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Abstract A Cylindrical shell consists of a curved surface that extends around a central axis, with its thickness being relatively small compared to its height and radius. It has wide range applications in pressure vessels and tanks, heat exchangers, aerospace etc. This article analyzes four shell surfaces, the first and third layers of functionally graded material, and the second and fourth layers of isotropic material. The natural frequency is influenced by several thick layers. The shell frequency equation is obtained by usig the Rayleigh-Ritz approach. The strain and curvature-displacement relations are derived from Sander’s shell theory. Characteristic beam functions are employed to assess the dependence of axial modal and trigonometric volume fraction law is used to attain the vibration anaylsis. Results are acquired for different thickness-to-radius and length-to-radius ratios under various edge conditions. For simply supported edge circumstances, the natural frequencies are calculated by using MATLAB software.

This research is focused on the stock exchanges of Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh due to their significant presence in the Asian region and the unique challenges, opportunities, and presence in these frontier markets. The study assesses both traditional stationary models, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Theta traditional stationary models, with the contemporary deep learning models Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) support. The study covers the sample period of historical data from 2020–2023 to include the in and out of sample forecasting of 2024–2025. The time series comprises linear and nonlinear datasets to capture a wider range of factors influencing the market. The evaluation metrics are used to balance the prediction model's accuracy and the intricate dynamics of the markets. The conventional time series models hold the advantages of their interpretability and computational efficiency, but the combined effect of CNN-LSTM exhibits significantly superior accuracy in predictions. Integrating advanced techniques with traditional statistical methods provides a more comprehensive and accurate forecast to capture the complex Intricacies of stock indices. The ensembling model approach can improve predictive performance and help stabilize the market ecosystem.

In an era dominated by the Internet of Things (IoT), protecting interconnected devices from botnets has become essential. This study introduces an innovative hybrid deep learning model that synergizes LSTM Auto Encoders and Multilayer Perceptrons in detecting botnets in IoTs. The fusion of these technologies facilitates the analysis of sequential data and pattern recognition, enabling the model to detect intricate botnet activities within IoT networks. The proposed model's performance was carefully evaluated on two large IoT traffic datasets, N-BAIoT2018 and UNSW-NB15, where it demonstrated exceptional accuracy of 99.77 % and 99.67 % respectively for botnet detection. These results not only demonstrate the model's superior performance over existing botnet detection systems but also highlight its potential as a robust solution for IoT network security.

Objective: Edible seaweeds, valued for their rich content of bioactive compounds, have gained recognition in complementary medicine beyond their traditional role in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Notable examples include Ulva rigida C.Agardh and Grateloupia turuturu Yamada. These seaweeds offer a promising avenue for exploring their bioactive potential in medical and dietary contexts. Methods: Hexane extracts were prepared to elucidate the fatty acid composition of seaweeds via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analyses. Subsequently, investigations were conducted to assess the cytotoxicity on human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), as well as examine the antimicrobial and anti-cholinesterase activities of extracts obtained using hexane, dichloromethane:methanol (CH2Cl2:MeOH, 1:1), methanol (MeOH), and water solvents. Results: The most abundant substances for the U. rigida and G. turuturu species were hexadecanoic acid, octadecenoic acid, and erucic acid compounds. The CH2Cl2:MeOH (1:1) extract of G. turuturu was found as the highest toxicity on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (IC50: 28.7 µg/mL). G. turuturu extracts showed inhibition on E. coli and C. albicans. The hexane extracts of U. rigida and G. turuturu inhibited AChE enzyme in both algae species. Conclusion: The results highlight seaweeds’ bioactive potential for therapeutic and dietary products. Further research can explore medical and nutritional applications.

