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Hospital-based facilities providing emergency care in the state of Washington were surveyed to determine their level of preparedness for hazardous materials incidents including the treatment of contaminated patients. Responses to a faxed questionnaire were received from 95 (94%) of the 101 emergency care facilities in Washington State. Only 42 (44%) of the facilities reported the ability to receive any chemically exposed patient. Of the 95 responding emergency care facilities, 39 (41%) had no designated decontamination facilities; 67 (70%) had protocols for handling chemical contamination and possible evacuation from hazardous materials spills, and 52 (55%) had protocols for handling medical facility contamination and possible evacuation from treating chemically contaminated patients. Twelve (13%) facilities had evacuated their emergency department or other part of the hospital for contamination incidents in the past 5 years. Despite the frequent occurrence of hazardous materials incidents, most emergency care facilities in Washington State are not fully prepared to handle contaminated patients and chemical spills. This may have important implications for the care of persons with exposure to hazardous materials and for implementing Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations standards and federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was done to determine if current imprinting of solid medication forms permits health care professionals to identify the manufacturers involved so as to be able to activate the hierarchic identification system mandated by the Food and Drug Administration. We tested 15 representatives of 6 groups of health professionals for their ability to identify the manufacturer after having examined 30 solid-dosage forms drawn from a pseudo-random sample of stock hospital formulary products. The correct identification of the manufacturer was the sole criterion. Of the 2,700 opportunities, the manufacturer was able to be identified for only 43%. Nurses and medical students had a 35% success rate, pharmacists and poison center specialists a 55% success rate, and residents and attending physicians a 40% rate. None approached 95% accuracy. Currently employed imprints fail in their objective to permit health care professionals--or the general public--to rapidly identify prescription drugs. The manufacturers' logotypes need to be modified if this identification system is to be implemented. We propose a simple voluntary collaborative effort by the pharmaceutical industry to solve the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In 1986, we conducted the first survey of Washington emergency physicians about their perceptions of the performance of the Washington Poison Center (WPC); the results were summarized and published. The exercise was repeated in 1993, 1997 and in 2005., Methods: The original conventional 2-page survey was updated and distributed with an explanatory letter and return envelope to a mailing list obtained from the state chapter of the American College of Emergency Physicians. Responses were tallied, summarized and compared to prior surveys., Results: For 2005, 612 surveys were distributed; 221 were returned. The average respondent had been in practice for 14 years, with more than 50% functioning in "urban" communities. They reported calling the WPC an average of 19 times per year, and particularly valued being able to consult with a board-certified medical toxicologist in a virtually "STAT'' manner. In more than 80% of calls, the information played a positive role in management of the patient., Conclusions: Washington's emergency physicians continue to highly value the WPC's services, with increasing numbers in favor of governmental support of the operation.

For centuries, silver has been endowed with therapeutic benefits. It is still used today as a "caustic" for superficial bleeding. Within 7days, we had 3 cases of "argyria" and then 2 more over the next month. The first 2 cases involved a husband and wife with a 3-y exposure to naturopathic hydrolyzed silver treatment. The third casewas a 37-y-old male in a state psychiatric facility noted to have darkly "discolored" skin probable obtained from herbal tea. The last 2 cases were a married couple into herbal medications who developed bluish discoloration of face and hands. Current cases due to "alternative medicine" may get worse as rumor reveals its popularity as prophylaxis against anthrax. The skin's grayish discoloration, made worse by sunlight, may persist for life.

To identify risk factors for persistent morbidity, we conducted a prospective study of individuals involved in hazardous materials incidents reported to the Washington Poison Center. Between December 1997 and October 1999, 202 subjects in 87 incidents were surveyed by telephone. Medical symptoms persisting for a minimum of 8 days after the incident were reported in 51 (25%) subjects, and 18 (9%) left work or school for more than 2 days because of the exposure. Medical intervention was reported in 46 (58%) of 79 subjects for whom medical records were available, and objective abnormalities were found in 57 (72%). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that subjects with dermal exposures, three or more alcoholic drinks per week, and previous use of psychiatric medications were more likely to report persistent symptoms. Divorced, widowed, or separated subjects, asthmatic subjects, and those having initial dermal symptoms were more likely to miss work or school for more than 2 days. Of patients evaluated at a health care facility, subjects with preexisting hypertension were more likely to receive medical treatment or have objective medical findings, whereas those with inhalation exposures and those decontaminated at the scene were less likely to be treated or have abnormalities. In our study, both incident and individual factors were predictive of adverse health effects, and these findings should be considered in planning the care of patients involved in hazardous materials incidents.

