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Abstract Background Forensic age estimation using multiple maturity indicators necessitates investigation of correlation between various techniques. This study intended to compare and evaluate the correlation between skeletal age using Greulich-Pyle atlas, dental age by Acharya’s modification of Demirjian’s technique and London Atlas method of Tooth Development, and age estimated by body developmental index with chronological age. Orthopantomograms and left hand-wrist radiographs of one hundred seventy-four subjects (64 males and 70 females) in the age group of 8–20 years were evaluated by age estimation methods. Physical parameters including height, weight, biacromial breadth, and biliospinale breadth were measured. The data were entered in the SPSS software (Version 27.0). Comparison between age estimation methods was done using Student’s t-test for paired samples. Unpaired t-test was utilized for gender-wise comparison of age. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to assess correlation between the various methods. Results Significant mean differences were noted between the chronological age and all the age estimation methods when Greulich-Pyle atlas method (− 0.43), modified Demirjian’s method (− 0.31), London Atlas Method (− 0.62), and body developmental index (− 0.51) were employed respectively. Inter-group comparison between all methods yielded no significant differences except for modified Demirjian’s method and London Atlas method (mean difference = 0.31). All the age estimation techniques showed strong correlation with chronological age; the best was provided by the Greulich-Pyle method (r = 0.92). Conclusion All the assessed age estimation techniques show strong correlation with chronological age. Acharya’s modified Demirjian’s method (dental age) and Greulich-Pyle atlas method (skeletal age) showed good accuracy and strong correlation with chronological age, suggesting that these methods can be used simultaneously and/or interchangeably for age assessment in children and adolescents of Eastern Indian population.

Context: The changes in the volume and dimensions of the alveolar bone after tooth extraction often lead to challenges in prosthetic rehabilitation of the same necessitating ridge preservation procedures (RPP). Aim: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate and compare the dimensional and histomorphometric changes of the sites preserved using the collagen membrane with and without demineralized bone matrix (DMBM). Settings and Design: Interventional, parallel-design, double blinded, randomized controlled trail. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was designed with 45 participants having at least 2 teeth indicated for were enrolled in this study. The sites were randomly assigned to the control group (RPP using collagen membrane) and the test group (RPP using collagen membrane with DMBM). The clinical parameters assessed were alveolar bone width and alveolar bone height. Histomorphometric analysis was carried out on tissue trephined from the preserved sites to evaluate the percentage of bone and connective tissue (CT %) formed 8 months postRPP. Statistical Analysis Used: Shapiro − Wilk test and paired and unpaired t-test. Results: Horizontal resorption was significantly less in the test group (7.375 ± 1.64). Histomorphometry of these sites revealed a complete absence of residual graft particles, presence of trabecular bone, and a more mineralized matrix (63.256%) as compared to the control sites (46.833%). Conclusions: The use of DMBM along with the collagen membrane for RPP yielded better results both clinically and histomorphometically.

Rewiring tumor cells to undergo drug-induced apoptosis is a promising way to overcome chemoresistance. Therefore, identifying causative factors for chemoresistance is of high importance. Unbiased global proteome profiling of sensitive, early, and late cisplatin-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lines identified CMTM6 as a top-ranked upregulated protein. Analyses of OSCC patient tumor samples demonstrated significantly higher CMTM6 expression in chemotherapy (CT) nonresponders as compared with CT responders. In addition, a significant association between higher CMTM6 expression and poorer relapse-free survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma was observed from Kaplan-Meier plot analysis. Stable knockdown (KD) of CMTM6 restored cisplatin-mediated cell death in chemoresistant OSCC lines. Upon CMTM6 overexpression in CMTM6-KD lines, the cisplatin-resistant phenotype was rescued. The patient-derived cell xenograft model of chemoresistant OSCC displaying CMTM6 depletion restored the cisplatin-induced cell death and tumor burden substantially. The transcriptome analysis of CMTM6-KD and control chemoresistant cells depicted enrichment of the Wnt signaling pathway. We demonstrated that CMTM6 interaction with membrane-bound Enolase-1 stabilized its expression, leading to activation of Wnt signaling mediated by AKT–glycogen synthase kinase-3β. CMTM6 has been identified as a stabilizer of programmed cell death ligand 1. Therefore, as CMTM6 facilitates tumor cells for immune evasion and mediates cisplatin resistance, it could be a promising therapeutic target for treating therapy-resistant OSCC.

Ameloblastomas are rare histologically benign, locally aggressive tumors arising from the oral ectoderm that occasionally reach a gigantic size. Giant ameloblastomas are a rarity these days with the advent of panoramic radiography in routine dental practice. Furthermore, the granular cell variant is an uncommon histological subtype of ameloblastoma where the central stellate reticulum like cells in tumor follicles is replaced by granular cells. Although granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA) is considered to be a destructive tumor with a high recurrence rate, the significance of granular cells in predicting its biologic behavior is debatable. However, we present a rare case of giant GCA of remarkable histomorphology showing extensive craniofacial involvement and dural extension that rendered a good prognosis following treatment.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a clinically and genetically distinct disease involving both neuroectodermal and mesenchymal derivatives. Orofacial manifestations in NF1 have been documented before but occurrence of multifocal intraosseous (IO) and extraosseous (EO) neurofibromas is rare. The present case highlights the importance of imaging findings in the diagnosis and management of multifocal jaw, infratemporal, and parotid neurofibromas with muscular hypoplasia in an eight-year-old girl with NF1. Apart from orthopantomograms (OPG), three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) and cross-sectional reformations were valuable in delineating the extent of the lytic lesion and identifying additional bony deformities of the mandible. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) helped to identify the solid nature of the lesion and true extent of the soft tissue mass.

Chondrosarcoma (CS) is an uncommon malignant mesenchymal tumour showing cartilaginous differentiation which rarely presents in the jaws. CS represents 10-20% of all malignant bone tumours and less than 5% of tumours in head and neck region. Among the infrequent subtypes of CS, dedifferentiated CS is a sinister variant that presents with singular features and has extremely poor prognosis. We report a unique case of dedifferentiated CS that presented in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with extra articular involvement of the infratemporal space. This high grade CS is reviewed due to its rarity and the dentist is implored to take this variant into account when considering the differential diagnosis of destructive TMJ lesions.