Abstract Arsenic (As) contamination is a major environmental pollutant that adversely affects plant physiological processes and can hinder nutrients and water availability. Such conditions ultimately resulted in stunted growth, low yield, and poor plant health. Using rhizobacteria and composted biochar (ECB) can effectively overcome this problem. Rhizobacteria have the potential to enhance plant growth by promoting nutrient uptake, producing growth hormones, and suppressing diseases. Composted biochar can enhance plant growth by improving aeration, water retention, and nutrient cycling. Its porous structure supports beneficial microorganisms, increasing nutrient uptake and resilience to stressors, ultimately boosting yields while sequestering carbon. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of previously isolated Bacillus faecalis (B. faecalis) and ECB as amendments on maize cultivated under different As levels (0, 300, 600 mg As/kg soil). Four treatments (control, 0.5% composted biochar (0.5ECB), B. faecalis, and 0.5ECB + B. faecalis) were applied in four replications following a completely randomized design. Results showed that the 0.5ECB + B. faecalis treatment led to a significant rise in maize plant height (~ 99%), shoot length (~ 55%), root length (~ 82%), shoot fresh (~ 87%), and shoot dry weight (~ 96%), root fresh (~ 97%), and dry weight (~ 91%) over the control under 600As stress. There was a notable increase in maize chlorophyll a (~ 99%), chlorophyll b (~ 81%), total chlorophyll (~ 94%), and shoot N, P, and K concentration compared to control under As stress, also showing the potential of 0.5ECB + B. faecalis treatment. Consequently, the findings suggest that applying 0.5ECB + B. faecalis is a strategy for alleviating As stress in maize plants.

This research paper used a newly proposed strategy for finding the exact inflationary solutions to the Friedman equations in the context of Rastall theory of gravity (RTG), which is known as constant-roll warm inflation (CRWI). The dissipative effects produced during WI are studied by introducing a dissipation factor Q=Γ3H, where Γ is the coefficient of dissipation. We establish the model to evaluate the inflaton field, effective potential requires to produce inflation, and entropy density. These physical quantities lead to developing the important inflationary observables like scalar/tensor power spectrum, scalar spectral index, tensor-to-scalar ratio, and running of spectral-index for two choices of obtained potential that are V0=0 and V0≠0. In this study, we focus on the effects of the theory parameter λ, CR parameter β, and dissipation factor Q (under a high dissipative regime for which Q=constant) on inflation, and are constrained to observe the compatibility of our model with Planck TT+lowP (2013), Planck TT, TE, EE+lowP (2015), Planck 2018 and BICEP/Keck 2021 bounds. The results are feasible and interesting up to the 2σ confidence level. Finally, we conclude that the CR technique produces significant changes in the early universe.

Abstract In this work, we investigate the optical appearance of qualitatively new observational features of accretion disk images around the charged rotating traversable wormhole (TWH) space-time for different spin, throat, and charge values. To accomplish this, we first consider the Hamilton–Jacobi method to derive the geodesic equations for the motion of photons and study the effects of parameters on the photon orbit in the observer’s sky. We found that each parameter affects the size and shape of the wormhole (WH) shadow and flatness is observed in the shadow because of spin and other parameters. To produce shadow images of sufficient visual quality but within manageable computational times, we adopt the ray-trace procedure and characterize the significant features of light trajectories on the observer’s screen, depending on the interaction between the space-time structure and the accretion disk. In addition, we consider the static spherically symmetric accretion flow model to observe the specific intensity around the traversable WH space-time geometry. It is found that the intensity and positions of the photon ring vary with respect to the involved parameters. In future observation, this type of study may provide a fertile playground to test the nature of compact objects, specifically the WH in the strong-field regime.

Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a promising technology that has the potential to revolutionize the medical field by enabling computers to respond to questions about medical images. VQA holds great potential to transform medical imaging, but several obstacles stand in the way, effective medical VQA model development is hampered by problems like the scarcity of easily accessible medical datasets, complicated medical scenarios, and the complexity of the medical images. To contribute to the advancement of VQA models in the medical field, our research undertakes two key initiatives. Firstly, we introduce a novel dataset for medical VQA, derived from an existing dataset of blood cell images, Secondly, our study proposes a VQA model that is specifically designed to classify images of microscopic blood cells. We use pre-trained transformers like Electra, BERT, and DistilBERT to extract textual features in combination with Vision Transformer (ViT) to extract visual features from images, and then combine textual and visual features and then apply classifiers like Linear SVM and Quadratic SVM. Experimental results show that The Electra & ViT model surpasses other models by achieving high scores across multiple evaluation metrics, including a WUPS score of 90.09%, accuracy of 89.63%, F1-Score of 64.03%, precision of 63.42%, and recall of 65.23%.

