparent samples. The system demonstrated the capability to perform spectral imaging of absorbance, optical phase, optical thickness, linear dichroism, and birefringence within the spectral range covered by optical frequency combs (OFCs). The spatial distribution of optical thickness in HeLa cells was measured as 8.19 ± 0.34 μm, aligning with known cellular dimensions. Additionally, the S-DCSM system was applied for the imaging of polarization-dependent optical properties, such as linear dichroism and birefringence in cellophane tape, whose spatial distributions were determined as 0.00464 ± 0.00043 and -0.014 ± 0.072, respectively, at 1560.25 nm. These results demonstrate the system's versatility in combining spatial imaging with detailed spectral and polarization information, providing a powerful tool for advanced optical characterization. This study marks a significant step forward in multidimensional optical information acquisition, facilitating detailed quantitative analysis in materials science and biological studies.

Published
2025
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41. Cultivation and mating of the truffle Tuber japonicum in plantations of ectomycorrhizal Quercus serrata seedlings.

Author

Nakamura N, Kinoshita A, Nakano S, Furusawa H, Obase K, Yamaguchi M, Noguchi K, Kitade Y, and Yamanaka T

Abstract

Tuber japonicum , a white-colored truffle that is endemic to Japan, is promising for culinary purposes due to its unique aroma. We were able to cultivate T. japonicum in plantations of inoculated Quercus serrata seedlings for the first time. Ascocarps were found after 43 months at one site and after 61 months at another. We developed simple sequence repeat markers for multilocus genotyping of glebal tissue and ascospores and confirmed that the harvested ascocarps were derived from inocula. All paternal individuals matched the multilocus genotypes of neighboring maternal individuals, indicating frequent hermaphroditism and the absence of externally introduced individuals. Our findings provide important clues to understanding the reproductive biology of T. japonicum during the early period after the truffle plantation establishment., Importance: Truffles are highly prized as a delicacy, but only a select few species have been successfully cultivated. In our study, we succeeded for the first time in cultivating Tuber japonicum . Two out of four plantations produced ascocarps shortly after planting, with one of them yielding a comparable weight to other cultivated truffle species. This promising productivity suggests that the fungus has potential when cultivated. Our analysis of the ascocarps' maternal and paternal genotypes, using simple sequence repeat markers, revealed hermaphroditic behavior in the fungus at our planting site. Our findings provide crucial insights into the truffle mating events.

Published
2025
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42. Plantar cutaneous sensation is independently associated with postural balance and lower limb motor function in older adults: the Shizuoka study.

Author

Kato M, Kito K, Nakano S, Nakano W, Kurita Y, Tanaka Y, Kuriyama N, Seto K, Ozaki E, and Tabara Y

Abstract

Purpose: A relationship between decreased plantar cutaneous sensation and impaired balance function has been reported in patients with peripheral neuropathy and diabetes. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between plantar sensation and postural balance, as well as the association between plantar sensation and sarcopenia-related motor function in community-dwelling older adults., Methods: The participants included 1659 community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of 74 ± 5 years, of which 43% were male patients. Plantar cutaneous sensation thresholds were assessed using an automatic plantar sensation testing device. Postural balance was measured using one-leg standing (OLS) time. Grip strength, five-time sit-to-stand (STS) time, and normal gait speed were measured as components of muscle strength and physical function related to sarcopenia. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and leg phase angle were obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis., Results: Age, sex, body mass index, and leg phase angle, but not SMI and grip strength, were independently associated with the plantar sensation threshold. Plantar sensation threshold was independently associated with the OLS time (P = 0.001) and STS time (P = 0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. No significant association was found between plantar sensation threshold and normal gait speed (P = 0.741)., Conclusion: Plantar sensation was independently associated with postural balance and lower limb function in community-dwelling older adults. The assessment of plantar sensation could be useful for identifying factors contributing to poor postural balance and lower limb motor function., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. Ethical approval: All study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (G1327-2) and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Geriatric Medicine Society.)

Published
2025
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43. Target Identification of Marine Natural Product Odoamide:Odoamide Induces Apoptotic Cell Death by Targeting ATPase Na + /K + Transporting Subunit Alpha 1 (ATP1A1).

