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This chapter examines the craft of storytelling for the purpose of developing followers and exploring leader-follower transitions, while offering storytelling methods, classroom activities, and critical components of crafting a story. Through stories about the American Civil Rights icon, Mrs. Rosa Parks, and an unfamiliar Civil Rights activist, Sister Madeline Dorsey, a humble leader turned effective follower, it is possible to more easily appreciate the reflexive transition of follower to leader and leader to follower.

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) commonly coexist in turfgrass ecosystems but differ in drought tolerance, contributing to uneven turf quality. This study was conducted to examine the physiological and metabolic responses of P. annua and A. stolonifera to drought stress and rewatering and identify major metabolites associated with the interspecific variation in drought tolerance and recovery. Plants grown in controlled‐environment chambers were well irrigated (non‐stress control) or subjected to drought stress by withholding irrigation for 21 days. For the evaluation of post‐stress recovery, drought‐stressed plants were rewatered for an additional 21 days. Leaf relative water content, visual turf quality, green canopy cover, and leaf electrolyte leakage were measured weekly. Metabolomic analysis was performed with leaf tissue collected at 21 days of drought stress and 21 days of rewatering. Poa annua demonstrated lower drought tolerance and post‐stress recovery compared to A. stolonifera when drought‐stressed plants were compared to their respective control across physiological parameters. Metabolomic analysis identified a relatively greater upregulation of sugars and amino acids in A. stolonifera and downregulation of more carbon intermediates and nucleic acids in P. annua in response to drought stress. Upon rewatering, both species had declined sugar content and increased carbon intermediates and nucleic acids. The differential response to drought stress and recovery between A. stolonifera and P. annua could be attributed to a greater accumulation of sugars and amino acids involved in osmotic adjustment during drought stress and their utilization upon rewatering to stimulate post‐stress recovery in A. stolonifera. Core Ideas: Agrostis stolonifera had superior drought tolerance and greater recovery upon rewatering relative to Poa annua.Superior drought tolerance in A. stolonifera was associated with more accumulation of compatible metabolites for osmotic adjustment than in P. annua.Greater post‐stress recovery in A. stolonifera was associated with lesser extent of drought damage and more carbon or amino acid reserves relative to P. annua. Plain Language Summary: The differential response to drought stress and recovery between A. stolonifera and P. annua could be attributed to a greater accumulation of sugars and amino acids involved in osmotic adjustment during drought stress and their utilization upon rewatering to stimulate post‐stress recovery in A. stolonifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Recent technological advances have increased the risk that de‐identified brain images could be re‐identified from face imagery. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is a leading source of publicly available de‐identified brain imaging, who quickly acted to protect participants' privacy. METHODS: An independent expert committee evaluated 11 face‐deidentification ("de‐facing") methods and selected four for formal testing. RESULTS: Effects of de‐facing on brain measurements were comparable across methods and sufficiently small to recommend de‐facing in ADNI. The committee ultimately recommended mri_reface for advantages in reliability, and for some practical considerations. ADNI leadership approved the committee's recommendation, beginning in ADNI4. DISCUSSION: ADNI4 de‐faces all applicable brain images before subsequent pre‐processing, analyses, and public release. Trained analysts inspect de‐faced images to confirm complete face removal and complete non‐modification of brain. This paper details the history of the algorithm selection process and extensive validation, then describes the production workflows for de‐facing in ADNI. Highlights: ADNI is implementing "de‐facing" of MRI and PET beginning in ADNI4."De‐facing" alters face imagery in brain images to help protect privacy.Four algorithms were extensively compared for ADNI and mri_reface was chosen.Validation confirms mri_reface is robust and effective for ADNI sequences.Validation confirms mri_reface negligibly affects ADNI brain measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cool‐season turfgrasses widely used on golf courses, athletic fields, and other landscapes are environmentally and economically important, but they are functionally and aesthetically damaged under prolonged exposure to high temperatures because of their sensitivity to heat stress. Because the consequences of climate change include elevated global temperatures, it is necessary to understand mechanisms underlying heat tolerance in cool‐season turfgrasses to improve heat tolerance and maintain high‐quality turf during the summer, when heat stress is most severe. This paper identifies major metabolic pathways associated with genes differentially expressed in heat‐tolerant cultivars or species of different turfgrasses by overviewing research from studies using comparative transcriptomics, proteomics, and biotechnological approaches and provides insight into progress toward elucidating the genetic and molecular factors regulating heat tolerance in cool‐season turfgrasses. Key molecular factors and genes associated with heat tolerance in cool‐season turfgrasses include those in the following cellular and metabolic processes or pathways: (1) cell cycle and DNA synthesis, replication, stability, and binding factors; (2) heat shock proteins for stress protection and protease enzymes controlling protein degradation or turnover; (3) carbohydrate metabolism for chloroplast development, chlorophyll degradation enzymes regulating the stay‐green phenotype, photochemical efficiency, carboxylation, and cytochrome respiratory activities; (4) activation of antioxidant metabolism for oxidation protection; (5) modulation of lipid saturation and composition to maintain cellular membrane integrity; and (6) upregulation of secondary metabolism for stress defense. Understanding how these regulatory mechanisms cohesively operate during heat stress will facilitate