Species identification is critical for biological studies, ecological monitoring, and conservation efforts. A comprehensive comprehension of the evolutionary mechanisms that lead to biological variety is necessary while species are distinct categories of living organisms; however, naming, identifying, and differentiating between species is more complex than it may seem. Traditional methods, relying on dichotomous keys and manual observation, are time-consuming and error-prone. Precise species identification is crucial for all taxonomic investigations and biological procedures. Numerous experts are currently engaged in the task of identifying a solitary species. To address these challenges, we present a robust artificial intelligence framework for species identification using deep learning techniques, specifically leveraging the ResNet-50 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Our approach utilizes a ResNet-50-based CNN to accurately classify 15 species, including humans, plants, and animals, from images taken at unique locations and angles. The dataset was pre-processed and augmented to enhance training, ensuring robustness against variations in lighting, occlusion, and background clutter. Featuring 4 million trainable parameters, our modified ResNet-50 model demonstrated superior computational efficiency and accuracy. The proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 96.5%, with class-specific accuracies of 98.25% for humans, 97.81% for animals, and 96.90% for plants. These results surpass those of existing models such as GoogleNet, VGG, SegNet, and DeepLab v3+, highlighting the efficacy of our approach. Performance was evaluated using metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, and error rate, further validating its reliability. Our findings suggest that the ResNet-50-based CNN model is highly effective for automatic species identification, offering significant improvements in accuracy and computational efficiency.

Traffic signs have great importance regarding smooth traffic flow and safe driving. However, due to many distractions and capricious factors, spotting and perceiving them may become hazardous. Traffic sign detection and recognition have gained popularity to put an end or to lessen the issue, and massive efforts have been realized in this regard. Despite considerable endeavors put together for traffic sign detection and recognition, there is a lack of attention in this area where these traffic signs contain text in them. A handful of studies may be found in state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods for text-based traffic sign detection, and particularly lesser for text recognition of detected text. The proposed method focuses on developing a robust semi-pipeline intelligent system to detect and understand text from traffic road signs boards in various weather conditions. For this purpose, a customized YOLOv5s is deployed for initial panel detection. Subsequently, MSER with preprocessing techniques is used for localization of text. Finally, OCR with NLP is utilized to recognize the text. The proposed method employed the ASAYAR dataset for training and different datasets for testing. The proposed approach produced satisfactory outcomes on them in contrast with SOTA approaches.

In this era, plenty of wireless devices are being used with the support of WI-FI (Wireless Fidelity) and need to be maintained and authorized. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), a cornerstone of modern wireless technology, offer cost-efficient solutions for diverse monitoring tasks but are exposed to many security threats, including unauthorized access, attacks, and suspicious activities. These vulnerabilities can significantly degrade the performance and reliability of WSNs, making the early detection and mitigation of such threats imperative. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are crucial tools in safeguarding WSNs against these challenges. Numerous studies focus on enhanced Intrusion Detection model accuracy and decrease in loss with higher Detection Rate and lower False Alarm Rate, because of this, eliminating the repetitive feature of the dataset is exhibited. This study introduces a sophisticated Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) to safeguard Wi-Fi-based WSNs from prevalent cyber threats, such as impersonation, flooding, and injection attacks. At the heart of our approach is a meticulous feature selection process that enhances the dataset’s utility by eliminating null values, substituting unknown entries with a placeholder (‘NONE’), and refining the feature set to include only the most relevant indicators of potential security breaches. Initially, from a pool of 154 features, a subset of 76 is selected, further narrowed down to 13 pivotal features, ensuring a focused and efficient analysis. Employing standard scaler function for feature scaling and preprocessing, this research train proposed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based approach aiming for optimal intrusion detection and prevention across multiclass classifications within WSN environments. The study aims to enhance detection accuracy, reduce loss values, and decrease false alarm rates, comparing it to CNN, Deep Neural Network (DNN) (5), DNN (3), and (Long Short-Term Memory) LSTM networks. The model’s performance is evaluated using various metrics, including precision, recall, support, F1 score, and macro-average. The culmination of our research efforts is evidenced by the exceptional performance of the CNN model, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of 97% and a loss metric of 0.14, all while maintaining a minimal False Alarm Rate. This study significantly advances IDS accuracy while simultaneously reducing false alarms, thus fortifying the security posture of WSNs in the face of evolving cyber threats.

Abstract In this paper, we mainly study the shadow and observable features of a dyonic black hole (DBH) with a global monopole surrounded by perfect fluid under various profiles of accretions. We investigate the influence of model parameters on the observational signatures and space-time structure of black holes (BHs). We observe that the value of $$b_{ps}$$ b ps increases with the increasing values of $$\alpha $$ α and $$\eta $$ η , while it decreases with the increasing values of the electromagnetic parameter. We found that the corresponding regions and the observed specific intensities of the direct, lensing and photon ring emissions dramatically changed according to the variation of BH state parameters. It is noticed that the total observed flux is dominated by the direct emission and the lensing ring makes a small contribution while the photon ring makes a negligible contribution due to its exponential narrowness, even the photon ring intersects the thin plane more than three times to pick up a larger intensity. Assuming the spherically symmetric accretion disk, it is found that due to the Doppler effect of infalling motion, shadows of infalling accretion are found to be darker as compared to static ones. However, the size and position of the DBH shadows do not change in both cases, implying that the BH’s shadow size depends on the geometric space-time and the shadow’s luminosities rely on the accretion flow models. Finally, the discussion is done analytically and numerically, and ray-tracing methods are adopted to obtain the proper visualizations.