Author

Katsumata R, Kamiyama H, Sagane K, Yamamoto Y, Azuma H, Nishibata K, Kotake Y, Nakano S, Okubo S, Teruya T, Okuda A, and Takase Y

Abstract

Marine natural products show a large variety of unique chemical structures and potent biological activities. Elucidating the target molecule and the mechanism of action is an essential and challenging step in drug development starting with a natural product. Odoamide, a member of aurilide-family isolated from Okinawan marine cyanobacterium, has been known to exhibit highly potent cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated the target protein and the cytotoxic mechanism of odoamide. Compared to existing anticancer agents, odoamide showed a unique fingerprint in the JFCR39 cancer cell panel and a characteristic pattern in gene expression profiling. Affinity chromatography utilizing a biologically active odoamide probe identified ATPase Na + /K + transporting subunit alpha 1 (ATP1A1) as a specific binding protein. Additionally, cells resistant to odoamide were found to have mutations at Gly98 and Gly99 of the ATP1A1 protein. The apparently attenuated cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of odoamide in odoamide-resistant cells suggests that the induction of these activities by odoamide is critically dependent on its interaction with ATP1A1. We conclude that odoamide induces apoptotic cell death by targeting ATP1A1, and we discuss the impact of affinity-based target identification for natural products and the potential of ATP1A1 inhibitors for drug discovery., (© 2025 Tsukuba research laboratory, Eisai co. ltd. ChemBioChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Published
2025
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44. Incorporation of suvorexant and lemborexant into hair and their distributions after a single intake.

Author

Nitta A, Shima N, Kamata H, Wada M, Matsumoto K, Kakehashi H, Nakano-Fujii S, Matsuta S, Kamata T, Katagi M, Sato T, and Nishioka H

Subjects
Humans, Chromatography, Liquid, Male, Adult, Female, Orexin Receptor Antagonists pharmacokinetics, Orexin Receptor Antagonists administration & dosage, Administration, Oral, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Sleep Aids, Pharmaceutical pharmacokinetics, Forensic Toxicology methods, Pyridines, Pyrimidines, Hair chemistry, Hair metabolism, Triazoles pharmacokinetics, Triazoles administration & dosage, Azepines pharmacokinetics, Azepines administration & dosage, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Abstract

Purpose: This study examined the applicability of hair analysis as an approach to identify suvorexant (SUV) and lemborexant (LEM) intake by analyzing black hair specimens collected from study participants after a single oral administration., Methods: Hair specimens were collected form participants who took a single dose of 10 mg SUV or 5 mg LEM. Identification of the dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) and their metabolites was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Reference standards of S-M9 and L-M4, the metabolites of SUV and LEM, respectively, were synthesized in our laboratory. Sectional analysis of 1-mm segments of the single-hair strands was also performed to investigate the incorporation behavior of the drugs into hair., Results: Unchanged SUV and LEM, and their metabolites S-M9 and L-M4 were detected even in the single-hair specimens. Results of the segmental hair analysis showed predominant incorporation of the drugs into hair through the hair bulb region rather than through the upper dermis zone of the hair root. The drug concentrations in the hair specimens, collected about 1 month after intake, were 0.033-0.037 pg/hair strand (0.17-0.19 pg/mg) for SUV and 0.054-0.28 pg/hair strand (0.28-1.5 pg/mg) for LEM. The calculated distribution ratios of the DORAs into hair to the oral doses were much lower than those of benzodiazepines and zolpidem reported in a previous study., Conclusions: This is the first report of the detection of the DORAs in hair. The incorporation behavior of the DORAs into hair revealed herein are crucial for proper interpretation of hair test results., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript. Ethics approval: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Japanese Association of Forensic Science and Technology (Approval number: 31M5). Informed consent: Oral and written informed consents were obtained from all participants prior to participating in this study., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Japanese Association of Forensic Toxicology.)

Published
2025
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45. Electrical storm induced by premature ventricular beat with extremely short coupling interval in a patient with long QT syndrome type 3.