the development of cool‐season turfgrass germplasm with greater heat tolerance through breeding and biotechnological methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonyellow COLORING 1‐like gene (NOL) is known for its roles in accelerating leaf senescence, but the underlying metabolic mechanisms for heat‐induced leaf senescence remain unclear. The objectives of this study were to identify metabolites and associated metabolic pathways regulated by knockdown of NOL in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and to determine the metabolic mechanisms of NOL controlling heat‐induced leaf senescence. Wild‐type (WT; cv. "Pinnacle") and two lines (Noli‐1 and Noli‐2) of perennial ryegrass with LpNOL knockdown were exposed to heat stress at 35/33°C (day/night) or nonstress control temperatures at 25/22°C (day/night) for 30 days in growth chambers. Leaf electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) were measured as physiological indicators of leaf senescence, while gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was performed to identify metabolites regulated by LpNOL. Knockdown of LpNOL suppressed heat‐induced leaf senescence and produced a stay‐green phenotype in perennial ryegrass, as manifested by increased Chl content, photochemical efficiency, net photosynthetic rate, and cell membrane stability in Noli‐1 and Noli‐2. Five metabolites (valine, malic acid, threonic acid, shikimic acid, chlorogenic acid) were uniquely upregulated in LpNOL plants exposed to heat stress, and six metabolites (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, 5‐oxoproline, phenylalanine, proline, tartaric acid) exhibited more pronounced increases in their content in LpNOL plants than the WT. LpNOL could regulate heat‐induced leaf senescence in perennial ryegrass through metabolic reprogramming in the pathways of respiration, secondary metabolism, antioxidant metabolism, and protein synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf senescence is characterized by decreased chlorophyll content in leaves. The objectives of this study were to determine whether heat-induced chlorophyll decline is due to inhibited chlorophyll synthesis or accelerated chlorophyll degradation and to determine whether genetic variations in heat tolerance of bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) species were associated with differential chlorophyllenzymatic responses to heat stress. Five turfgrass lines, including two transgenic creeping bentgrass (A. stolonifera L.) lines overexpressing isopentenyl transferase (ipt) gene ligated to a senescenceactivated promoter (SAG12) or heat shock promoter (HSP18.2) for controlling cytokinin synthesis, two thermal bentgrass (A. scabra Willd.) lines, and a wildtype (WT) creeping bentgrass ('Penncross') were subjected to heat (38/33°C, day/night) or optimal temperature (22/18°C, day/night) (nonstress) for 42 d in growth chambers. The physiological parameters of turf quality, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll index, and dark green color index were measured. The data suggested significant genetic variations in the level of heat-induced leaf senescence among the bentgrass lines. The enzyme activity of a key chlorophyll-synthesizing enzyme, porphobilinogen deaminase, did not differ significantly across all the lines after 42 d of heat stress. The activities of chlorophyll-degrading enzymes, including chlorophyllase and chlorophylldegrading peroxidase, increased significantly after heat stress, whereas pheophytinase activity was unchanged. Heat-tolerant transgenic lines and thermal bentgrass maintained significantly lower activities of chlorophyll-degrading enzymes than the WT under heat stress. Heat-induced chlorophyll loss in bentgrass could be mainly due to accelerated chlorophyll degradation. Selecting for low chlorophyll degradation enzyme activity will help to facilitate the development of elite staygreen bentgrass lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video games are popular consumer products as well as research subjects, yet little exists about how players and other stakeholders find video games and what information they need to select, acquire and play video games. With the aim of better understanding people’s game-related information needs and behaviour, we conducted 56 semi-structured interviews with users who find, play, purchase, collect and recommend video games. Participants included gamers, parents, collectors, industry professionals, librarians, educators and scholars. From this user data, we derive and discuss key design implications for video game information systems: designing for target user populations, enabling recommendations based on appeals, offering multiple automatic organization options and providing relationship-based, user-generated, subject and visual metadata. We anticipate this work will contribute to building future video game information systems with new and improved access to games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When multiple persons speak simultaneously, it may be difficult for the listener to direct attention to correct sound objects among conflicting ones. This could occur, for example, in an emergency situation in which one hears conflicting instructions and the loudest, instead of the wisest, voice prevails. Here, we used cortically-constrained oscillatory MEG/EEG estimates to examine how different brain regions, including caudal anterior cingulate (cACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC), work together to resolve these kinds of auditory conflicts. During an auditory flanker interference task, subjects were presented with sound patterns consisting of three different voices, from three different directions (45° left, straight ahead, 45° right), sounding out either the letters “A” or “O”. They were asked to discriminate which sound was presented centrally and ignore the flanking distracters that were phonetically either congruent (50%) or incongruent (50%) with the target. Our cortical MEG/EEG oscillatory estimates demonstrated a direct relationship between performance and brain activity, showing that efficient conflict resolution, as measured with reduced conflict-induced RT lags, is predicted by theta/alpha phase coupling between cACC and right lateral frontal cortex regions intersecting the right frontal eye fields (FEF) and DLPFC, as well as by increased pre-stimulus gamma (60–110 Hz) power in the left inferior fontal cortex. Notably, cACC connectivity patterns that correlated with behavioral conflict-resolution measures