This article attempts to practicalise Open Science (OS) to promote ideas and enhance efforts for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It delineates General Statements (n = 20) as guiding beacons and the Specific Statements (n = 70) that act as precision tools in OS orientated policymaking, research, innovations, and public engagement, and access to scientific knowledge. The authors hope to draw kindled and educated attention to OS besides underscoring the need for unbiased, inclusive, and diligent execution of the SDGs. By adopting these Statements accordingly and in appropriate stages within national strategies and ensuring transparent reporting of the progress, the authors envision a transformed world by 2030. With this appeal, scientific endeavours could be more effectively directed and optimised with OS, significantly advancing progress toward the SDGs.

Aims Depression is a leading cause of disability, contributing to the global burden of disease. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) carry over 80% of this disease burden. There are high rates of depression in men in Pakistan. Paternal depression is often overlooked and is an under-researched area. Fathers are at risk of depression particularly if their partner is depressed. There is a need for integrated partner inclusive interventions to improve both parent and child outcomes including overall child development. Therefore, this nested qualitative study aims to identify barriers in transition to scale up an innovative low-cost partner inclusive culturally adapted psychosocial intervention for depressed fathers through a process evaluation from the perspective of fathers. Methods This qualitative study was nested within a cluster randomized controlled trial, with depressed fathers of young children (0–3 years) recruited from 18 towns in Karachi, Pakistan. Face to face or digitally audio-recorded interviews were conducted with depressed fathers (N = 24) from the intervention arm of the trial at end of intervention period (i.e., 4-month post-baseline). The intervention involved twelve sessions of a parenting intervention called Learning Through Play integrated with group Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and manual content from “Focus on Fathers”. Interviews were guided by a semi-structured topic guide to explore perceived usefulness of the intervention with particular focus on exploring any additional benefits or challenges of engaging partners into the intervention. Interviews lasted approximately an hour. Data were analysed using the principles of Framework Analysis. A concurrent analysis of initial interviews directed towards further interviews until data saturation. Results Analysis highlighted perceived usefulness of the intervention such as improvement in mood, engagement in routine tasks, healthy thinking patterns, increased attachment with child, improved relationship with the family, improvement in parenting knowledge and more positive attitudes towards child development, supporting partners in household chores, and recommendation to promote this partner inclusive parenting program throughout the country. Conclusion Addressing depression in parents is hugely important due to its adverse impact on both parents and children. This low-cost parenting program supported fathers in their parenting role along with improvement in psychological well-being. This has also informed barriers and facilitators to implement the LTP plus parenting program and the possibilities to roll out the intervention at national level.

Aims Suicide is a global public health concern, affecting not only the individuals but also families. It is the leading cause of maternal death during pregnancy and up to one year after birth and commonly occurs after a period of suicidal ideation (SI). It is imperative to have interventions to help with SI and behaviors. We therefore aimed to adapt and test the feasibility and acceptability of a culturally adapted intervention for SI in women during postnatal period in Pakistan. Methods This is a two phase, mixed method Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). First phase included adaptation of an existing Culturally Adapted Manual-Assisted Problem-Solving intervention (CMAP) for women experiencing SI. Adaptation process included two focus group discussion (FGDs), one with lived experience experts (women who experienced suicidal ideation during postnatal period), the other with health professionals (n = 8 in each group). Second phase involves a feasibility RCT with aim to recruit and randomize a total of 90 postnatal women experiencing suicidal ideation (screened using the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation), randomize into either of two study arms: CMAP (n = 45) or Treatment as usual (n = 45). Potential participants are being recruited from hospitals, communities, and self-referrals from 5 major cities in Pakistan. Culturally adapted CMAP is a brief problem-solving therapy of 6 individually delivered sessions, lasting about 50 minutes. The primary outcome is to assess the feasibility of CMAP through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Secondary outcomes include measuring SI, self-harm, depression, social support, and quality of life. Assessments will be conducted at baseline and 3rd month post randomization. Results Analysis of qualitative data from FGD with lived experience experts highlighted importance of incorporating additional techniques of trust building, modifying thinking behavior, mindfulness, distraction exercises including religious practices as a preventive measure of self-harm, child safety measures, and involvement of partner in intervention. Analysis of FGD with healthcare professionals emphasized addition of visualized content, re-assessing depression and suicidal ideation in-between the sessions to monitor relapse, involving family, and capacity building of health professionals to improve their understanding about perinatal mental health problems. Conclusion Women in postnatal period are at high risk of SI, specifically those women from low- and middle-income countries, due to limited resources and mental healthcare provision. The earlier detection of SI, early intervention for suicide risk by delivery of culturally sensitive interventions can help reduce maternal mortality rates.