Author

Sato A, Takahashi T, Kuwata S, Nakano S, Koizumi J, Saiki H, and Akasaka M

Subjects
Humans, Male, Child, Verapamil therapeutic use, Anti-Arrhythmia Agents therapeutic use, Dexmedetomidine therapeutic use, Cardiac Conduction System Disease, Long QT Syndrome physiopathology, Torsades de Pointes physiopathology, Torsades de Pointes etiology, Electrocardiography, Ventricular Premature Complexes physiopathology, Defibrillators, Implantable
Abstract

Here we report the case of a 10-year-old boy with long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) who developed refractory torsade de pointes (TdP) associated with ventricular arrhythmia with a short coupling time (VASCT). After implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement, an electrical storm occurred, which was irresponsive to the ventricular pacing as high as 120 bpm. Close inspection of the intracardiac potential revealed TdP associated with VASCT. Dexmedetomidine and verapamil were effective in controlling TdP, which allowed management with slower ventricular pace. Our case highlights the importance of focusing on ventricular arrhythmias particularly those with short coupling interval, in LQT3 with refractory TdP. (99 words)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2025
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46. Relative increase in production ratio of small dense low-density lipoprotein in acute coronary syndrome with high coronary plaque burden: an ex-vivo analysis.

Author

Matsuo K, Inoue I, Matsuda T, Arai T, and Nakano S

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Prospective Studies, Middle Aged, Aged, Single-Blind Method, Coronary Vessels diagnostic imaging, Biomarkers blood, Coronary Artery Disease diagnosis, Coronary Artery Disease blood, Acute Coronary Syndrome diagnosis, Acute Coronary Syndrome blood, Plaque, Atherosclerotic, Lipoproteins, LDL blood, Coronary Angiography
Abstract

The absolute value of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) including small LDL (s-LDL) and very small LDL (vs-LDL) has been shown to be associated with increased incidence of atherosclerosis. However, the impact of short-timeframe increases in sd-LDL on arteriosclerosis has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the clinical roles of ex-vivo induced sd-LDL in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using a novel method. This is a prospective, single-blind, and observational study that screened patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) for the treatment of ACS or investigation of heart-failure etiology between June 2020 and April 2022 (n = 247). After excluding patients with known diabetes mellitus and advanced renal disease, the patients were further divided into the ACS (n = 34) and control (non-obstructive coronary artery, n = 34) groups. The proportion of sd-LDL (s-LDL + vs-LDL) in total lipoproteins was observed before and after 2-h incubation at 37 ℃ (to approximate physiologic conditions) using 3% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The coronary plaque burden was quantified upon CAG in the ACS group. There were no significant differences between the ACS and control groups in terms of clinical coronary risk factors. The baseline of large, medium, small, and very small LDL were comparable between the two groups. Following a 2-h incubation period, significant increases were observed in the ratios of s-LDL and vs-LDL in both the ACS and control groups (ACS, p = 0.01*; control, p = 0.01*). Notably, the magnitude of increase in sd-LDL was more pronounced in the ACS group compared to the control group, with s-LDL showing a significant difference (p = 0.03*) and vs-LDL showing a tread toward significance (p = 0.08). In addition, in both groups, there was a decrease in IDL and L-LDL, while M-LDL remained unchanged. The plaque burden index and rate of short-timeframe changes in both s-LDL (p = 0.01*) and vs-LDL (p = 0.04*) before and after incubation were significantly correlated in the ACS group. The enhanced production rate of sd-LDL induced under short-term physiologic culture in an ex-vivo model was greater in patients with ACS than in the control group. The increase in sd-LDL is positively correlated with coronary plaque burden. Short-timeframe changes in sd-LDL may serve as markers for the severity of coronary artery disease., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest. Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Clinical Research Appropriate Promotion Center at Saitama Medical University International Medical Center (No. 19-307), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants., (© 2024. Springer Nature Japan KK, part of Springer Nature.)

Published
2025
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47. The Feasibility of a Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction Technique Tuned for the Myocardium on Myocardial Computed Tomography Late Enhancement.

Author

Toritani H, Yoshida K, Hosokawa T, Tanabe Y, Yamamoto Y, Nishiyama H, Kido T, Kawaguchi N, Matsuda M, Nakano S, Miyazaki S, Uetani T, Inaba S, Yamaguchi O, and Kido T

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, Computed Tomography Angiography methods, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted methods, Heart diagnostic imaging, Adult, Myocardium pathology, Feasibility Studies, Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods, Contrast Media, Sensitivity and Specificity
Abstract

