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The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, the cause of invasive aspergillosis (IA), is a serious risk to transplant patients and those with respiratory diseases. Host immune suppression is considered the most important factor for the development of IA. Less is known about the importance of fungal virulence in the development of IA including the significance of variation between isolates. In this study, isolates of A. fumigatus from cases diagnosed as having proven IA or colonisation (no evidence of IA) were compared in assays to measure isolate virulence. These assays included the measurement of radial growth and protease production on agar, sensitivity to UV light and oxidative stressors, and virulence in Tenebrio molitor (mealworm) larvae. These assays did not reveal obvious differences in virulence between the two groups of isolates; this provided the impetus to conduct genomic analysis. Whole genome sequencing and analysis did not allow grouping into coloniser or IA isolates. However, focused analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed variation in three putative genes: AFUA_5G09420 (ccg-8), AFUA_4G00330, and AFUA_4G00350. These are known to be responsive to azole exposure, and ccg-8 deletion leads to azole hypersensitivity in other fungi. A. fumigatus virulence is challenging, but the findings of this study indicate that further research into the response to oxidative stress and azole exposure are required to understand the development of IA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O texto traduzido como o “Tratado dos direitos” ( Risalat al-huqūq) foi escrito pelo quarto imam shiita Zayn al-‘Abidin (659-713. A tradução é, ao mesmo tempo, adequada e imprecisa, pois huqūq inclui o sentido de ‘direitos’, porém não se reduz a esse. O propósito deste ensaio é, portanto, contribuir ao entendimento do termo haqq, cujo plural é huqūq, com base num texto do islã antigo e considerando a pluralidade e a superposição dos seus níveis semánticos, no intuito de alimentar potenciais exercícios de teoria política e jurídica comparadas. Como resultado, é possível identificar oito níveis de sentido diferentes mas interconec-tados, que compreendem dimensões ético-religiosas, jurídicas e ontológicas