Abstract Chromium (Cr) toxicity significantly threatens sunflower growth and productivity by interfering with enzymatic activity and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Zinc quantum dot biochar (ZQDB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have become popular to resolve this issue. AMF can facilitate root growth, while biochar tends to minimize Cr mobility in soil. The current study aimed to explore AMF and ZQDB combined effects on sunflower plants in response to Cr toxicity. Four treatments were applied, i.e. NoAMF + NoZQDB, AMF + 0.40%ZQDB, AMF + 0.80%ZQDB, and AMF + 1.20%ZQDB, under different stress levels of Cr, i.e. no Cr (control), 150 and 200 mg Cr/kg soil. Results showed that AMF + 1.20%ZQDB was the treatment that caused the greatest improvement in plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, number of leaves per plant, achenes per head, 1000 achenes weight, achene yield, biological yield, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and oleic acid, relative to the condition NoAMF + No ZQDB at 200 mg Cr/kg soil. A significant decline in peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) while improvement in ascorbate peroxidase (APx), oil content, and protein content further supported the effectiveness of AMF + 1.20%ZQDB against Cr toxicity. Our results suggest that the treatment AMF + 1.20%ZQDB can efficiently alleviate Cr stress in sunflowers.

Objective: Determination of the frequency of pathological cardiotocography in laboring women with high-risk pregnancies and to compare perinatal outcomes with and without pathological CTG among them. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Gynecology Department, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Lahore, Pakistan from March 2023 to September 2023. Methods: A total 75 women with high-risk pregnancies were included in this cross-sectional comparative study. Women were selected by consecutive nonprobability sampling techniques. Adverse perinatal outcomes were assessed in terms of stillbirth, cesarean section, low Apgar score, neonatal mortality, and morbidity. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for data analysis. Quantitative variables like age, parity, gestational age, and Apgar score were presented as mean± SD. Frequency and percentage were used for qualitative variables like high-risk illness, pathological CTG finding, cesarean section, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Two groups were compared by using Chi-square test. Data stratification was done for age and gestational age. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: A mean age of 28.0±4.1 years was found in included women. Pathological CTG was found in 28 cases (37.3%). The adverse perinatal outcome was found significantly higher in a group with pathological CTG (P≤0.005). Conclusion: The relationship and frequency of pathological CTG in high-risk pregnancies should be timely determined to get good maternal and fetal outcomes. Women with pathological CTG, are at great risk of caesarean section with rising trends of low Apgar score at birth, increased rate of NICU admission, and mortality.

ABSTRACTAdvancements in the field of research and development have paved toward the use of herbal agents to cure and control health maladies. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) is one of the herbs that possess pharmacological and therapeutic attributes. Various bioactive components in milk thistle have a key role in pathological conditions like blood-related disorders, hepatic ailments, arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and carcinomas. Among various bioactive components, silymarin is an active agent which isa standardized mixture of flavonolignans (70%–80%) along with silybin, silydianin, and silychristin, with silybin being the main active chemical component. Silymarin has been used medicinally to treat liver disorders, including acute and chronic viral hepatitis, toxin/drug-induced hepatitis, cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver diseases. Traditionally, the plant was employed to increase human reproduction ability, possess reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, has UV-induced skin damage protection, maintains the menstrual cycle, lessen viral infection, decrease fibrosis, and blood glucose as well as improve functions of the liver, pancreas, and reproductive cells. This review summarizes the basic as well as advanced therapeutic effects of silymarin which will ultimately lead researchers in developinphytopharmaceutical-based complementary medicine.

