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Antecedentes: La implementación de estrategias productivas con aves en semicautiverio en condiciones más afines con el comportamiento natural de la especie, requiere de genotipos adaptados. Para este tipo de producción son adecuadas poblaciones doble-propósito, habituales antes de la especialización en carne y huevo propia de la avicultura industrial actual. Evaluar los patrones dinámicos de crecimiento y aumento de peso del huevo en comparación con los de dos genotipos de reproductoras pesadas comerciales. Materiales y métodos: Se registró el peso corporal semanal entre el nacimiento y las 60 semanas y el peso de los huevos entre la madurez sexual y la finalización del ciclo en 100 gallinas Campero Casilda. Los datos peso corporal versus edad cronológica se ajustaron con el modelo de Gompertz y los datos peso semanal del huevo versus edad de postura con el modelo de Weatherup & Foster. Se efectuaron los mismos ajustes con datos extraídos de las guías de manejo correspondientes a gallinas reproductoras pesadas Ross308® y Cobb500®. Los valores promedio de los estimadores de los parámetros con significado biológico de las funciones de Gompertz y Weatherup & Foster de Campero Casilda se compararon con los valores de referencia correspondientes a las reproductoras comerciales con una prueba t de Student para una única muestra poblacional. Resultados: Campero Casilda presentó menor peso corporal asintótico y menor tasa de maduración que ambos genotipos de referencia. El peso asintótico y la tasa de maduración de sus huevos no difirieron significativamente de Ross308® y fueron mayores a Cobb500®. Conclusiones: Campero Casilda presenta una combinación favorable de ambos patrones dinámicos –peso corporal y peso del huevo- y representa una opción como genotipo doble propósito para sistemas avícolas alternativos.

Entre las neoplasias malignas más frecuentes del mundo, el carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) es la segunda causa de muerte relacionada con el cáncer (1). Su incidencia se ha duplicado durante las dos últimas décadas y la mayor carga se produce en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Los tumores hepáticos primarios malignos suelen describirse como una patología que afecta principalmente a hombres mayores de 40 años con un hígado cirrótico; rara vez se han registrado en personas más jóvenes y normalmente, en menores de 40, lo más común es el hepatoblastoma.

Antecedentes: La implementación de estrategias productivas con aves en semicautiverio en condiciones más afines con el comportamiento natural de la especie, requiere de genotipos adaptados. Para este tipo de producción son adecuadas poblaciones doble-propósito, habituales antes de la especialización en carne y huevo propia de la avicultura industrial actual. Evaluar los patrones dinámicos de crecimiento y aumento de peso del huevo en comparación con los de dos genotipos de reproductoras pesadas comerciales. Materiales y métodos: Se registró el peso corporal semanal entre el nacimiento y las 60 semanas y el peso de los huevos entre la madurez sexual y la finalización del ciclo en 100 gallinas Campero Casilda. Los datos peso corporal versus edad cronológica se ajustaron con el modelo de Gompertz y los datos peso semanal del huevo versus edad de postura con el modelo de Weatherup & Foster. Se efectuaron los mismos ajustes con datos extraídos de las guías de manejo correspondientes a gallinas reproductoras pesadas Ross308® y Cobb500®. Los valores promedio de los estimadores de los parámetros con significado biológico de las funciones de Gompertz y Weatherup & Foster de Campero Casilda se compararon con los valores de referencia correspondientes a las reproductoras comerciales con una prueba t de Student para una única muestra poblacional. Resultados: Campero Casilda presentó menor peso corporal asintótico y menor tasa de maduración que ambos genotipos de referencia. El peso asintótico y la tasa de maduración de sus huevos no difirieron significativamente de Ross308® y fueron mayores a Cobb500®. Conclusiones: Campero Casilda presenta una combinación favorable de ambos patrones dinámicos –peso corporal y peso del huevo- y representa una opción como genotipo doble propósito para sistemas avícolas alternativos. Palabras clave: aves de corral, carne, huevos, modelos matemáticos (Source: MeSH)

