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Addressing design evaluation as a critical yet under-researched domain, this study analyzes the design evaluation structure and its variables and criteria that guide its outcomes. Within a scope of architectural design in practice and education, this study develops a new tool for design quality evaluation. The study consists of four main parts. The first is explorative which reviews and analyzes literature in the assessment and evaluation fields. The second is derivative and used to develop a tool for design quality evaluation (DQE) that combines design criteria and detailed evaluation rubrics. The tool which is named “Evaluation Wheel” is intended to help designers, educators and other design-related stakeholders judge design products succinctly, comprehensively, systematically and graphically. The third part is experimental and is used to test the applicability of the proposed wheel. A set of design products are evaluated by a group of designers using two methods; one uses various design criteria, and the other uses the wheel tool introduced in this research. The fourth part is analytical and evaluative which uses deductive, inductive and abductive reasoning techniques to analyze and compare the findings of the third part. The findings are presented and discussed. The results that indicate a reduction of the discrepancies of the scores among the evaluators seem to support the uptake of the proposed wheel in the design evaluation fields. Keywords: Design evaluation tool, Evaluation criteria, Affective engineering, Design rubrics, Architectural assessment, Design quality indicator, Quality assurance

Chronic pain affects approximately one-third of the population worldwide. The primary goal of animal research is to understand the neural mechanisms underlying pain so better treatments can be developed. Despite an enormous investment in time and money, almost no novel treatments for pain have been developed. There are many factors that contribute to this lack of translation in drug development. The mismatch between the goals of drug development in animals (inhibition of pain-evoked responses) and treatment in humans (restoration of function) is a major problem. To solve this problem, a number of pain-depressed behavioral tests have been developed to assess changes in normal behavior in laboratory animals. The use of home cage wheel running as a pain assessment tool is especially useful in that it is easy to use, provides an objective measurement of the magnitude and duration of pain, and is a clinically relevant method to screen novel drugs. Pain depresses activity in humans and animals, and effective analgesic treatments restore activity. Unlike traditional pain-evoked tests (e.g., hot plate, tail flick, von Frey test), restoration of home cage wheel running evaluates treatments for both antinociceptive efficacy and the absence of disruptive side effects (e.g., sedation, paralysis, nausea). This article reviews the literature using wheel running to assess pain and makes the case for home cage wheel running as an effective and clinically relevant method to screen novel analgesics for therapeutic potential.

While policy and academic discourses point to important shifts in EU development policy, it remains difficult to ascertain the level of these changes. The main aim of this article is to propose a research agenda on change and continuity in EU development policy. Drawing on the literatures on paradigm change and post-development, this involves four key questions for future research: (1) How can we map the EU's current paradigm? (2) How can we map changes and continuities in this regard? (3) How can we explain changes and continuities? (4) What role do policy experiments play in this regard? In addressing these four questions, the article pays particular attention to what we already know from existing literature and to what issues could guide future research. We highlight that ostensibly significant changes are often 'merely' second order changes that do not challenge underlying philosophical ideas of the Eurocentric, modernist and colonial paradigm. Specifically, we point at the importance of studying whether policy experiments 'reinvent' this paradigm or induce paradigmatic change. In the conclusions, we summarize the research agenda and reflect on the need of a better acknowledgement of the 'PIEUriverse' of alternatives to 'development' within Europe.

This article is a critical reaction to the 2020 EJIL Foreword titled ‘Guiding Principles on Shared Responsibility in International Law’. It focuses on Principle 3, concerning a ‘single internationally wrongful act’, and it is divided into its constitutive elements: the meaning of same conduct (Section 2), the attribution to multiple persons (Section 3), the breach of obligations (Section 4) and the indivisible injury (Section 5). The main criticism is that the Guiding Principles make things more complex than they already are. The established principles of international responsibility provide simpler and more effective answers. This is particularly the case for Principle 3, which concerns multiple responsibilities arising from the same conduct. There are two main elements through which the Guiding Principles on Shared Responsibility seek to provide guidance in the case of a plurality of internationally responsible persons. First, they employ the comprehensive notion of an internationally wrongful act, while ARSIWA and ARIO distinguish between the two elements of attribution of conduct and the breach of an obligation. Second, the Guiding Principles consider the injury to be a constitutive element included in the definition of shared responsibility, while ARSIWA and ARIO only employ it in the context of reparation and countermeasures. There are no actual benefits coming from these attempts of clarification.

