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1. Infectivity of an Infectious Clone of Banana Streak CA Virus in A-Genome Bananas (Musa acuminata ssp.)

Author

Anthony P. James, Dawit B. Kidanemariam, Sharon D. Hamill, James L. Dale, and Robert M. Harding

Subjects
badnavirus, banana, banana streak virus, Caulimoviridae, infectious clone, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

We have characterized the complete genome sequence of an Australian isolate of banana streak CA virus (BSCAV). A greater-than-full-length, cloned copy of the virus genome was assembled and agroinoculated into five tissue-cultured plants of nine different Musa acuminata banana accessions. BSCAV was highly infectious in all nine accessions. All five inoculated plants from eight accessions developed symptoms by 28 weeks post-inoculation, while all five plants of M. acuminata AA subsp. zebrina remained symptomless. Symptoms were mild in six accessions but were severe in Khae Phrae (M. acuminata subsp. siamea) and the East African Highland banana accession Igisahira Gisanzwe. This is the first full-length BSCAV genome sequence reported from Australia and the first report of the infectivity of an infectious clone of banana streak virus.

Published
2021
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2. Inhibition of Agrobacterium-Induced Cell Death by Antiapoptotic Gene Expression Leads to Very High Transformation Efficiency of Banana

Author

Harjeet K. Khanna, Jean-Yves Paul, Robert M. Harding, Martin B. Dickman, and James L. Dale

Subjects
necrosis, Microbiology, QR1-502, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

The death of plant cells in culture following exposure to Agrobacterium tumefaciens remains a major obstacle in developing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation into a highly efficient genotype-independent technology. Here, we present evidence that A. tumefaciens exposure induces cell death in banana cell suspensions. More than 90% of embryogenic banana cells died after exposure to A. tumefaciens and cell death was accompanied by a subset of features associated with apoptosis in mammalian cells, including DNA laddering, fragmentation, and formation of apoptotic-like bodies. Importantly, these cellular responses were inhibited in cells expressing the animal antiapoptosis genes Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 3′ untranslated region, and CED-9. Inhibition of cell death resulted in up to 90% of cell clumps transformed with Bcl-xL, a 100-fold enhancement over vector controls, approaching the transformation and regeneration of every “transformable” cell. Similar results using sugarcane, a crop plant known for recalcitrance to Agrobacterium transformation, suggest that antiapoptosis genes may inhibit these phenomena and increase the transformation frequency of many recalcitrant plant species, including the major monocot cereal crop plants. Evidence of inhibition of plant cell death by cross-kingdom antiapoptotic genes also contributes to the growing evidence that genes for control of programmed cell death are conserved across wide evolutionary distances, even though these mechanisms are not well understood in plants.

Published
2007
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3. Pro‐vitamin A carotenoids in East African highland banana and other Musa cultivars grown in Uganda

Author

James L. Dale, Robert M. Harding, Wilberforce Tushemereirwe, Jean-Yves Paul, Ruth Mbabazi, Harjeet Khanna, Geofrey Arinaitwe, and Priver Namanya

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, East African Highland bananas, 060705 Plant Physiology, pro‐vitamin A, Population, 111104 Public Nutrition Intervention, Biofortification, lcsh:TX341-641, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Crop, biofortification, micronutrient deficiency, 010608 biotechnology, Cultivar, education, 060702 Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Carotenoid, chemistry.chemical_classification, education.field_of_study, Food security, business.industry, 060700 PLANT BIOLOGY, carotenoids, Horticulture, banana, chemistry, Agriculture, 060101 Analytical Biochemistry, pro-vitamin A, vitamin A deficiency, business, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, 010606 plant biology & botany, Food Science
Abstract

Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are an important staple and food security crop in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, where the consumption of East African highland banana (EAHB) is the highest in the world, the population suffers from a high incidence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Since the consumption of pro-vitamin A carotenoids (pVAC) made available through the food staple can help alleviate these ailments, we set out to identify the most suitable banana variety to use in future biofortification strategies through genetic engineering. The study focussed on eight popular Musa cultivars grown in the heart of banana farming communities and across the three major agricultural zones of Uganda. The fruit pVAC concentration varied considerably within and across the cultivars tested. These variations could not be explained by the altitude nor the geographical location where these fruits were grown. More than 50% of the total carotenoids present in EAHB cultivars was found to comprise of α- and β-carotene, while the retention of these compounds following traditional processing methods was at least 70%. Storage up to 14 days post-harvest improved carotenoid accumulation up to 2.4-fold in the cultivar Nakitembe. The technical challenge for a successful biofortification approach in Uganda using genetically modified EAHB lies in guaranteeing that the fruit pVAC content will invariably provide at least 50% of the estimated average requirement for vitamin A regardless of the growing conditions.

Published
2020

4. Production of human vitronectin in Nicotiana benthamiana using the INPACT hyperexpression platform

Author

Mark D. Harrison, James L. Dale, Robert M. Harding, Robyn Lloyd, Manuel R. Plan, Maiko Kato, Benjamin Dugdale, Terry Walsh, and Pradeep C. Deo

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, biopharming, Nicotiana benthamiana, INPACT, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Tissue culture, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, inducible, Tobacco, Humans, Vitronectin, Cell adhesion, Research Articles, Activator (genetics), Cell adhesion molecule, food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, Plants, Genetically Modified, Molecular biology, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, Expression cassette, Tomato bushy stunt virus, transgene expression, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany, Biotechnology, Research Article
Abstract

Summary Human vitronectin (hVN) is a glycoprotein that functions as a cell adhesion molecule and a regulator of coagulation in blood plasma and the extracellular matrix. In vitro, hVN is added to serum‐free media in order to promote the adhesion of animal cells to tissue culture surfaces and the proliferation of undifferentiated stem cells. Here, we report the production of hVN in Nicotiana benthamiana using the inducible In Plant ACTivation (INPACT) hyperexpression platform. N. benthamiana plants were transformed with an INPACT expression cassette encoding hVN, and both the Tobacco yellow dwarf virus Rep/RepA activator and Tomato bushy stunt virus p19 gene under the transcriptional control of the ethanol‐inducible AlcR:alcA gene switch. hVN expression was maximal 4–5 days postactivation of the INPACT platform with a dilute ethanol solution, and crude yields of the recombinant protein reached a maximum of 643 ± 78 mg/kg fresh weight. A three‐stage purification protocol was developed using heparin and polyhistidine tag affinity binding and size exclusion filtration, resulting in a plant‐made hVN product of >90% purity. Storage conditions for plant‐made hVN were identified that maximized the capacity of the recombinant protein to promote cell adhesion. Critically, plant‐made hVN was shown to be functionally equivalent to commercial, plasma‐derived hVN at promoting one‐half maximal attachment of murine fibroblast cells (BALB‐C/3T3) in serum‐free medium at

Published
2017

5. Golden bananas in the field: elevated fruit pro‐vitamin A from the expression of a single banana transgene

Author

Douglas K. Becker, Jeffrey Daniells, Anthony P. James, Jason Geijskes, Pradeep C. Deo, Jennifer Kleidon, Geofrey Arinaitwe, Wilberforce Tushemereirwe, Jimmy Moses Tindamanyire, Phuong Hoang, Priver Namanya, Yvonne Rosenberg, Robert M. Harding, James L. Dale, Jean-Yves Paul, Ella Zaplin, Harjeet Khanna, and Bulukani Mlalazi

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Vitamin, Transgene, pro‐vitamin A, Golden rice, Biofortification, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, biofortification, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Expansin, staple food crop, Botany, Vitamin A deficiency, genetic modification, Uganda, Vitamin A, Carotenoid, Research Articles, chemistry.chemical_classification, Phytoene synthase, biology, integumentary system, Food fortification, food and beverages, Musa, Plants, Genetically Modified, Horticulture, 030104 developmental biology, banana, chemistry, biology.protein, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany, Biotechnology, Research Article
Abstract