Campero Casilda es un cruzamiento evaluado para la producción de carne y propuesto como ave doble propósito para sistemas avícolas alternativos al industrial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir su dinámica de postura en comparación con la de dos poblaciones de ponedoras destinadas a sistemas semi-intensivos (Negra INTA y Rhode Island Red) y con la de las poblaciones de reproductoras pesadas Ross 308® y Cobb 500®. Campero Casilda fue más precoz y presentó un desempeño global 15% y 12% menor que Negra INTA y Rhode. Esta diferencia es explicable por su condición de aves semipesadas que expresan en menor grado la incompatibilidad crecimiento-reproducción descrita en producción avícola. La diferencia en el desempeño global de las aves camperas se explicó por una menor velocidad de aproximación al pico de postura y una mayor pendiente de disminución de la tasa de postura durante la persistencia. Campero Casilda fue menos precoz, presentó menor tasa de postura en el pico y una disminución del desempeño global entre el 3 y el 7% respecto de las reproductoras comerciales pesadas. El menor desempeño se explicó por su menor velocidad de aproximación a un pico de postura de menor valor. En la etapa de persistencia, en cambio, aun partiendo de un valor inicial menor, presentó menor pendiente de declinación de la tasa de postura. Campero Casilda presenta una curva de postura compatible con la propuesta de utilizar como ponedoras a las hembras provenientes de este cruzamiento originalmente programado para destinar ambos sexos a la producción de carne.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o conhecimento sobre o esquema de Profilaxia Pré-Exposição ao HIV sob demanda (PrEP-SD) e a percepção do seu uso potencial entre jovens homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), travestis e mulheres trans (TrMT) em acompanhamento na coorte. MÉTODOS: O estudo qualitativo incluiu 50 entrevistas com participantes das cidades de Salvador e São Paulo, entre 15 e 19 anos, que estavam usando PrEP diária ou outros métodos preventivos. Eles foram abordados por meio de diferentes estratégias de criação de demanda. As entrevistas em profundidade abordaram temas como práticas sexuais, conhecimento sobre PrEP-SD, aceitabilidade e motivações para o uso. Foi realizada análise temática em duas fases usando o software Nvivo versão 12. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos participantes desconhecia a PrEP-SD e muitos questionaram a sua efetividade e segurança ao receberem informações sobre ela. No entanto, ao conhecer o esquema, muitos jovens perceberam vantagens, como a não obrigatoriedade diária de medicamentos e a possibilidade de uso apenas em momentos de maior risco. Barreiras para o uso da PrEP-SD também foram identificadas pelos participantes, como a imprevisibilidade das relações sexuais e a dificuldade em administrar as dosagens nessa modalidade. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento limitado e as experiências com a PrEP oral diária influenciaram o interesse por ela, o que aponta a necessidade de estratégias informativas que permitam o letramento dos jovens HSH e TrMT na PrEP-SD. Os jovens valorizaram a autonomia e a gestão da prevenção mais alinhada à dinâmica de sua vida sexual propiciada pela nova modalidade, mas enfrentam desafios na gestão da PrEP-SD.

Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a well-established method of lung preservation in clinical transplantation. Transcriptomic analyses of cells and tissues uncover gene expression patterns which reveal granular molecular pathways and cellular programs under various conditions. Coupling EVLP and transcriptomics may provide insights into lung allograft physiology at a molecular level with the potential to develop targeted therapies to enhance or repair the donor lung. This review examines the current landscape of transcriptional analysis of lung allografts in the context of state-of-the-art therapeutics that have been developed to optimize lung allograft function.