Knowledge is considered one of the effective assets which control the success of organizations, and its effective management is crucial. Although knowledge has existed and has been used along all projects, the way it was managed was almost intuitive and highly reliable on in-house systems. As a consequence, knowledge management was introduced in the late 1990s to help companies create, share, and systematically use knowledge. Knowledge management can be defined as the identification, optimization, and active management of intellectual assets that create value, increase productivity, and gain and sustain competitive advantage. Construction field, as one of the most complicated fields, is considered a project- based field where numbers of investments in it are in millions every year. Although knowledge in construction is among the main factors for project success, most of this knowledge lies in the minds of the people, which makes it hard to be captured and stored. Accordingly, effective knowledge management in construction is affected by different factors, including the willingness of people to share their knowledge and the mobilization of the workforce from one project to another without sharing lessons learned and previous knowledge. Here comes the role of application of KM, which could help prevent “reinventing the wheel” in construction. This paper aims at offering a comprehensive overview of the application of KM in construction through reviewing extant literature sources. Topics discussed included factors affecting KM, KM tools and techniques, the processes of KM, and the main benefits and challenges facing KM. There are many factors affecting knowledge management and many tools and techniques to manage knowledge. As for the findings of this paper, they took the form of an analysis of the main benefits and challenges facing the application of KM in construction.

Undertaking a process that has been performed before can be useful for several reasons: to see if the results are reproducible under unchanged conditions, to see if the process still produces the same result after a prolonged period of time, and to average or accumulate the results of the repeated process. Replication of other processes, however, can be unnecessary ‘reinvention of the wheel’. This editorial discusses several clinical and research processes in physiotherapy that do or do not benefit from replication, with the purpose of encouraging physiotherapists to undertake replication when it is useful and to discourage redundant replication.

In the quest to create cutting-edge products, organizations often invest substantial time, attention, and capital in primary research and development (R&D). By themselves, these R&D investments to create avant-garde products may not provide good return-on-investment. In the context of Canadian businesses, there is a significant scarcity of resources available for R&D. What can Canadian firms do to stay innovative when they face a plethora of difficulties, including insufficient funding? This article explores how organizations can leverage external innovation and existing technologies to create products or services that cater to the market needs. We present a three-pillar model along with examples of companies that attained market success in large part by contextualizing existing technologies in order to create innovative products or services. This approach provides companies with a high-level framework to facilitate resource-parsimonious creation of commercializable, innovative products that are competitive in today’s global marketplace. Creativity is not the finding of a thing, but the making something out of it after it is found.

I was asked to comment on the article “When is a need a need?” I have to admit, I had to read it again, and the first thought that came to my mind was a picture of Harold A. Linstone at a conference in Hamburg 15 years ago, standing in front of me: “Kerstin, be careful, you are reinventing the wheel. And that is a saying other people already told me 20 years ago when we were at the beginning of our forecasting…” I have never forgotten his words and nowadays, I am sometimes impatient with my students or my younger colleagues, and bite my lips in order not to repeat the same sentences. But the question “when is a need a need?” is still unsolved, discussed even more and seems to be more difficult than ever. The four hypotheses of the article can be discussed in a similar way today — and the questions remain the same. Some reasons, arguments and events or names have changed, but it is still up to date! This is alarming! Have we not learned anything in the meantime?