Objectives: This study evaluated the feasibility of a model-based iterative reconstruction technique (MBIR) tuned for the myocardium on myocardial computed tomography late enhancement (CT-LE)., Methods: Twenty-eight patients who underwent myocardial CT-LE and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 1 year were retrospectively enrolled. Myocardial CT-LE was performed using a 320-row CT with low tube voltage (80 kVp). Myocardial CT-LE images were scanned 7 min after CT angiography (CTA) without additional contrast medium. All myocardial CT-LE images were reconstructed with hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR), conventional MBIR (MBIR&#95;cardiac), and new MBIR tuned for the myocardium (MBIR&#95;myo). Qualitative (5-grade scale) scores and quantitative parameters (signal-to-noise ratio [SNR] and contrast-to-noise ratio [CNR]) were assessed as image quality. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of myocardial CT-LE were evaluated at the segment level using an American Heart Association (AHA) 16-segment model, with LGE-MRI as a reference standard. These results were compared among the different CT image reconstructions., Results: In 28 patients with 448 segments, 160 segments were diagnosed with positive by LGE-MRI. In the qualitative assessment of myocardial CT-LE, the mean image quality scores were 2.9 ± 1.2 for HIR, 3.0 ± 1.1 for MBIR&#95;cardiac, and 4.0 ± 1.0 for MBIR&#95;myo. MBIR&#95;myo showed a significantly higher score than HIR ( P < 0.001) and MBIR&#95;cardiac ( P = 0.018). In the quantitative image quality assessment of myocardial CT-LE, the median image SNR was 10.3 (9.1-11.1) for HIR, 10.8 (9.8-12.1) for MBIR&#95;cardiac, and 16.8 (15.7-18.4) for MBIR&#95;myo. The median image CNR was 3.7 (3.0-4.6) for HIR, 3.8 (3.2-5.1) for MBIR&#95;cardiac, and 6.4 (5.0-7.7) for MBIR&#95;myo. MBIR&#95;myo significantly improved the SNR and CNR of CT-LE compared to HIR and MBIR&#95;cardiac ( P < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the detection of myocardial CT-LE were 70%, 92%, and 84% for HIR; 71%, 92%, and 85% for MBIR&#95;cardiac; and 84%, 92%, and 89% for MBIR&#95;myo, respectively. MBIR&#95;myo showed significantly higher image quality, sensitivity, and accuracy than the others ( P < 0.05)., Conclusions: MBIR tuned for myocardium improved image quality and diagnostic performance for myocardial CT-LE assessment., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: Shota Nakano is an employee of Canon Medical Systems Corporation. The rest of the authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2025
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48. Single-center analysis of cardiac amyloidosis using 99m Tc-HMDP imaging for diagnosis and evaluation after tafamidis treatment.

Author

Egi R, Matsusaka Y, Watanabe K, Seto A, Matsunari I, Arai T, Nakano S, and Kuji I

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Aged, Middle Aged, Technetium Tc 99m Medronate analogs & derivatives, Amyloidosis diagnostic imaging, Amyloidosis drug therapy, Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial diagnostic imaging, Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial drug therapy, Cardiomyopathies diagnostic imaging, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, Benzoxazoles therapeutic use
Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of 99m Tc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate ( 99m Tc-HMDP) imaging for cardiac amyloidosis and to demonstrate changes in cardiac uptake of 99m Tc-HMDP after tafamidis treatment., Methods: Seventy-five patients with suspected cardiac amyloidosis who underwent 99m Tc-HMDP imaging were included. We compared visual Perugini grades and semiquantitative heart-to-contralateral (H/CL) area ratios, myocardial maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), and peak of SUV (SUVpeak) between cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) and amyloid light-chain amyloidosis (AL). Comparison of interobserver reproducibility between H/CL ratios and myocardial SUVmax/SUVpeak was performed. H/CL ratio of 99m Tc-HMDP and myocardial SUVmax/SUVpeak were compared before and after tafamidis administration for cardiac wild-type ATTR., Results: Among 75 patients, 20 patients (26.7%) were visually positive based on Perugini grade. Fifteen and three patients were pathologically identified as cardiac ATTR and AL, respectively. ATTR group ( n  = 15) had significantly higher H/CL ratios of 99m Tc-HMDP than AL group ( n  = 3) ( P  = 0.003). ATTR group ( n  = 15) had significantly higher myocardial SUVmax/SUVpeak of 99m Tc-HMDP than AL group ( n  = 2) ( P  = 0.015). Myocardial SUVmax/SUVpeak had better interobserver reproducibility than H/CL ratios. After tafamidis treatment for cardiac wild-type ATTR, the decrease in myocardial SUVpeak was significant but not in H/CL ratios and myocardial SUVmax., Conclusion: H/CL ratio and SUVmax/SUVpeak in 99m Tc-HMDP imaging were useful for diagnosing cardiac ATTR. Myocardial SUVpeak may be useful for monitoring changes in cardiac uptake after tafamidis treatment for cardiac ATTR., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Published
2025
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49. Influenza B virus infection alters the regenerative potential of murine alveolar type 2 pneumocytes.

