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There are some curves, namely, the Cycloid, the Conchoid of Nicomedes, the Pascal limaçon, the trisectrix of Hippias and the cissoid of Diocles, which have been studied over many centuries because of heir properties. In this work, we report some properties of those curves which are fundamental to the discussion of antiquity problems. We also analyzed, implemented and simulated the main properties of the cycloid curve and the three classical problems of Greek geometry in dynamic geometric open source software.

This work describes the study of phase development during the setting of various clinker formulations prepared with industrial wastes or by-products, namely sludges (generated in the Al-anodising and surface coating industrial processes, in potable water filtration/cleaning operations and in the cutting process of natural marble) and foundry sand. For comparison, similar formulations were also prepared with commercial high purity grade raw materials and processed in identical conditions. To circumvent the experimental restrictions imposed by the use of Vicat’s needle (i.e. large amount of material), electrical resistivity measurements were conducted by alternate current (a.c.) impedance spectroscopy to follow the hydration process and setting behaviour. During setting, the temperature evolution of the water/cement pastes was also recorded. Impedande spectroscopy (IS) studies were found to be a reliable method and, in some systems, can be a more sensitive technique to detect on-going hydration reactions.Este trabajo describe el estudio del desarrollo de fases durante el fraguado de diferentes formulaciones de clinker preparados con residuos industriales o subproductos, denominados barros (generados en los procesos de recubrimientos industriales por anodizado de Al, en procesos de filtración/depuración de agua potable y en procesos de corte de mármol) y arenas de fundición. Con el objeto de comparar, se prepararon formulaciones similares a partir de materias primas comerciales de alta pureza y procesadas en idénticas condiciones. Para sortear las restricciones experimentales de inherentes a la aguja de Vicat (esto es, grandes cantidades de material), se realizaron medidas de resistividad eléctrica en corriente alterna (a.c.) de espectroscopía de impedancia para seguir el proceso de hidratación y fraguado. Durante el fraguado, la evolución de la temperatura de las pastas de agua/cemento se registró. Los estudios de espectroscopía de impedancia mostraron ser un método fiable y en algunos casos, pueden emplearse como técnica sensible para detectar el inicio de las reacciones de hidratación.

We report the preparation of ceramic pigments using industrial wastes as primary sources. In this context, the use of Al-rich sludge generated in the wastewater treatment unit of an anodising or surface coating industrial plant, and a galvanizing sludge from the Cr/Ni plating process, will be detailed. The ceramic pigments reported here were prepared using typical solid state reactions involving the metal rich sludge. The main focus will be on the synthesis of chrome-tin orchid cassiterite (Sn,Cr)O2, chrome-tin red malayaite Ca(Cr,Sn)SiO5, victoria green garnet Ca3Cr2Si3O12, and chrome alumina pink/green corundum (Cr,Al)2O3 pigments. The pigments were fully characterised and then were tested in a standard ceramic glaze after. Typical working conditions and colour development will be reported.Se presenta la preparación de pigmentos cerámicos empleando residuos industriales como fuente de materias primas. Se detallan el uso de barros ricos en aluminio obtenidos en los tratamientos de depuración de aguas de plantas industriales de anodizado y barros de galvanizados de chapados de Cr/Ni. Los pigmentos cerámicos se prepararon empleando reacción en estados sólido a partir del barro rico en metal. Los principales pigmentos estudiados son orquídea casiterita de cromo-estaño (Sn,Cr)O2, malayita rojo de cromo-estaño Ca(Sn,Cr)SiO3, granate verde victoria Ca3Cr2Si3O12, y corindón rosa/verde de cromo alúmina (Cr,Al)2O3. Los pigmentos fueron caracterizados y ensayados después de ser vidriados en cerámicas estándares. Se presentan las condiciones de trabajo y el desarrollo de color.