Summary Vitamin A deficiency remains one of the world's major public health problems despite food fortification and supplements strategies. Biofortification of staple crops with enhanced levels of pro-vitamin A (PVA) offers a sustainable alternative strategy to both food fortification and supplementation. As a proof of concept, PVA-biofortified transgenic Cavendish bananas were generated and field trialed in Australia with the aim of achieving a target level of 20 μg/g of dry weight (dw) β-carotene equivalent (β-CE) in the fruit. Expression of a Fe'i banana-derived phytoene synthase 2a (MtPsy2a) gene resulted in the generation of lines with PVA levels exceeding the target level with one line reaching 55 μg/g dw β-CE. Expression of the maize phytoene synthase 1 (ZmPsy1) gene, used to develop “Golden Rice 2”, also resulted in increased fruit PVA levels although many lines displayed undesirable phenotypes. Constitutive expression of either transgene with the maize polyubiquitin promoter increased PVA accumulation from the earliest stage of fruit development. In contrast, PVA accumulation was restricted to the late stages of fruit development when either the banana 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase or the expansin 1 promoters were used to drive the same transgenes. Wild-type plants with the longest fruit development time had also the highest fruit PVA concentrations. The results from this study suggest that early activation of the rate-limiting enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, as well as extended fruit maturation time, are essential factors to achieve optimal PVA concentrations in banana fruit.

Published
2016

6. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales : update 2017

Author

Andrew J. Easton, Gael Kurath, Jonathan S. Towner, Qi Fang, Calogero Terregino, Noël Tordo, Jean L. Patterson, John H. Werren, John M. Dye, Andrea Maisner, Qisheng Song, Peter J. Walker, Benhur Lee, Pierre Formenty, Richard E. Randall, Ralf Dürrwald, Kim R. Blasdell, Alisa Bochnowski, Bertus K. Rima, Robert A. Lamb, Paul A. Rota, Kartik Chandran, Ralf G. Dietzgen, David M. Stone, Norbert Nowotny, Hideki Kondo, Roger Hewson, Anna E. Whitfield, Janusz T. Paweska, Masayuki Horie, Peter L. Collins, Keizo Tomonaga, Martin Schwemmle, Anthony P. James, Olga Dolnik, Gary P. Kobinger, Beibei Wang, Michael N. Pearson, Nicolás Bejerman, Susan Payne, Ming Li, Jian Hong, Fei Wang, Christopher F. Basler, Robert M. Harding, Jens H. Kuhn, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Charles H. Calisher, Eric M. Leroy, Viktor E. Volchkov, Hideki Ebihara, Lin-Fa Wang, Dàohóng Jiāng, Sina Bavari, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Ayato Takada, Sergey V. Netesov, Elke Mühlberger, Sophie J. Smither, David Wang, Gongyin Ye, Peter Revill, Martin Beer, Colleen M. Higgins, Yīmíng Bào, Robert B. Tesh, Victoria Wahl-Jensen, Thomas Briese, Zhichao Yan, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Elodie Ghedin, Alexander Bukreyev, Nikos Vasilakis, Virology, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), University of Washington [Seattle], National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases [USA] (USAMRIID), Institute of Diagnostic Virology (IVD), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Albert Einstein College of Medicine [New York], National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Philipps University of Marburg, IDT Biologika, School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rochester [USA], State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Department of Viroscience [Rotterdam, The Netherlands], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée - UMR 754 (IVPC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Kagoshima University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Research Centre in Infectious Diseases, CHUL Research Centre and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, US Geological Survey [Seattle], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Northwestern University [Evanston], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand (AENZ), Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Novosibirsk State University (NSU), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], Texas A&M University System, National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), University of Auckland [Auckland], Biomedical Sciences Research Complex [St Andrews, Scotland] (BSRC), University of St Andrews [Scotland], Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri System, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Weymouth] (CEFAS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Stratégies antivirales, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity (BMPV), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center [Frederick], U.S. Social Security Administration, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecoscience Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], Department of Biology, Kansas State University, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland (UQ), Public Health England [Porton Down, Salisbury], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Faculty of Medicine-Laval University [Québec], Okayama University [Okayama], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], A&M University, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), The University of Auckland, Centre for Experimental Medicine [Queen’s University of Belfast], Hokkaido University, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke NUS Medical School, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Columbia University [New York], Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, University of Warwick [Coventry], Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory [Melbourne, Australia] (VIDRL), Kyoto University, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, 030106 microbiology, Genome, Viral, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Genus, Phylogenetics, Virology, Gene Order, Viral, Mononegavirales, Phylogeny, Order Mononegavirales, Genome, biology, General Medicine, Pneumovirus, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Taxonomy (biology)
Abstract