Author

Nakano S, Hamele CE, Tata A, Tata PR, and Heaton NS

Abstract

Respiratory epithelial cells can survive direct infection by influenza viruses, and the long-term consequences of that infection have been characterized in a subset of proximal airway cell types. The impact on the cells that survive viral infection in the distal lung epithelia, however, is much less well-characterized. Utilizing a Cre-expressing influenza B virus (IBV) and a lox-stop-lox tdTomato reporter mouse model, we identified that alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes, a progenitor cell type in the distal lung, can survive viral infection. We show that survival of infection is associated with transcriptional dysregulation compared to bystander AT2 pneumocytes from the same lung. Furthermore, ex vivo experiments revealed a significant reduction in proliferation rates in survivor AT2 pneumocytes compared to matched, non-directly infected bystander cells. Our findings not only enhance our understanding of the AT2 pneumocyte response to IBV infection but could also have broader implications for the mechanisms of respiratory epithelial repair post-viral infection., Importance: Alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes are a cell type critical for repair of the distal lung after an injury, such as a viral infection. After epithelial damage, AT2 pneumocytes proliferate for both self-renewal and differentiation into type I pneumocytes to repopulate the epithelium. Theoretically, some of the long-term lung sequelae associated with viral infections could be the result of inappropriate AT2 behavior. Here, the authors report that during an influenza B virus infection, some of the actively infected AT2 pneumocytes can ultimately eliminate all traces of the viral RNA and persist in the host long term. As a consequence of having been infected, however, the cells display an altered transcriptional profile and decreased proliferative capacity. These data together suggest a mechanism for how an acute viral infection can have long-term impacts on the pulmonary system.

Published
2024
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50. Long non-coding RNA Malat1 fine-tunes bone homeostasis and repair by orchestrating cellular crosstalk and β-catenin-OPG/Jagged1 pathway.

Author

Qin Y, Shirakawa J, Xu C, Chen R, Yang X, Ng C, Nakano S, Elguindy M, Deng Z, Prasanth KV, Eissmann MF, Nakagawa S, Ricci WM, and Zhao B

Subjects
Animals, Mice, Osteogenesis genetics, Osteoprotegerin metabolism, Osteoprotegerin genetics, Signal Transduction, Chondrocytes metabolism, Bone and Bones metabolism, Osteoclasts metabolism, RNA, Long Noncoding metabolism, RNA, Long Noncoding genetics, beta Catenin metabolism, beta Catenin genetics, Homeostasis, Osteoblasts metabolism, Mice, Knockout
Abstract

The IncRNA Malat1 was initially believed to be dispensable for physiology due to the lack of observable phenotypes in Malat1 knockout (KO) mice. However, our study challenges this conclusion. We found that both Malat1 KO and conditional KO mice in the osteoblast lineage exhibit significant osteoporosis. Mechanistically, Malat1 acts as an intrinsic regulator in osteoblasts to promote osteogenesis. Interestingly, Malat1 does not directly affect osteoclastogenesis but inhibits osteoclastogenesis in a non-autonomous manner in vivo via integrating crosstalk between multiple cell types, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes. Our findings substantiate the existence of a novel remodeling network in which Malat1 serves as a central regulator by binding to β-catenin and functioning through the β-catenin-OPG/Jagged1 pathway in osteoblasts and chondrocytes. In pathological conditions, Malat1 significantly promotes bone regeneration in fracture healing. Bone homeostasis and regeneration are crucial to well-being. Our discoveries establish a previous unrecognized paradigm model of Malat1 function in the skeletal system, providing novel mechanistic insights into how a lncRNA integrates cellular crosstalk and molecular networks to fine tune tissue homeostasis, remodeling and repair., Competing Interests: YQ, JS, CX, RC, XY, CN, SN, ME, ZD, KP, ME, SN, WR No competing interests declared, BZ Reviewing editor, eLife, (© 2024, Qin, Shirakawa et al.)

Published
2024
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