The coexistence of social relations that are defined on different territorial scales and the asymmetric structuring of world space, with central and peripheral positions, constitute two central dimensions of the spatial structuring of socioeconomic systems. Although these two moments were extensively studied, their internal connections are a relatively less explored area. In this framework, the aim of this work is to explore the intrinsic relationships between these moments, constructing a historical-structural interpretation. In order to achieve this objective, the main contributions that focused on the specificity of each moment were analysed, mobilizing different theories about the relationship between society and space. First, the theoretical development of the scalar question is discussed, showing how the relational turn constituted the key theoretical bet of the articulation between the world unity of the capital accumulation process and its spatial structuring on multiple scales. Secondly, the limitations that this option faces are synthesized when the contingency is prioritized as the basis of its conceptual apprehension. Third, a symmetrical criterion is taken to study the theories of dependency and Latin American structuralism, showing how, particularly in the latter case, there are theoretical potentialities to synthesize the scalarity and asymmetric spatial structuring of socioeconomic systems. The work concludes observing that the latter depends on returning to the historical-structural specificity of the peripheral modernization, considering the specific ways in which territoriality and capitalist relations of production are articulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the economic convergence of the global South with the global North (GS and GN, respectively) as well as the divergence within the GS between Asia and "the rest" (Latin America and Africa). In order to address these processes, the paper is structured in three parts. In the first part, the fundamentals that support this "divergent convergence" are considered in light of two theoretical perspectives: world-systems analysis (WSA) and Latin American Structuralism (LAS). We take into account the analytical tools of these theoretical perspectives and differentiate the historical, systemic, and top-down approach of WSA (focused on the contributions of Wallerstein and Arrighi) from the historical, structural, and bottom-up perspective of LAS. In the second part, we analyze the convergence of the GS with the GN in terms of economic dynamic, economic dynamism, and control of the accumulation process, as well as the divergence within the GS between Asia and "the rest". We finally argue the possibility and necessity of complementing WSA and LAS approaches in order to explain these simultaneous processes of "divergent convergence" and to reflect on the challenges for the rest of the GS in facing the consolidation of Asian dominance under Chinese leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies indicate gaps in knowledge about the barriers to access and adhere to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in adolescents. In this article, we explore the perceptions and experiences of young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (YGBMSM) of the search, use and adherence to PrEP, considering their positions according to social markers of difference such as race/skin color, gender, sexuality, and social status. Intersectionality provides theoretical and methodological tools to interpret how the interlinking of these social markers of difference constitutes barriers and facilitators in the PrEP care continuum. The analyzed material is part of the PrEP1519 study and is comprised of 35 semi-structured interviews with YGBMSM from two Brazilian capitals (Salvador and São Paulo). The analyses suggest connections between social markers of difference, sexual cultures, and the social meanings of PrEP. Subjective, relational and symbolic aspects permeate the awareness of PrEP in the range of prevention tools. Willingness to use and adhere to PrEP is part of a learning process, production of meaning, and negotiation in the face of getting HIV and other sexually transmittable infections and the possibilities of pleasure. Thus, accessing and using PrEP makes several adolescents more informed about their vulnerabilities, leading to more informed decision-making. Interlinking the PrEP continuum of care among YGBMSM with the intersections of the social markers of difference may provide a conceptual framework to problematize the conditions and effects of implementing this prevention strategy, which could bring advantages to HIV prevention programs.

We examined whether weight loss following HAES®-based interventions associates with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors and quality of life of women with obesity. This was an exploratory, ancillary analysis of a 7-month, mixed-method, randomized controlled trial. Fifty-five women (age: 33.0 ± 7.2; BMI: 30–39.9 kg/m2) were included in this study. Body weight, cardiovascular risk factors, clustered cardiometabolic risk, and quality of life were assessed before (Pre) and after HAES®-based interventions (Post). Delta scores (Post-Pre) were calculated for each outcome and used in linear regression models. After adjusting by potential confounders, weight loss was associated with improvements in waist circumference (β = 0.83, p

Abstract We investigated fat women’s perceptions of their own bodies and their experiences with weight-related discriminations, and how these situations affected their well-being. Thirty-nine obese women were interviewed, and three axes of analysis were identified: (1) repercussions of being fat, (2) living with a fat body, and (3) am I a person or just a fat body? These axes were composed of eight themes which had similar meaning or complemented each other. The results showed our participants had mechanisms to diminish the magnitude of their stigmatized bodies (e.g., attempting to lose weight and changing their current food choices). Participants also reported being fat had physical and psychological consequences for them. Most notably, their larger bodies influenced their self-evaluation, making them feel devalued, unlovable, incapable, and incomplete. They reported stigmatizing experiences in familiar situations, at the workplace and in public spaces, and reported being stigmatized by both close and unknown individuals, including healthcare professionals. These professionals were reported to treat patients disrespectfully, which urges attention to health care inequalities for obese people. Our results stress stigmatizing attitudes towards fat people and their own considerations about themselves have negative consequences in their physical and mental well-being.