were found during both the pre-stimulus and the pre-response periods. Our data provide evidence that, instead of being only transiently activated upon conflict detection, cACC is involved in sustained engagement of attentional resources required for effective sound object selection performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspartate is the most critical amino acid in the aspartate metabolic pathway, which is associated with multiple metabolic pathways, such as protein synthesis, nucleotide metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis, and hormone biosynthesis. Aspartate also plays an important role in plant resistance to abiotic stress, such as cold stress, drought stress, salt stress or heavy metal stress. This study found that the chlorophyll content and antioxidant active enzyme content (SOD, CAT, POD and APX) of perennial ryegrass treated with 2 mM aspartate were significantly higher than those treated with water under heat stress. The electrolyte leakage rate, MDA content and peroxide levels (O2− and H2O2) of perennial ryegrass treated with aspartate were significantly lower than those of perennial ryegrass treated with water, indicating that exogenous aspartate increases the content of chlorophyll, maintain the integrity of cell membrane system, and enhances SOD-CAT antioxidant pathway to eliminate the oxidative damage caused by ROS in perennial ryegrass under heat stress. Furthermore, exogenous aspartate could enhance the TCA cycle, the metabolism of the amino acids related to the TCA cycle, and pyrimidine metabolism to enhance the heat tolerance of perennial ryegrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurophysiological animal models suggest that anterior auditory cortex (AC) areas process sound-identity information, whereas posterior ACs specialize in sound location processing. In humans, inconsistent neuroimaging results and insufficient causal evidence have challenged the existence of such parallel AC organization. Here we transiently inhibit bilateral anterior or posterior AC areas using MRI-guided paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while subjects listen to Reference/Probe sound pairs and perform either sound location or identity discrimination tasks. The targeting of TMS pulses, delivered 55–145 ms after Probes, is confirmed with individual-level cortical electric-field estimates. Our data show that TMS to posterior AC regions delays reaction times (RT) significantly more during sound location than identity discrimination, whereas TMS to anterior AC regions delays RTs significantly more during sound identity than location discrimination. This double dissociation provides direct causal support for parallel processing of sound identity features in anterior AC and sound location in posterior AC.

There have been numerous calls for increased research in the field of organization development (OD), change, management, and leadership (Bartunek et al., 2007; Bartunek & Rynes, 2014; Bergh et al., 2017; Burke, 1976; 2011; 2018; Hamel & Birkenshaw, 2023; Pfeffer & Sutton, 2006), including by Shufutinsky, Brendel, and Matthews (2022), who recognized the intervention research often performed, but additionally called for increased evidence-based practice in development, publishing, and distribution of thought leader material. In this paper, we address thought leadership and introduce the reciprocal role of thought followership as a pivotal dichotomy in scholarship and practice across disciplines, including OD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent technological advances have increased the risk that de-identified brain images could be re-identified from face imagery. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is a leading source of publicly available de-identified brain imaging, who quickly acted to protect participants' privacy., Methods: An independent expert committee evaluated 11 face-deidentification ("de-facing") methods and selected four for formal testing., Results: Effects of de-facing on brain measurements were comparable across methods and sufficiently small to recommend de-facing in ADNI. The committee ultimately recommended mri_reface for advantages in reliability, and for some practical considerations. ADNI leadership approved the committee's recommendation, beginning in ADNI4., Discussion: ADNI4 de-faces all applicable brain images before subsequent pre-processing, analyses, and public release. Trained analysts inspect de-faced images to confirm complete face removal and complete non-modification of brain. This paper details the history of the algorithm selection process and extensive validation, then describes the production workflows for de-facing in ADNI., Highlights: ADNI is implementing "de-facing" of MRI and PET beginning in ADNI4. "De-facing" alters face imagery in brain images to help protect privacy. Four algorithms were extensively compared for ADNI and mri_reface was chosen. Validation confirms mri_reface is robust and effective for ADNI sequences. Validation confirms mri_reface negligibly affects ADNI brain measurements., (© 2024 The Author(s). Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)

Clinical researchers make use of experimental models for mental disorders. In many cases, these models use stimuli that are relevant to the disorder under scrutiny, which allows one to experimentally investigate the factors that contribute to the development of the disorder. For example, one might use spiders or spider-like stimuli in the study of specific phobia. More broadly, researchers often make use of real-world stimuli such as images of animals, geometrical shapes or emotional words. However, these stimuli are often limited in their experimental controllability and their applicability to the disorder in question. We present a novel set of animal-like stimuli, called Fribbles, for use within behavioural research. Fribbles have desirable properties for use in research because they are similar to real-world stimuli, but due to their novelty, participants will not have had previous experience with them. They also have known properties that can be experimentally manipulated. We present an investigation into similarity between Fribbles in order to illustrate their utility in research that relies on comparisons between similar stimuli. Fribbles offer both experimental control and generalisability to the real world, although some consideration must be made concerning the properties that influence similarity between Fribbles when selecting them along a dimension of similarity.