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6. Percutaneous absorption of thirty-eight organic solvents in vitro using pig skin.

Author

Schenk, Linda, Rauma, Matias, Fransson, Martin N., and Johanson, Gunnar

Subjects
*SKIN absorption, *ORGANIC solvents, *SKIN physiology, *ORGANIC chemistry, *CYCLOHEXANONES, *ACETONITRILE
Abstract

Percutaneous absorption is highly variable between chemicals but also within chemicals depending on exposure conditions and experimental set up. We tested a larger number of organic solvents with the same experimental set up, using skin from new-born piglets and static diffusion cells. Thirty-six common organic solvents were studied neat (and 31 of them also in water dilution): acetone, acetonitrile, n-butanol 2-butanone 2-butoxyethanol, 1-butoxy-2-propanol, n-butyl acetate, butyl acrylate, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, ethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, ethylbenzene, furfuryl alcohol, n-hexane, 2-hexanone, 2-isopropoxyethanol, methanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, methyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether, 4-metyl-2-pentanol, methyl methacrylate, 2-propanol, 2-propen-1-ol, 2-propoxyethanol, 1-propoxy-2-propanol, styrene, trichloromethane, toluene and m-xylene. In addition, a mixture of 2-methylbutyl acetate and n-pentyl acetate was tested. For most of the solvents, little or no percutaneous absorption data have been published. Lag times, steady-state fluxes and apparent permeability coefficients were obtained from the time courses of solvent appearance in the receptor medium, as measured by gas chromatography. The use of the same methodology and kind of skin resulted in small variability within experiments, underlining the need for consistent methodology for useful results for developing predictive models. Furthermore, a comparison of the neat and diluted data shows that water dilution affects all these variables and that the direction and magnitude of the effects vary between chemicals. This comparison strongly supports that prediction of percutaneous absorption of neat and water diluted chemicals requires different models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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7. Basis for skin notation. Part 1. Dermal penetration data for substances om the Swedish OEL list

Author

Johanson, Gunnar and Rauma, Matias

Subjects
substances, OELs, Skin notations, integumentary system
Abstract

Johanson G & Rauma M. Basis for skin notation. Part 1. Dermal penetration data for substances on the Swedish OEL list. Arbete och Hälsa 2008;42:2. The aim of this report is to review the published data on dermal penetration of workplace chemicals, as a basis for assignment of skin notations. Short chapters describe the anatomy of the skin, the skin as a diffusion barrier, Fick’s law of diffusion, factors affecting dermal penetration and methods to assess dermal penetration. The major part of the report is devoted to compilation of data assessment of dermal penetration (fluxes and permeability coefficients) for 165 substances corresponding to 150 entries listed in the Swedish ordinance (AFS 2005) on Occupational Expsoure Limits (OELs). The compilation covers all 117 substances marked with an “H” in the ordinance and, in addition, 50 substances that have not been given a skin notation. The compiled data can be used in future revision of skin notations. An analysis of the data shows that quantitative information on dermal penetration is lacking for 53 or about one third of the 165 substances. For those who have quantitative data, a variety of species and experimental techniques have been used. There is a trillion-fold (1012) span in permeability coefficients between the substances. Moreover, for many chemicals with several experimental data sets on permeability, there is a huge intra-chemical span, sometimes several orders of magnitude. In these cases, a preferred study was selected, mainly based on the following criteria: human skin, in vivo studies, neat liquid, water as vehicle and infinite or large dose were preferred over animal skin, in vitro studies, vapor or diluted liquid, other vehicles and low dose, respectively. Notably, more than one third of the chemicals with high skin permeability and with a dermal/inhalation ratio higher than 0.1 according to the ECETOC criteria (1993) lacks a skin notation. This suggests a need for revision of all substances, including those without a skin notation, in the Swedish list.

Published
2008

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