After decades of change, a significant number of contemporary parties share the features of an organizational model characterized by its eminently electoral orientation, its professionalization and the centralization of its decision-making processes. The Alianza Popular (AP; since 1989 the Partido Popular [PP]) represents an example of this type of party evolution, since it has experienced in the last decades several important ideological and organizational modifications. What makes the AP-PP case interesting is that the party model built in these years by its leaders illustrates some of the main patterns of organizational and ideological evolution of contemporary Western parties although with some idiosyncratic particularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se calculó la eficiencia alimenticia en machos y hembras de dos híbridos experimentales de tres vías de pollo campero (Campero Casilda y Campero Pergamino) y en Campero INTA como genotipo de referencia, en cinco períodos semanales consecutivos entre los 42 y los 77 días de edad y en el período global. El análisis del efecto de grupo genético en cada uno de los períodos mostró, en ambos sexos, ausencia de diferencias significativas en la eficiencia y sus variables asociadas. Los machos fueron más pesados, tuvieron mayor consumo medio diario y mayor aumento medio diario de peso y mostraron mayor eficiencia alimenticia y menor relación de conversión que las hembras. El análisis del comportamiento de las dos variables que confluyen en la determinación de la eficiencia muestra que al finalizar el cuarto de los cinco períodos (63-70 días de edad) los machos ya han alcanzado el peso objetivo de faena de 2500 g pero no la edad mínima requerida (70 días) por el protocolo de producción situación que no se evidencia en las hembras. Ello obliga a faenar los machos al menos una semana después con mayor peso (3000 g) pero, al pasar del 4º al 5º período (70-77 días) aumenta el consumo de alimento, y disminuye el aumento de peso lo que se traduce en una disminución de la eficiencia alimenticia o, su equivalente, un deterioro de la relación de conversión. En relación con estos caracteres los tres grupos genéticos presentan un comportamiento equivalente con valores de conversión ( a 3 kg de alimento por kg de aumento de peso) mayores que los habituales en el modelo productivo intensivo circunstancia que debe ser contemplada por las propuestas de producción de carne aviar en el marco de sistemas más o menos extensivos que ponen énfasis en la preservación del bienestar animal DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/cienvet2013-1512

The present study aimed to investigate body image among over-weight, low-income women, using their stories and life experiences to explore, describe and understand how they interpreted their body image and their weight gain process. We performed exploratory qualitative research using in-depth interviews with21 low-income women living in three different urban areas. Through content analysis we identified five aspects of the participants’ body image: identity, body experiences, causes of weight gain, ways to lose weight, and body changes. The participants described their bodies in several different ways, such as fat, chubby and strong instead of clinical classifications. Most participants presented a “fat identity”, which was mainly based in concrete, functional aspects of the body, rather than an aesthetic image. Difficulties in losing weight through nutritional guidance and feeling discriminated by health professionals were important barriers to engaging with the nutritionist. Our findings underscore the necessity for culturally appropriate weight-loss interventions in low-income female populations. DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2016.22492