International audience; In 2017, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by the inclusion of a total of 69 novel species. Five new rhabdovirus genera and one new nyamivirus genus were established to harbor 41 of these species, whereas the remaining new species were assigned to already established genera. Furthermore, non-Latinized binomial species names replaced all paramyxovirus and pneumovirus species names, thereby accomplishing application of binomial species names throughout the entire order. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

Published
2017
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7. Transgenic Cavendish bananas with resistance to Fusarium wilt tropical race 4

Author

Mark W. Smith, Jean-Yves Paul, Gert H. J. Kema, James L. Dale, Kerrie Mengersen, Robert M. Harding, F. García-Bastidas, Peter M. Waterhouse, Harjeet Khanna, Santy Peraza-Echeverria, and Anthony P. James

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Fusarium, Panama disease, Science, Transgene, General Physics and Astronomy, Plant disease resistance, Genes, Plant, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Fusarium oxysporum, Life Science, Amino Acid Sequence, lcsh:Science, Disease Resistance, Plant Diseases, Gene Editing, Multidisciplinary, Virulence, biology, food and beverages, Musa, General Chemistry, Plants, Genetically Modified, biology.organism_classification, Diploidy, Fusarium wilt, Laboratorium voor Phytopathologie, Cavendish banana, Genetically modified organism, Horticulture, 030104 developmental biology, Laboratory of Phytopathology, lcsh:Q, EPS, Sequence Alignment, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Banana (Musa spp.) is a staple food for more than 400 million people. Over 40% of world production and virtually all the export trade is based on Cavendish banana. However, Cavendish banana is under threat from a virulent fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (TR4) for which no acceptable resistant replacement has been identified. Here we report the identification of transgenic Cavendish with resistance to TR4. In our 3-year field trial, two lines of transgenic Cavendish, one transformed with RGA2, a gene isolated from a TR4-resistant diploid banana, and the other with a nematode-derived gene, Ced9, remain disease free. Transgene expression in the RGA2 lines is strongly correlated with resistance. Endogenous RGA2 homologs are also present in Cavendish but are expressed tenfold lower than that in our most resistant transgenic line. The expression of these homologs can potentially be elevated through gene editing, to provide non-transgenic resistance., The newly recognized Fusarium wilt pathogen tropical race 4 is threatening worldwide banana production. Here, the authors transform Cavendish bananas with a resistance gene, RGA2, from diploid banana or a nematode-derived gene, Ced9, and confer resistance to natural infection under field conditions.