Abstract In order to develop integrated management approaches for Pectinophora gossypiella, basic studies are crucial. The two-sex life table is the most important tool for describing the fitness and population parameters of both sexes (male and female) of an insect, while the traditional life table only explains the female sex of an insect. However, no study has reported on the biology of P. gossypiella using two-sex life table tools. Therefore, this study explains the rearing dynamics of P. gossypiella on a cotton seed-based artificial diet and a natural diet (mature cotton bolls). According to the results, the oviposition period of P. gossypiella was recorded to be longer on the artificial diet (9.07 ± 0.24) compared to the natural diet (7.40 ± 0.11). The total fecundity of P. gossypiella was greater on the artificial diet (125.94 ± 3.06) in comparison to the natural diet (60.37 ± 1.10). The population parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, gross reproductive rate, and net reproductive rate of P. gossypiella were highest on the artificial diet in comparison to the natural diet. This study concluded that the cotton seed-based artificial diet was most suitable for the rearing of P. gossypiella. In the future, P. gossypiella may be studied in depth in light of the findings in this study.

Abstract Background Emodin and aloe-emodin are two anthraquinones having positive effects in wound healing. However, their mechanism of action of wound healing is not fully understood. The MAP kinase family, which plays an active role in wound healing, is a well-characterized large family of serine/threonine kinases and regulates processes such as proliferation, oncogenesis, differentiation, and inflammation in the cell. The aim of this study is to comparatively elucidate the mechanisms of action of emodin and aloe-emodin, which are potential agents in wound healing. Methods The mechanism of the effects of emodin and aloe-emodin on cell viability and cell migration was examined using the human skin fibroblast (CCD-1079Sk) cell line. The gene expression levels of the MAP kinases (JNK, P38, ERK) in the skin fibroblast cells along with a molecular docking study analyzing their interaction potential were evaluated. Furthermore, the molecules’ effects on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans were studied. Results Emodin and aloe-emodin inhibited the ATP content of the cells in a concentration dependent manner and accelerated cell migration at the lower concentrations while inhibiting cell migration in the higher concentration treatment groups. The expressions of JNK and P38 were upregulated at the low concentrations and downregulated at the higher concentrations. The molecular docking studies of the molecules gave high docking scores indicating their interaction potential with JNK and P38. C. elegans lifespan under heat stress was observed longer after 75 µM emodin and was significantly reduced after 150 µM aloe-emodin treatment. Conclusion Aloe-emodin was found to be more potent on cell viability, cell migration, gene expression levels of the MAP kinases in healthy fibroblastic skin cells, and on the lifespan of C. elegans. This study reveals the functional effects and the biological factors that interact in the wound healing process of emodin and aloe-emodin, and give a possible treatment alternative to shorten the duration of wound care.

The significant impact of nanotechnology has turned the ordinary into the excellent in the ever-changing environment of science and technology. Recent times have seen a dramatic transformation as advances in science and technology continue to push us into the domain of nanoscale innovation. Fluid flow over a range of geometries is involved in the physical processes of heat and mass transfer subject to the constraints. These phase change systems are also converted into the latest technology by improving the thermal conductivity of the fluids through the mixing of nanoparticles in the ordinary base fluid. This approach makes things finer and quicker from the perspective of efficiency and structure. It has many applications in various domains especially in nano-medicines, chemotherapy, microprocessors, refrigeration, and biotechnology. In this work, nanofluid flow through a wavy cylinder is considered in the existence of thermal radiation, activation energy, and motile microorganisms. The physical model is computationally solved by developing a system of PDE's (partial differential equations) and then transformed into ODE's (ordinary differential equations) by the smooth implementation of similarity variables. The resultant ODE's numerically treated by the bvp4c built package of MATLAB and get the required results. These results are discussed and graphically visualized in the analysis section. For the validation of results, the statistical approach is implemented on the acquired results and shows the fitted model, contour plots, surface plots, residual plots, and streamlines of the involved parameters and their impacts on the model. The impact of involving physical quantities on flow velocity, thermal, concentration, and microorganism's density profiles also discussed. From the results, it is noted that the velocity profile increases by increasing the counts of mixed convection. Thermal distribution enhanced due to boosting the values of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The concentration of nanoparticles increased by increasing the magnetic field strength. The larger values of peclet number minimize the density of microorganisms. Skin friction coefficient is increased by around 28% and mass transport going to be increased by 36% due to the existence of microorganisms. The analysis of variance shows that our model is significant and the fitted summary also shows the fitness of model.