Health at Every Size® (HAES®) is a weight-neutral approach focused on promoting healthy behaviors in people with different body sizes. This study examined multiple physiological, attitudinal, nutritional, and behavioral effects of a newly developed, intensive, interdisciplinary HAES®-based intervention in obese women. This was a prospective, seven-month, randomized (2:1), controlled, mixed-method clinical trial. The intervention group (I-HAES®; n = 39) took part in an intensified HAES®-based intervention comprising a physical activity program, nutrition counseling sessions, and philosophical workshops. The control group (CTRL; n = 19) underwent a traditional HAES®-based intervention. Before and after the interventions, participants were assessed for physiological, psychological, and behavioral parameters (quantitative data) and took part in focus groups (qualitative data). Body weight, body mass index, and waist and hip circumferences did not significantly differ within or between groups (P > 0.05). I-HAES® showed increased peak oxygen uptake and improved performance in the timed-stand test (P = 0.004 and P = 0.004, between-group comparisons). No significant within- or between-group differences were observed for objectively measured physical activity levels, even though the majority of the I-HAES® participants indicated that they were engaged in or had plans to include physical activity in their routines. I-HAES® resulted in improvements in eating attitudes and practices. The I-HAES® group showed significantly improved all Body Attitude Questionnaire subscale and all Figure Rating Scale scores (P ≤ 0.05 for all parameters, within-group comparisons), whereas the CTRL group showed slight or no changes. Both groups had significant improvements in health-related quality of life parameters, although the I-HAES® group had superior gains in the "physical health," "psychological health," and "overall perception of quality of life and health" (P = 0.05, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively, between-group comparisons) domains. Finally, most of the quantitative improvements were explained by qualitative data. Our results show that this new intensified HAES®-based intervention improved participants' eating attitudes and practices, perception of body image, physical capacity, and health-related quality of life despite the lack of changes in body weight and physical activity levels, showing that our novel approach was superior to a traditional HAES®-based program.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze qualitatively how women, who have recovered from anorexia nervosa, perceive and describe their current eating practices, as well as the ones developed during the eating disorder period. METHODS: Seven women were interviewed individually with the objective of investigating their eating practices, transition phases and all relevant aspects that somewhat contributed to the habit-forming; experiences, feelings and perceptions related to mealtime and the influence that food has had over the present subjects' life. The interviews were analyzed by the discourse of the collective subject method. RESULTS: The results brought up the following topics: a) control; b) concerns and feelings; c) deprivation d) beauty dictatorship; e) eating competence; f) importance of food; g) food cacophony. CONCLUSIONS: What stands out is a multiplicity of eating practices, which during the eating disorder were similar to and characterized by restriction; however, after recovery, part of the subjects seem to have developed a higher eating competence, whereas others show a practice similar to the one acquired during the anorexia nervosa, such as the difficulty in realizing when they are satisfied and a feeling of discomfort when facing social interactions.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a insatisfação corporal, a prática de dietas e os comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares em uma amostra de mães residentes no município de Santos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 453 mães de filhos com até 10 anos de idade. As mães responderam ao Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT-26), à Escala de Figuras de Stunkard e a uma questão sobre a prática atual de dietas. RESULTADOS: Das mães, 29,9% apresentaram escore positivo para os comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares e 21,8% estavam fazendo dieta para emagrecer no momento da entrevista. No tocante à imagem corporal, 17,5% das mães estavam satisfeitas com o seu tamanho corporal, 71,5% gostariam de diminuir seu tamanho corporal e 11,0% gostariam de aumentá-lo. Os comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares foram mais frequentes nas mães insatisfeitas com seus tamanhos corporais (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A maioria das mães investigadas estava insatisfeita com os seus tamanhos corporais. A frequência de mães que praticavam dietas ou tinham comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares foi similar ou superior aos demais estudos nacionais, conduzidos, em sua maioria, com populações consideradas de risco, como meninas adolescentes e jovens universitárias.

This study explored the effects of Health at Every Size®-based intervention on obese women by qualitatively evaluating participants’ perception towards the program and quantitatively evaluating changes related to psychological, behavioral and body composition assessments. A prospective one-year quasi-experimental mixed-method trial was conducted. The mixed method design was characterized by a spiral method, and quantitative and qualitative findings were combined during the interpretation phase. The qualitative data involved three focus groups; and quantitative data comprised physiological, psychological and behavioral assessments. Initially, 30 participants were recruited; 14 concluded the intervention. From the focus groups, the following interpretative axes were constructed: the intervention as a period of discoveries; shifting parameters: psychological, physical and behavioral changes; eating changes, and; redefining success. Body weight, body mass index, total body fat mass and body fat percentage were significantly decreased after the intervention (-3.6, -3.2, -13.0, and -11.1%, respectively; p≤0.05, within-time effect). Participants reported being more physically active, and perceiving better their bodies. Eating-wise, participants reported that the hunger and satiety cues and the consumption of more frequent meals facilitated their eating changes. Finally, participants reported that they could identify feelings with eating choices and refrain from the restrained behavior. These qualitative improvements were accompanied by modest but significant improvements in quantitative assessments. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT02102061.

In the article it is analysed the configuration and expansion of global production chains, as well as their current slowdown, based on a long term and systemic perspective. Specifically, it is studied these processes in the phase of the decline of the North American systemic cycle of accumulation and the emergence of a new dynamic centre of accumulation and potential hegemonic replacement: East Asia, led by China. In this disputed scenario, the work explores the possibilities and limitations that the engagement to global production chains represent for Latin America’s development. It is recognized that, so far, the insertion to the globalized production has not benefited the development of the countries of the region. However, it is identified the opportunity to modify this situation by the configuration of regional production networks, which will allow a more qualified insertion to global production chains.