The State of Washington mandated the use of imprints on all prescription drugs in 1980 and for "OTC's" in 1991. The FDA implemented federal requirements in 1995. Unfortunately, the FDA permitted the continued use of symbols, logotypes, and trademarks as code components, limiting the use of automated recognition systems. Analyses of several week-long samples of phone inquiries documented imprinting calls, the staff's ability to respond with an identification, the information sources used, and apparent reasons for any failure. In the first week we received 666 decoding requests, which when projected for the year amounted to > 25,000 calls. A review of 1999 data exceeded that number. Staff was able to reach drug identification in 93.8% of inquiries. Uninterpretable symbols and absence of code listings contributed to the 36 failures. Projecting over the US suggested as many as 1.25 million calls costing poison centers $25 million/y. A touch-tone telephone or website response system could permit automated responses. Neither solution is feasible without the elimination of symbols or logotypes when using an exclusively alpha-numeric code.

On January 1, 1999, the Washington Poison Center implemented Toxicall; 6 mo later we measured its impact on time devoted by staff for telephone interchange, information retrieval from other than Poisindex, and documentation, and to compare it with prior studies of our conventional paper-pencil system. Previous "time and motion" studies over the past decade, using random alarm devices (Devilbiss Electronics) provided data for comparative purposes. We developed a computer-based alarm system for timing and station selection and for recording observed behaviors. Over a 6-w period, 211 calls were analyzed; the percentage of time involved for each call was compared to a 1993 study. An increased, rather than anticipated decreased, documentation effort was observed (p< 0.05), but staff participation in activities other than those listed fell dramatically suggesting increased staff efficiency. Although documentation efforts consume so much time, Toxicall provided the non-debatable benefit of eliminating illegible staff handwriting!

To expand the base of knowledge regarding perceptions about potential environmental threats to children's health, a survey was conducted in the Northwest United States. Samples of Head Start parents, PTA presidents, public health officials, school nurses, naturopathic physicians, family practitioners, and pediatricians were mailed a questionnaire inquiring into the nature and degree of concerns about pediatric environmental health. The response rate was 24%. Trends in the data showed disparities in perceptions regarding levels of concern and exposure concerns between respondent categories. Disparities also existed regarding information resources used for children's environmental health. Recognizing differences in perceptions of children's environmental health, as demonstrated in these results, may be useful for risk communication and resource allocation, especially in the context of the wide variety of health belief models. Such knowledge may help clarity situations with environmental health risk concerns, including clinical, public health, and educational circumstances.

Objective: Exposure to fumigants may have severe or persistent health effects. Washington State's fumigant-related illnesses were reviewed to better understand the circumstances surrounding exposure and resultant health effects., Methods: Fumigant-related illnesses reported to and investigated by the Washington State Department of Health were reviewed. Illnesses considered by Department of Health to be definitely, probably, or possibly related to pesticide exposure were then analyzed., Results: From 1992-1996, 39 (3.3%) of 1192 definite, probable, or possible cases of pesticide-related illnesses involved exposures to fumigants. Fumigant exposures during this period were to aluminum phosphide (15), methyl bromide (12), metam-sodium (9), and zinc phosphide (3). Symptoms included respiratory problems and eye and/or skin irritation for the majority of exposures, and no deaths were reported. The nature of exposure for these cases included exposure to applicators (17), reentry into a fumigated structure (9), improper storage or disposal (6), reentry into treated agricultural fields (4), drift from treated fields (2), and other (1)., Conclusions: Review of fumigant exposures should be used to prevent future events through continued enforcement of established regulations and training of applicators.

We sought to characterize calls received by a regional Poison Center concerning reproductive hazards and to assess the quality of the responses. Data was extracted for a 3 mo period from all calls regarding reproductive or in utero developmental effects. The Poison Center responses were evaluated based on completeness of information gathered and final recommendations made. Two hundred seventy-one calls regarding 335 products were received. Ninety-seven percent of the calls concerned exposures during a pregnancy. Fifty-nine percent of the substances of concern were drugs; 32% were other chemicals; 7% were biological agents. Eleven percent of the exposures were occupational; 22% were environmental. Thirty-four percent of the exposures had not yet occurred. Sixty-two percent were characterized as no or minimal risk. For 13% of exposures, callers were advised to avoid initiating or continuing the exposure. Callers were referred to physicians or specialty services for 11% of exposures. The majority of responses were felt to be appropriate. Problematic areas included inconsistent advice and lack of referral. Discussion of exposures in light of other risk factors for and background rates of adverse reproductive outcomes, as well as more frequent referral to a specialist with expertise in reproductive toxicology was recommended.