Alumina based ceramic materials, containing Al-rich sludge as the major component, were processed by extrusion. The sludge derived from the wastewater treatment of aluminium anodising industrial process. Long rods were produced using a vacuum screw extruder, by a careful control of all relevant processing parameters. Then, thick discs were obtained by cutting dried selected rods, to be tested as probes for sintering-dependent electrical properties. The sintering process was followed by performing common dilatometric/thermal analyses but the evolution of electrical conductivity, estimated by impedance spectroscopy (IS), was also used for this purpose. Results show that sintering-dependent morphological evolution up to 1300ºC strongly affects the electrical behaviour of samples, and as a consequence IS seems to be a useful technique to follow the firing process.Los materiales cerámicos basados en alúmina, conteniendo barros ricos en Al como componente mayoritario fueron procesados por extrusión. Los barros empleados provienen de tratamientos de lavado de residuos de un proceso industrial de anodizado de aluminio. Se produjeron varillas empleando un extrusor de tornillo en vacío con control de todos los parámetros relevantes del proceso. A partir de varillas seleccionadas, se obtuvieron por corte en seco discos cerámicos para evaluar la dependencia de la sinterización y las propiedades eléctricas. El proceso de sinterización se siguió mediante ensayos dilatométricos y análisis térmicos, junto con la evolución de la conductividad eléctrica mediante espectroscopia de impedancia. Los resultados mostraron la evolución de la sinterización y la dependencia morfológica hasta 1300ºC, que afecta fuertemente a la respuesta eléctrica y como consecuencia la espectroscopia de impedancia parece ser una técnica útil en el seguimiento de los procesos de cocción.

Plastic pollution is a critical environmental issue due to the widespread use of plastic materials and their long degradation time. Hydrocracking (HDC) offers a promising solution to manage plastic waste by converting it into valuable products, namely chemicals or fuels. This work aims to investigates the effect of catalyst accessibility and acidity on the HDC reaction of high density polyethylene (HDPE). Therefore, a variety of materials with significant differences in both textural and acidic properties were tested as catalysts. These include H-USY and H-ZSM.5 zeolites with various Si/Al molar ratios (H-USY: Si/Al = 2.9, 15, 30 and 40; H-ZSM-5: Si/Al = 11.5, 40, 500) and mesostructured MCM-41 materials modified with Ga and Al, also with different Si/metal ratios (Si/Al = 16 and 30; Si/Ga = 63 and 82). Thermogravimetric analysis under hydrogen atmosphere was used as a preliminary screening tool to evaluate the potential of the various catalysts for this application in terms of energy requirements. In addition, batch autoclave reactor experiments (T = 300 °C, PH2 = 20 bar, t = 60 min) were conducted to obtain further information on conversion, product yields and product distribution for the most promising systems. The results show that the catalytic performance in HDPE hydrocracking is determined by a balance between the acidity of the catalyst and its structural accessibility. Accordingly, for catalyst series where the structural and textural properties do not vary with the Si/Al ratio, there is a clear correlation of the HDPE degradation temperature and of the HDPE conversion with the Si/metal ratio (which relates to the acidic properties). In contrast, for catalyst series where the structural and textural properties vary with the Si/Al ratio, no consistent trend is observed and the catalytic performance is determined by a balance between the acidic and textural properties. The product distribution was also found to be influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst. Catalysts with strong acidity and smaller pores were observed to favor the formation of lighter hydrocarbons. In addition to the textural and acidic properties of the catalyst, the role of coke formation should not be neglected to ensure a comprehensive analysis of the catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the great interest in thermochemical processes for converting plastic waste into chemical feedstocks or fuels, their kinetics are still a less studied topic, especially under reductive conditions. In the present work, non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis is used to study the thermal and catalytic conversion of HDPE promoted by parent and metal-based H-USY (15) and H-ZSM-5 (11.5) zeolites under a reducing hydrogen atmosphere. Additionally, the respective kinetic parameters (apparent activation energy, Ea, and frequency factor, A) were determined by applying two distinct model-free methods: Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS). The results showed that Ea of the thermal degradation of HDPE has an average value of 227 kJ/mol for both methods. In the presence of H-USY (15) and H-ZSM-5 (11.5) zeolites, Ea is strongly reduced and is highly dependent on conversion. In the case of H-USY (15), Ea varies from 78 to 157 kJ/mol for the KAS method and from 83 to 172 kJ/mol for the FWO method. Slightly lower values are reported for H-ZSM-5, with Ea values in the range of 53–122 kJ/mol for KAS and 61–107 kJ/mol for FWO. The presence and type of the metal source (Ni, Pt, or Pd) also affect the kinetic parameters of the reaction. The mean Ea values follow the order: Ni > Pt ≈ Pd for H-USY (15) or H-ZSM-5 zeolites. Accordingly, both parent and metal-based H-USY (15) and H-ZSM-5 zeolites can significantly reduce energy consumption in HDPE hydrocracking, thus promoting a more sustainable conversion of plastic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]