El trabajo revisa aspectos claves en torno al problema del desarrollo centrado en la estructura pro­ductiva de países latinoamericanos. Procura responder por qué es necesaria la transformación productiva, sobre qué aspectos es preciso centrarse, cómo sería más apropiado proceder, y cómo influyen los atributos de uno de los actores claves del proceso (el Estado) en la viabilidad de la transformación. Al responder esos interrogantes, realiza un tratamiento crítico acerca de la importancia de la industria y las implicancias que recaen sobre la política industrial como un paquete integral (regulaciones e intervenciones sectoriales, científico-tecnológicas, macroeconómicas, entre otras) y la orientación de la estrategia de desarrollo. Adicionalmente, el trabajo busca resaltar la importancia de los atributos estatales y cómo el plano institucional-organizacional puede aportar capacidad, coherencia e integralidad en las respuestas estatales que se demandan en la tarea de transformar la estructura productiva en América Latina

A partir de la recuperación de los principales conceptos del estructuralismo latinoamericano, este trabajo busca poner en discusión las potencialidades y limitaciones del nuevo paradigma de desarrollo de la actualidad, el enfoque de cadenas globales de valor, que desde comienzos de este siglo ha tenido una importante influencia tanto en la comunidad académica como en los organismos internacionales. Para ello, se analiza la agudización de las características periféricas de las estructuras productivas latinoamericanas de las últimas décadas, asociadas a su inserción en las redes de producción global y se contrastan con las experiencias exitosas de transformación estructural que en este mismo escenario han podido consolidar algunos países de Asia del Este. De dicho análisis se desprenden elementos para repensar la importancia de la industrialización para el desarrollo y las políticas necesarias para impulsarla en el actual escenario de cadenas globales de producción.Clasificación JEL: F02, L16, L52, O10, O20.

This article analyzes the economic convergence of the global South with the global North (GS and GN, respectively) as well as the divergence within the GS between Asia and “the rest” (Latin America and Africa). In order to address these processes, the paper is structured in three parts. In the first part, the fundamentals that support this “divergent convergence” are considered in light of two theoretical perspectives: world-systems analysis (WSA) and Latin American Structuralism (LAS). We take into account the analytical tools of these theoretical perspectives and differentiate the historical, systemic, and top-down approach of WSA (focused on the contributions of Wallerstein and Arrighi) from the historical, structural, and bottom-up perspective of LAS. In the second part, we analyze the convergence of the GS with the GN in terms of economic dynamic, economic dynamism, and control of the accumulation process, as well as the divergence within the GS between Asia and “the rest”. We finally argue the possibility and necessity of complementing WSA and LAS approaches in order to explain these simultaneous processes of “divergent convergence” and to reflect on the challenges for the rest of the GS in facing the consolidation of Asian dominance under Chinese leadership.

Con perspectivas no siempre convergentes, diversos corpus teóricos se han propuesto comprender las transformaciones que se observan desde hace cinco décadas en las dinámicas entre los Estados, los espacios de ejercicio del poder político y el despliegue y la crisis de la hegemonía a nivel global. Este artículo presenta dos perspectivas que intentan dar cuenta de estos elementos. Por un lado, la perspectiva sistémico-estructural histórica, que reúne los aportes de la economía política internacional crítica y del análisis del sistema mundo; por el otro, la perspectiva posestructural, relacional que incluye estudios del campo de la geografía política crítica. Luego de exponer las tensiones y complementos entre estas se sostiene la necesidad y posibilidad de construir una perspectiva estructural, histórica y dinámica, que busca enmarcar los desafíos y oportunidades para las estatidades en la región latinoamericana frente a la reestruc­turación global capitalista.

Este artículo realiza una interpretación teórica crítica de las cadenas globales de valor, entendidas como una relevante herramienta para el análisis de los procesos de globalización, no sólo a nivel académico sino a nivel institucional, a partir de la formulación de estrategias de desarrollo promovidas por gobiernos y organismos internacionales en el Sur Global. Teniendo en cuenta la evolución del concepto a partir de una perspectiva comparada con la teoría del sistema-mundo que le diera origen, se destacan las debilidades fundadas tanto en aspectos ligados al distanciamiento respecto de dicha teoría, como en los limitantes que surgen producto de la plataforma teórica que ambas comparten. Las restricciones para comprender la inalterada recreación de la estructura jerárquica y desigualadora del capitalismo, y los divergentes escenarios al interior del Sur Global, emergen como los limitantes teórico-empíricos más importantes. En este sentido, el trabajo concluye subrayando algunos desafíos orientados a superarlos.