This paper presents a Galerkin finite element-based study investigating the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convective behavior of Ostwald-de Waele nanofluids in a lid-driven wavy chamber. The study addresses a critical aspect of heat transfer with applications in diverse fields, including nuclear power plants and solar thermal collectors. Utilizing Galerkin finite element methods, we analyze the complex interplay of factors in the 2D stable motion of nanofluids. Our investigation involves a comparative analysis of thermal Grashof numbers, emphasizing their impact on the thermo-hydrodynamic behavior within the chamber. Additionally, the magnetic field effects, characterized by parameters such as Hartmann number, Reynolds number, Darcy number, power-law index, and undulation number, are systematically explored. The study introduces geometric representations for understanding the isothermal behaviors of Ostwald-de Waele nanofluids. The findings underscore the significance of physical factors, including the transition to turbulent flow, increased porosity, enhanced nanoparticle strength, and smaller particle sizes, in influencing fluid flow within the chamber. Notably, at the highest Reynolds number, elevating Grashof and Darcy numbers enhances the Nusselt number by 3% and 19%, respectively, while a reduction in the Hartmann number leads to a remarkable 23% increase. This Galerkin finite element-based study provides a comprehensive examination of MHD mixed convective behavior in a lid-driven wavy chamber with Ostwald-de Waele nanofluids. The results offer quantitative insights into the intricate dynamics of nanofluid heat transfer and contribute novel perspectives to the existing literature.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of presenting clinical features of asthenopia in madrassa students with different refractive errors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September-November 2022 at different Madrassas in Lahore, Pakistan. Study was performed on a sample of 108 patients, who had different refractive difficulties. Informed consent was taken from the patients aging ≥18 years and from parents/ guardians of patients aging 16 years of age. Common asthenopic symptoms included hazy vision (n=106; 98.1%), headache (n=93; 86.1%), discomfort (n=79; 73.1%), pain (n=76; 70.4%) and eye strain (n=72; 66.7%). Common refractive errors were myopia (n=59; 54.6%), hypermetropia (n=25; 23.2%) and astigmatism (n=24; 22.2%). Severity of refractive errors was mild in majority of cases of myopia (n=24/59; and hypermetropia (n= and moderate in astigmatism (n=16; 64%). Headache, eye strain and blurring of vision had significant association with myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. CONCLUSION: Myopia and hypermetropia are the most common refractive errors; hazy vision and headache are the common asthenopic symptoms. There is a strong association between asthenopic symptoms and refractive errors.

Global indicators have warned of freshwater scarcity in Asia. However, the utilization of freshwater resources has skyrocketed for commercial and industrial purposes without any strategy for recycling and reuse. The power plant's wastewater/reject mainly consisted of cooling tower blowdown water and reverse osmosis (RO) plant reject water. Due to the high turbid nature of reject water, pretreatment was carried out to achieve SDI15

Objective: To explore the HDL cholesterol-raising capacity of Irbesartan (an antihypertensive drug) in rabbit's serum. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Animal House of the National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan from January 2023 to November 2023. Methods: This study was conducted on 18 rabbits divided into three groups with six rabbits in each. Leaving one group as a normal control, two out of three groups were made hypercholesterolemic by a high-cholesterol diet. Irbesartan was given to one of the hypercholesteremic groups for 30 days. Blood samples were taken for serum analysis of HDL cholesterol. Results: Results of blood serum levels of all three groups were compared and analyzed on three different occasions i.e., on day zero, day 120, and day 150 for HDL cholesterol. Their means were calculated using SPSS Version 20. The irbesartan-treated group showed obvious elevation in serum HDL cholesterol in comparison with the hypercholesteremic control group. Conclusion: It is concluded that Irbesartan, an antihypertensive drug has an additional role of elevating serum high-density lipoproteins and can provide the supplementary benefit of improving the lipid profile in hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia. How to cite this: Shakir S, Chaudhry ZR, Atif M, Sadaf R, Chaudhry ER, Chaudhry SR. Novel Role of Irbesartan in Elevating Serum High Density Lipoprotein in Hypercholesterolemic Animal Model. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 199-203. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.536

