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The white button mushroom (Agaricus) is a significant nutritional and therapeutic species utilized in the human diet and could transmit various bacterial infections. Campylobacter species are the most common cause of foodborne illness across the world. The present study has been planned to determine the frequency of virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility test in Campylobacter spp. recovered from Agaricus mushroom. In this study, 740 Agaricus mushroom samples were gathered randomly from various markets from June 2020 to December 2020. Confirmation of Campylobacter spp. using biochemical analyses and 23S rRNA-based PCR was performed. The agar dilution technique was used to determine resistance to antibiotics using gentamicin (GM10μg), ciprofloxacin (CIP5μg), nalidixic acid (NA30μg), tetracycline (TE30μg), ampicillin (AM10μg), amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid (AMC30μg), erythromycine (E15μg), azithromycin (AZM15μg), clindamycin (CC2μg), and chloramphenicol (C30μg). Multiplex PCR was utilized to determine the prevalence of the recR, dnaJ, wlaN, virBll, cdtC, cdtB, cdtA, flaA, cadF, pidA, ciaB, ceuE, and cgtB genes. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 74 out of 740 Agaricus mushroom samples (10%). According to the data, Agaricus mushroom samples included 32 (4.32%) C. jejuni, 11 (1.48%) C. coli, and 31 (4.18%) other Campylobacter spp. Antimicrobial resistance was most common in C. jejuni isolates. C. jejuni isolates also had the lowest resistance rate to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. C. coli isolates were reported to have the highest antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and erythromycine. Resistance to gentamycin and amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid was likewise lowest among C. coli strains. The flaA and ciaB genes were found in 100% of B-lactams-susceptible C. jejuni and C. coli strains. When examining the relationship between antibiotic resistance and the existence of virulence genes, it was observed that there is a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001) between bacterial resistance and virulence genes. Our findings indicated that changes in resistance patterns in Campylobacter strains have emerged from multiple treatment approaches in Agaricus mushrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja bachtiarica Bunge and Echinophora platyloba DC. are two important indigenous medicinal plants of Iran with high antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. The existing examination was done to assess the chemical composition and antioxidant and antibacterial properties of S. bachtiarica and E. platyloba essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes. Aerial parts of plants were collected and their essential oil were extracted using the water distillation method (Clevenger apparatus). Chemical components were analyzed using the GC-MS. Total phenolic and flavonoid components and DPPH radical scavenging effects of essential oils were analyzed. Antibacterial effects were assessed using the disk diffusion and MIC and MBC values were assessed by the micro broth dilution. Carvacrol (31.25%), thymol (23.50%) and o-cymene (13.87%) were the most frequently identified chemical components in S. bachtiarica. Ocimene (44.15%), a-phellandrene (16.80%) and -terpinene (8.52%) were the most frequently identified chemical components in the E. platyloba. DPPH radical scavenging effects of S. bachtiarica and E. platyloba were 76.72 ± 2.52% and 64.21 ± 2.11%, respectively. TPC of S. bachtiarica and E. platyloba were 88.33 ± 1.69and 30.05 ± 1.14 (mg GAE per 100 g dw), respectively. TFC of S. bachtiarica and E. platyloba were 20.63 ± 1.24 and 17.28 ± 1.07 (mg quercetin per 100 g dw), respectively. Antibacterial effects of S. bachtiarica and E. platyloba essential oils were dose-dependent (P<0.05). S. bachtiarica (40 mg/mL) had the highest diameter of the growth inhibition zone (23.64 ± 0.35 mm). MICs and MBCs of S. bachtiarica and E. platyloba essential oils were 5 and 20 and 10 and 40 mg/mL, respectively. Both plants are suitable candidate as food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamic linkages between the efficiency of 126 selected banks and the Single Monetary Policy (SMP) defined by credit channel, interest rate channel, exchange rate channel, and price stability in 17 Euro area countries from 1999 to 2012. The dynamic generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator shows a positive relationship between the bank's cost and profit efficiency and bank lending and liquidity by estimating the two-stage panel regression model. Still, capitalisation, exchange rate, inflation targeting (price stability), long term interest rate targeting was associated with lower cost and profit efficiency scores. Therefore, the impact of the Maastricht Protocol targeted policy, coefficients of inflation and long-term interest rate targeting variables are negatively related to the bank efficiency level. Specifically, on average higher bank lending, liquidity and deposit facility can be associated with improving profit efficiency of banks. In contrast, capitalisation, exchange rate, inflation targeting, and long-term interest rate targeting variables had a negative effect on cost and profit efficiency levels. The policy implication arising from the analyses presented is that the European monetary authority has faced significant pressures of inflation targeting and long-term interest rate targeting policy on bank performance that negatively influence bank efficiency.

This study analyses the cost and profit efficiency of the banking sector in all 17-Euro area Member States during the period from 1999 until 2012. The two-stage approach, the generalized method of moment (GMM) regression model is used to regress the efficiency level obtained from the first stage on factors that could influence the efficiency score. Therefore, the efficiency score measures that derived from the DEA estimations are used as the dependent variable and then regressed upon environmental variables. The result suggests that the cost and profit efficiency of 126 listed bank is found to be on average negatively related to population density, banking activity, loan management activity, and profitability while economic condition, financial deeping rate, and bank network extension have a positive influence on cost and profit efficiency. Overall, our results demonstrate that environmental variables contribute significantly to the difference in efficiency scores between the Member States.