En el presente trabajo se examinan las condiciones necesarias para convertir las aglomeraciones productivas en potenciales instrumentos de desarrollo, particularmente en contextos periféricos. Se presentan dos enfoques teóricos relevantes: la nueva geografía económica y los aportes que enfatizan los factores no económicos. Por último, se retoman dos contribuciones teóricas, la primera para comprender el comportamiento de las aglomeraciones productivas en la dinámica global capitalista, mientras que la segunda destaca la importancia de las trayectorias nacionales y el Estado nacional.

Este artículo introduce la discusión acerca del papel de las pequeñas y medianas empresas(Pyme) y el sector industrial en los procesos de acumulación en Latinoamérica a principiode siglo XXI. Señalando el dominio de la lógica neoliberal del capital globalizado,reconoce los requerimientos y desafíos que pesan sobre el sector industrial y los actorespyme para la construcción —disputada— de un patrón de acumulación posneoliberalen los recientes proyectos neodesarrollistas. En este marco conceptual, se evalúa críticamenteel desempeño económico (interno y externo) de la industria y las Pyme en elcaso argentino (2002-2012), dando cuenta de su alineamiento a un patrón de acumulaciónque, en compatibilidad con la lógica del capital global, no altera su condición periféricaprofundizada bajo el Consenso de Washington.

Este trabajo se estructura en cuatro partes. En la primera se identifican una serie de enfoques y marcos teóricos del desarrollo territorial generados en los últimos quince años en los países centrales y difundidos acríticamente e n los países en desarrollo, incluyendo América Latina. En la segunda parte se indican tres ¿fallas de origen¿ presentes en dichos enfoques: a) una notable imprecisión conceptual, b) una marcada desconexión de las estructuras del entorno meso y macro, y c) la asunción de un imaginario que presenta su interior (del cluster) en forma armónica y homogénea. En la tercera parte se examinan los fundamentos de esas ¿fallas¿ en el cuerpo teórico regionalista y, finalmente, en la cuarta, capitalizando lo anterior, se indican pautas metodológicas orientadas a insertar los análisis de clusters ¿y con ellos las estrategias de desarrollo territorial¿ en un cuadro conceptual y analítico más consistente y realista.

Centrado en un análisis acerca del papel otorgado por el Banco Mundial al Estado en los procesos de desarrollo a partir de los años noventa, el trabajo destaca la notable continuidad exhibida por las propuestas del BM de desimplicar al Estado de los procesos productivo-industriales. Además, fundados en la experiencia argentina de los noventa, se presentan evidencias de dos claras inconsistencias mostradas por las políticas inspiradas en dicha continuidad: a) el constante crecimiento del Estado a partir de reformas paradójicamente orientadas hacia su reducción; b) el vaciamiento de las estructuras y capacidades estatales del área productivo-industrial, cuya existencia el BM demanda como condición para habilitar políticas industriales complejas. Por último, se aborda el escenario latinoamericano para reflexionar acerca de cómo las mencionadas inconsistencias contribuyen a explicar el retroceso estructural de la región en el contexto global.

Spices and herbs have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. Also, in the last decades, the use of different nutritional supplements has been implemented to treat all kinds of diseases, including those that present an alteration in cognitive functioning. Dementia is a clinical syndrome in which a person's mental and cognitive capacities gradually decline. As the disease progresses, the person's autonomy diminishes. As there is not an effective treatment to prevent progressive deterioration in many of these pathologies, nutritional interventions have been, and still are, one of the most widely explored therapeutic possibilities. In this review, we have discussed a great number of potentially interesting plants, nutritional derivatives, and probiotics for the treatment of dementia around the world. Their action mechanisms generally involve neuroprotective effects via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, b-amyloid, and tau anti-aggregate actions; brain blood flow improvement, and effects on synaptic cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, which may optimize cognitive performance in patients with cognitive impairment. As for their efficacy in patients with cognitive impairment and/or dementias, evidence is still scarce andthe outcomes are controversial. We consider that many of these substances have promising therapeutic properties. Therefore, the scientific community has to continue with a complete research focused on both identifying possible action mechanisms and carrying out clinical trials, preferably randomized, double-blind ones, with a greater number of patients, a long-term follow-up, dose standardization, and the use of current diagnostic criteria., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)