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The growing world population accompanied by urbanisation and improved economies has resulted in an increased demand for diets rich in animal proteins. The rearing of livestock by existing practices is also becoming increasingly difficult due to changing environmental conditions. The use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) grown on organic side streams (bioproducts) as feed for animals presents a sustainable alternative to conventional feed ingredients. The nutritional and compositional profile of BSFL reared on organic side streams and their potential to be used as animal feed has been extensively explored. However, little information is available on the chemical safety of BSFL reared on organic side streams. This review addresses the chemical safety hazards of BSFL reared on substrates spiked with different chemical contaminants, including heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. BSFL were observed to excrete mycotoxins and were able to reduce the concentration of pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds in the substrate. Certain heavy metals were found to be accumulated in BSFL when grown on spiked substrate. Initial studies have also indicated that the growth parameters and composition of BSFL are not altered by the presence of microplastics and organic pollutants in the substrate. Information about these feed-safety issues will assist in developing regulatory frameworks and appropriate processing methods to mitigate these hazards, thereby providing a framework of risks for the commercialisation of BSFL destined for animal feed. Insects, particularly black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), are being seen as potential feed sources to replace more conventional protein and energy sources (fishmeal and soymeal) in livestock feeds. The ability of BSFL to upcycle bioproducts/waste makes their use appealing. The chemical safety of BSFL needs to be proven before it can be used on a commercial scale. This literature review discusses some of the chemical safety concerns and highlights areas where more research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces an original documentation and archiving tool, CloudPad, that integrates ‘cloud computing’ into the annotation and synchronisation of mixed media resources. Through CloudPad users are able to view a documentation, edit a version of it, and record their own comments in response to it. Whether users may have created and/or experienced a particular work, or whether they may simply wish to consult a work's documentation, their journey through these records and annotations are subsumed into the work's documentation, thus augmenting the ‘original’ artwork's field of social engagement. Before discussing CloudPad in detail, we proceed to explain how recent debates in performance documentation influenced our methodology and development, and the general challenges of mixed reality documentation that CloudPad aims to address. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article addresses modes of documentation and archiving of live performance. It also constitutes a documentation of the practical and theoretical concerns encountered while documenting Blast Theory's Mixed Reality Performance Rider Spoke (2007) over a period of three years (2007-2010) through two different technologies developed by the Mixed Reality Laboratory at the University of Nottingham: the Digital Replay System (DRS), and a CloudPad. Conducted by an interdisciplinary team with expertise in Performance Studies, Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and Information Management, this documentation comprises: a reflection on the imperative to archive which underpins significant aspects of the digital economy; an analysis of Blast Theory's work Rider Spoke; a discussion of a prototype archive developed using the DRS as part of the EPSRC-funded Creator project; a 'bespoke' documentation of Rider Spoke, including a description of how the team from the Mixed Reality Laboratory, the Centre for Intermedia at the University of Exeter and the Ludwig Boltzman Institute Media.Art.Research used off-the-shelf technologies innovatively to capture the participant experience when the work was shown at the ars electronica festival in Linz (2009); and a contextual analysis of our methodology and the first presentation of an original archiving tool, the CloudPad, developed by the RCUK-funded Horizon research project specifically for the documentation and annotation of Mixed Reality Performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions was investigated in HL and UJ, two people with Huntington's disease who showed little evidence of general cognitive deterioration. No impairments were found in tests of the perception of age, sex, familiar face identity, unfamiliar face identity, and gaze direction, indicating adequate processing of the face as a physical stimulus. Computer-interpolated ("morphed") images of facial expressions of basic emotions were used to demonstrate deficits in the recognition of disgust and fear for UJ. HL also showed a deficit in the recognition of disgust, and was not very adept (but not significantly impaired) at recognising fear. Other basic emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, anger) were recognised atnormal levels of performance by HL and UJ. These results show that impairments of emotion recognition can be circumscribed; affecting some emotions more than others, and occurring in people who do not show pronounced perceptual or intellectual deterioration. Questionnaires examining self-assessed emotion indicated normal experience of anger by HL and UJ, but possible abnormalities for disgust and fear. The processes involved in recognising other people's emotions may therefore be linked to those involved in experiencing emotion, and the basic emotions of fear and disgust may have separable neural substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the amygdala is widely believed to have a role in the recognition of emotion, a central issue concerns whether it is involved in the recognition of all emotions or whether it is more important to some emotions than to others. We describe studies of two people, DR and SE, with impaired recognition of facial expressions in the context of bilateral amygdala damage. When tested with photographs showing facial expressions of emotion from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) series, both DR and SE showed deficits in the recognition of fear. Problems in recognising fear were also found using photographic quality images interpolated (''morphed'') between prototypes of the six emotions in the Ekman and Friesen (1976) series to create a hexagonal continuum (running from happiness to surprise to fear to sadness to disgust to anger to happiness). Control subjects identified these morphed images as belonging to distinct regions of the continuum, corresponding to the nearest prototype expression. However, DR and SE were impaired on this task, with problems again being most clearly apparent in the region of the fear prototype. An equivalent test of recognition of morphed identities of six famous faces was performed normally by DR, confirming the dissociability of impairments affecting the recognition of identity and expression from the face. Further two-way forced-choice tests showed that DR was unable to tell fear from anger, but could tell happiness from sadness without difficulty. The finding that the recognition of fear can be differentially severely affected by brain injury is consistent with reports of the effects of bilateral amygdala damage in another case (Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio, & Damasio, 1994, 1995). The recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions may therefore be linked, to some extent, to specific neural substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using computer-generated line-drawings, Etcoff and Magee (1992) found evidence of categorical perception of facial expressions. We report four experiments that replicated and extended Etcoff and Magee's findings with photographic-quality stimuli. Experiments 1 and 2 measured identification of the individual stimuli falling along particular expression continua (e.g. from happiness to sadness) and discrimination of these stimuli with an ABX task in which stimuli A, B, and X were presented sequentially; subjects had to decide whether X was the same as A or B. Our identification data showed that each expression continuum was perceived as two distinct sections separated by a category boundary. From these identification data we were able to predict subjects' performance in the ABX discrimination task and to demonstrate better discrimination of cross-boundary than within-category pairs; that is, two faces identified as different expressions (e.g. happy and sad) were easier to discriminate than two faces of equal physical difference identified as the same expression (e.g. both happy). Experiments 3 and 4 addressed two new issues arising from Etcoff and Magee's (1992) data and the results of our own Experiments 1 and 2: (1) that they might reflect artefacts inherent in the use of single continua ranging between two prototypes- for example, a range effect or an anchor effect, (2) given that the ABX procedure incorporates a short-term memory load, discrimination data obtained with this task might reflect a short-term memory rather than a perceptual phenomenon. We found no support for either of these reinterpretations and further evidence of categorical perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]