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In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the Primary Languages landscape in England and highlight the issues it is facing. We present the best practice case of Hackney Education with special attention to its recent Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) developments. We argue that a CLIL approach has the potential of addressing the challenges of implementing the national Modern Foreign Languages (MFL) entitlement at primary level by reducing the timetabling constraints, expanding the teacher pool, and adapting to children's cognitive development. Indeed, the delivery of disciplinary contents in another language maximises language input without extra pressure on the timetable. This format can also help address the shortage of qualified language teachers by extending the delivery of primary languages to non-specialist teachers, supported by specialists providing scheme of work, upskilling and contributing to delivery. Finally, the CLIL approach fits the cognitive development -- as identified by the Research in Primary Languages (RiPL) project -- of primary school pupils who learn implicitly, by being immersed in the language and using it.

Submitted by Madalena Reis (madalena.reis@ics.ul.pt) on 2021-03-11T16:12:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ICS_RRego_Autoeuropa.pdf: 761323 bytes, checksum: 2a278632cd74bb7f5af0ba6e1a2ecb21 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-11T16:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ICS_RRego_Autoeuropa.pdf: 761323 bytes, checksum: 2a278632cd74bb7f5af0ba6e1a2ecb21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Submitted by Madalena Reis (madalena.reis@ics.ul.pt) on 2021-03-12T10:45:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ICS_RRego_Portuguese-bank.pdf: 752429 bytes, checksum: 0bd6a740bb94e0ee8602f292a217667c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-12T10:45:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ICS_RRego_Portuguese-bank.pdf: 752429 bytes, checksum: 0bd6a740bb94e0ee8602f292a217667c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Submitted by Madalena Reis (madalena.reis@ics.ul.pt) on 2019-10-09T10:38:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ICS_RRego_Digit_Report.pdf: 981351 bytes, checksum: 611dfecc23fe9752b053650adeb87cd8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-09T10:38:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ICS_RRego_Digit_Report.pdf: 981351 bytes, checksum: 611dfecc23fe9752b053650adeb87cd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Submitted by Madalena Reis (madalena.reis@ics.ul.pt) on 2019-10-09T10:16:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ICS_RRego_Strengthening.pdf: 2546578 bytes, checksum: 9361eb51f0b1369477d03a1fa07293ba (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-09T10:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ICS_RRego_Strengthening.pdf: 2546578 bytes, checksum: 9361eb51f0b1369477d03a1fa07293ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Dual antidepressant combination for treatment-resistant depression is a strategy well supported by literature and accepted in clinical practice. Rather, the usefulness of the combination of more than two antidepressants is controversial. This may be related to the possibility of higher side-effect burden and to doubts about its pharmacological effectiveness and therapeutic advantage compared to other standard treatment options. We report a relapse of moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms with insomnia that successfully remitted after the addition of trazodone to a dual combination of paroxetine and mirtazapine (in standard effective doses) in a patient with treatment-resistant depression. We also review the literature and discuss the utility of triple antidepressant combination in treatment-resistant depression. This clinical case highlights the utility of combining trazodone as a third antidepressant for the relapse of depressive symptoms after the failure of a dual antidepressant combination. Trazodone may be advantageous in patients presenting recurrence of moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms that include sleep problems and/or insomnia and may be particularly useful when benzodiazepines are not recommended. Although its use may be controversial and associated with higher risk of side-effects, more investigation is needed to determine the efficacy and safety for triple antidepressant combinations as reliable strategies for treatment-resistant depression in clinical practice.