Published
2017

8. EPG monitoring of the probing behaviour of the common brown leafhopper Orosius orientalis on artificial diet and selected host plants

Author

Kevin S. Powell, Robert M. Harding, W. Fred Tjallingii, Piotr Trębicki, and Brendan Rodoni

Subjects
Nicotiana tabacum, nymphal stages, Electrical penetration graph, Botany, stylet penetration, Laboratory of Entomology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecology, biology, EPS-2, food and beverages, Common brown leafhopper, fine-structure, biology.organism_classification, Laboratorium voor Entomologie, Hemiptera, southeastern australia, Leafhopper, aphids, Horticulture, susceptible rice varieties, Insect Science, Phloem, nilaparvata-lugens, Phaseolus, Xylella fastidiosa, feeding-behavior, xylella-fastidiosa, Agronomy and Crop Science, electrical penetration graphs
Abstract

The common brown leafhopper Orosius orientalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a polyphagous vector of a range of economically important pathogens, including phytoplasmas and viruses, which infect a diverse range of crops. Studies on the plant penetration behaviour by O. orientalis were conducted using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to assist in the characterisation of pathogen acquisition and transmission. EPG waveforms representing different probing activities were acquired from adult O. orientalis probing in planta, using two host species, tobacco Nicotiana tabacum and bean Phaseolus vulgaris, and in vitro using a simple sucrose-based artificial diet. Five waveforms (O1–O5) were evident when O. orientalis fed on bean, whereas only four waveforms (O1–O4) and three waveforms (O1–O3) were observed when the leafhopper fed on tobacco and on the artificial diet, respectively. Both the mean duration of each waveform and waveform type differed markedly depending on the food substrate. Waveform O4 was not observed on the artificial diet and occurred relatively rarely on tobacco plants when compared with bean plants. Waveform O5 was only observed with leafhoppers probing on beans. The attributes of the waveforms and comparative analyses with previously published Hemipteran data are presented and discussed, but further characterisation studies will be needed to confirm our suggestions.

Published
2012

9. Molecular Analysis of Fiji Disease Fijivirus Genome Segments 1 and 3.

Author

Richard B. McQualter, Grant R. Smith, James L. Dale, and Robert M. Harding

Abstract

Fiji disease fijivirus (FDV) genomic segments 1 (S1) and 3 (S3) were completely sequenced. FDV S1 comprised 4532 nt and was predicted to encode a 170.6 kDa protein. FDV S3 comprised 3623 nt and was predicted to encode a 135.5 kDa protein. The terminal sequences of S1 and S3 were 5' AAGUUUUU......CAGCUAGCGUC 3' and 5' AAGUUUUU......CAGCAGAUGUC 3', respectively, and located immediately adjacent to these sequences were 12 bp imperfect inverted repeats. The predicted translation product of FDV S1 showed highest similarity to Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) S1 and is thought to encode the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The predicted translation product of FDV S3 was found to be most similar to RBSDV S4 which is thought to encode the ‘B-spike’ protein. The FDV sequence contained an ATP/GTP binding motif and a leucine zipper motif, but these motifs were not found in the RBSDV sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of the RdRp of FDV S1 and other reoviruses revealed that the fijiviruses form a cluster close to the oryzaviruses. The RdRp sequences were grouped into genera that were consistent with the current reovirus classification scheme that is based on physico-chemical and biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003

10. Characterization of a novel member of the family Caulimoviridae infecting Dioscorea nummularia in the Pacific, which may represent a new genus of dsDNA plant viruses.

Author

Amit C Sukal, Dawit B Kidanemariam, James L Dale, Robert M Harding, and Anthony P James

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

We have characterized the complete genome of a novel circular double-stranded DNA virus, tentatively named Dioscorea nummularia-associated virus (DNUaV), infecting Dioscorea nummularia originating from Samoa. The genome of DNUaV comprised 8139 bp and contained four putative open reading frames (ORFs). ORFs 1 and 2 had no identifiable conserved domains, while ORF 3 had conserved motifs typical of viruses within the family Caulimoviridae including coat protein, movement protein, aspartic protease, reverse transcriptase and ribonuclease H. A transactivator domain, similar to that present in members of several caulimoviridae genera, was also identified in the putative ORF 4. The genome size, organization, and presence of conserved amino acid domains are similar to other viruses in the family Caulimoviridae. However, based on nucleotide sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, DNUaV appears to be a distinct novel member of the family and may represent a new genus.

Published
2018
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