The paper deals with the use of bicycle messengers, also called bike couriers, in the modern logistics chain. In an era where almost every actor - from policy makers to senior managers - is thinking about the environment and sustainability, new innovative concepts are developed worldwide. On the other hand, an abundance of solutions to improve efficiency and overall sustainability of logistics and other related business activities are already available in the market. Reinventing the wheel all over again might not be necessary. One of the methods to deliver parcels in a more sustainable way, is the transport of freight by bike. People on bike deliver and transport post, parcels or freight with a low volume or weight. Bike couriers are proven to be fast and reliable within congested urban areas. These bikers mainly advertised their ability to go fast from one place to another in a city. Sustainability was a selling argument, but speed was of more importance. Also, in Europe some bike courier markets are reasonably well developed. Specific markets seem to exist for transport of freight by bike. The research question of this paper concerning bicycle messengers is whether these companies can be an economic viable alternative for fossil fuel powered transport, and if so, in what markets these opportunities can be found. The authors draw conclusions about the business model and integrate encountered weaknesses and opportunities. An operational cost calculation is included. A simulation of a round trip delivery scheme in an urban area took place. A van as well as a bike courier solution was compared. To draw some conclusions about the economic feasibility of the round trip by bike courier, the cost per stop is compared and will be discussed. The paper ends with a conclusion on the observations made, and with a number of recommendations. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 7th International Conference on City Logistics

International audience; Designing a job management system for the Grid is a non-trivial task. While a complex middleware can give a lot of features, it often implies sacrificing performance. Such performance loss is especially noticeable for small jobs. A Job Manager's design also affects the capabilities of the monitoring system. We believe that monitoring a job or asking for a job status should be fast and easy, like doing a simple 'ps'. In this paper, we present the job management of XtreemOS - a Linux-based operating system to support Virtual Organizations for Grid. This management is performed inside the Application Execution Manager (AEM). We evaluate its performance using only one job manager plus the built-in monitoring infrastructure. Furthermore, we present a set of real-world applications using AEM and its features. In XtreemOS we avoid reinventing the wheel and use the Linux paradigm as an abstraction. Keywords: Grid Middleware, Monitoring, XtreemOS, Scalability

A cross the Kaiser Permanente (KP) program innovative solutions to problems are developed and implemented daily. Frequently, in program offices, in a region, in a medical center, or in other business units, these processes are identified as being successful practices and leadership encourages their transfer to other locations. Unfortunately, as in most large organizations, the frequency of transfer within KP tends to be low. Leaders recognize that in an ideal situation innovations would diffuse effortlessly across the program, resulting in consistently high performance in clinical quality, the patient care experience, and financial outcomes. The costs associated with “reinventing the wheel” would be eliminated and the “not invented here” attitude inhibiting adoption of successful practices would disappear. However, the complexity involved in transferring successful practices is often underestimated; it requires much more than knowledge of the technical aspects involved. In fact, cultural issues usually present the most significant challenges. … the complexity involved in transferring successful practices is often underestimated … cultural issues usually present the most significant challenges.

Mediated communication is no longer simply or even mainly mass communication (‘from one to many’) but rather the media now facilitate communication among peers (both ‘one to one’ and ‘many to many’). Does this mean that the concept of the audience is obsolete? Or does the growing talk of ‘users’, instead of audiences, fall into the hyperbolic discourse of ‘the new’, neglecting historical continuities and reinventing the wheel of media and communications research? Undoubtedly, the challenge of a moving target, and hence a changing subject matter, faces us all. This article explores the ways in which, although the argument for the active television audience may have been taken as far as possible, new interactive technologies put ordinary people’s interpretative activities at the very centre of media design and use. Hence, it considers how far existing theories and methods for researching audiences can be extended to new media and how far some significant rethinking is required.

International audience; Advanced programming techniques such as metaprogramming and computational reflection, as well as the more recent paradigm of aspect-oriented programming (AOP), serve important objectives of software engineering such as modularization and adaptability. In this tool presentation paper, we briefly overview this area and present Reflex, a portable tool for flexible metaprogramming and AOP in Java. Reflex provides both structural and behavioral facilities adopting a uniform model of partial reflection. This allows selective and fine-grained control of where and when reflection occurs. The facilities of Reflex make it easy to experiment with (combinations of) advanced uses of AOP and reflection without reinventing the wheel or being limited to a specific AOP language.