Medical scientific societies, just like other scientific associations, are a fairly neglected object in the studies of science. Most of the published research in this area is comprised by historical studies of individual societies, by type or by geographical region. This article aims to fill this gap by presenting original research on contemporary medical societies. It seeks to characterise what are their main activities, how do they function and what relations they establish with other actors in the scientific field. It is focused on Portuguese medical societies but if seeks to draw comparisons with other national contexts whenever there is available information. The data presented was gathered as part of a project intituled SOCSCI Scientific Societies in Contemporary Science, which aims to understand scientific societies in general. This article pays particular attention to three medical societies which were included in a sample of in-depth studies from the project: the Lisbon Society of Medical Sciences, the Portuguese Neurology Society and the Portuguese Neurosciences Society., As sociedades científicas médicas, tal como as restantes sociedades científicas, são um objeto relativamente negligenciado nos estudos da ciência. A maioria da investigação publicada nesta área é composta por estudos históricos de sociedades individuais, ou por tipo, ou por região geográfica. Este artigo procura preencher este vazio apresentando investigação original sobre sociedades médicas contemporâneas. Procura compreender quais são as suas principais actividades, como funcionam e que relações estabelecem com outros atores no campo científico. É focado nas sociedades médicas portuguesas mas procura fornecer comparações com outros contextos nacionais sempre que existir informação disponível. Os dados apresentados foram recolhidos como parte de um projecto intitulado SOCSCI Sociedades científicas na ciência contemporânea, que procura compreender as associações científicas em geral. Este artigo dá particular atenção a três sociedades médicas que foram incluídas numa amostra de estudos aprofundados do projecto: a Sociedade de Ciências Médicas de Lisboa, a Sociedade Portuguesa de Neurologia e a Sociedade Portuguesa de Neurociências.

Since there is a professionalization trend (Wilensky, 1964), professional associations are one of the few cases of associations which membership is not in decline, namely according to the World Values Survey data from 2000s. Most professions need to be organized as associations to be able to exert influence over the political power and this influence becomes more important when the State attributes autonomy to these associations in order to regulate the profession and defend the public interest. These professional groups thus acquire a privileged relation with the State (Halliday, 1987). In Portugal, these professional associations are named professional public associations (PPAs), also known as professional Orders. These PPAs are entities of the indirect and autonomous administration of the State (Moreira, 2003). The system of professional regulation in Portugal belongs to the most common pattern of the European Continent, in which the professional associations have the monopoly of professional regulation (Moran and Wood, 2003). The ambiguity of interests defended, private or public, is a characteristic of these associations (Candler, 2000; Moreira, 2003). Therefore, many times, when contributing towards the control of work, of the market, etc., these professional associations are responsible for the collision of public interest with professional interest. In this sense, in our country, some PPAs were involved in polemic situations when they obstructed the adhesion of professionals whose graduation course was not recognized by the PPA, but had been homologated by the Government (Lusa, 2005). We can say that behind a professional association there is always a candidate to a PPA (Moreira, 2003). In this sense, some Portuguese associations entitle themselves association pro-Order, like the Pro-Order Association of Psychologists (Associação Pró-Ordem dos Psicólogos) and the Teachers Pro-Order Trade Union (Associação Sindical dos Professores Pró-ordem). Professional associations can, with effect, also be understood as a strategy of a group to strengthen its status (Selander in Burrage and Torstendahl, 1990). Recently we have observed a substantial increase in the number of professional groups that obtain the status of a PPA following an apparently discretionary criterion by the legislator (Rego in Freire, 2004). For instance some professional groups succeeded to obtain the public status, like economists, while others, even if acting in more public interest sensitive fields, took longer, like psychologists or nutritionists. As a result of the proliferation of PPAs, Law 6/2008 was recently published to regulate its creation and action. The law has established a formal procedure for all PPAs creation but did not bring new features in terms of these associations power, namely on professional regulation. The only new requirement for the creation of a PPA is the making of a previous study, apparently an indicative of the importance of technical and scientific nature of the PPA creation. In short, we may expect that the material resources of professional groups will be important in order to support the legal initiative, besides the change of their lobbying focus, which will be centred on the parliamentary political parties instead of the government. The aim of this paper is to present and analyse the before and after periods of recently developed Portuguese legislation designed to regulate professional associations, taking in account policy makers standpoints, namely parliamentary parties who have voted and enacted the Law 6/2008. This paper is the result of an ongoing project on professional associations' creation and it intends to discuss the impact of the new legal framework on the future strategies of professional groups.