Evidence has shown that parenting intervention programmes improve parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices, which helps in promoting child development. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of parenting intervention in improving child behaviours. This is a secondary analysis of data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial with depressed mothers aged 18–44 years with a child aged 0 to 36 months. This paper reports findings from the dataset of participants with a child aged between 24 and 36 months. Villages (n = 120) were randomised into either of two arms: learning through play plus (LTP Plus) or treatment as usual (TAU). LTP Plus is a 10-session, group parenting intervention integrated with cognitive behaviour therapy, delivered over 3 months. This secondary analysis reports findings on the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory (ECBI) and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME). Findings show a significant improvement in child behaviour (ECBI) scores (p < 0.011) and HOME scores (p < 0.001) in the intervention group compared to TAU at 3-month follow-up. In a low-resource setting, low-cost group parenting intervention delivered by community health workers has the potential to improve child behaviours and quality of the home environment. Parenting interventions aimed at improving child behavioural problems can have significant implications for the child, family, and broader societal outcomes. Addressing behavioural problems in early years, parenting interventions can potentially reduce long-term consequences and costs associated with untreated child behavioural issues.

Objective: To assess the role of early triage and emergency obstetric care for high-risk pregnancies and their outcome. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, from Jan 2021 to Jun 2022. Methodology: Women with high-risk pregnancies, aged 18-40 years, gestational age >28 weeks, were included. Emergency obstetric care was provided to participants of the study. Maternal outcome was assessed regarding their hospital stay duration, morbidity, mortality and mode of delivery. The fetal outcome was in terms of intra-uterine death (IUD), Early neonatal death (ENND), and live births. Results: The mean age of patients was 28.1±3.49 years. Most of the patients belonged to high-order cesarean section and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. 94.3% were delivered by cesarean section due to obstetric reasons, and hospital stay was an average of> 72 hours in 57.7 %. Maternal mortality and morbidity were not observed. 99.9% of babies were live births, 0.7% ended into ENND, and one received an IUD. Conclusion: Early triage followed by the provision of emergency obstetric emergency care is recommended in high-risk pregnancies for optimum feto-maternal outcome.

The present study aimed to train Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) in a parenting program called Learning through Play (LTP) to improve their Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices regarding child development after completion of training, for them to be better able to support parents during their routine practice. Quasi experimental design was used. A total of 330 TBAs meeting study eligibility criteria were included and data was collected in a group setting. LTP training was comprised of weekly sessions delivered over 1 month. LTP includes knowledge about child development for children from 0 to 3 years. The Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) questionnaire was used to measure change. Statistical analysis was done through Paired Sample T -test. There was a significant difference between pre-post scores t = -29.36 ( p

In recent years, we have seen the use of virtual synchronous qualitative data-collection methods grow exponentially, especially within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although several recommendations for researchers conducting in-person interviews and focus groups are available in the scientific literature, they are not necessarily suited for application in a virtual context. To gain a better understanding of current practices and recommendations in virtual synchronous qualitative data collection, we conducted a scoping review. Information obtained from the 70 articles included in this review highlights the main benefits and challenges of virtual data-collection methods in research, compares differences with in-person means of data collection, and provides readers with practical insights for before, during, and after data collection. This comprehensive overview of the existing literature allowed us to outline the theoretical contributions and practical implications of our work as well as provide perspectives for future research. This scoping review can serve as a tool to inform researchers about how best to conduct virtual synchronous qualitative data collection based on other researchers’ prior experiences and the recommendations currently available in the literature.

This article examines static spherically symmetric wormhole (WH) solutions in f(Q,T) theory of gravity where Q represents non-metricity (NM) scalar while T is the trace of the stress-energy tensor. An anisotropic fluid configuration is taken into account to fulfill the task along with the linear form of the f(Q,T) model. For two different choices of the redshift function that are φ(r)=constant, φ(r)=(r0r)12 and for the shape functions, b(r)=r0+r0((rr0)γ−1),b(r)=r0log⁡(r+1)log⁡(r0+1), we construct the corresponding WH solutions. We examine the graphical behavior of the chosen shape functions and analyze all necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of WH. We investigate the stability of obtained solutions and analyze how the energy conditions behave. We found that the null energy condition (NEC) is violated in a few regions of spacetime which shows the existence of traversable WHs in these regions. It is concluded that our results are viable for the positive values of theory parameters and within a range 0

Abstract The light passing near the black hole (BH) is deflected due to the gravitational effect, producing the BH shadow, a dark inner region that is often surrounded by a bright ring, whose optical appearance comes directly from BH’s mass and its angular momentum. We mainly study the shadow and observable features of non-commutative (NC) charged Kiselev BH, surrounded by various profiles of accretions. To obtain the BH shadow profile, we choose specific values of the model parameters and concluded that the variations of each parameter directly vary the light trajectories and size of BH. For thin disk accretion, which includes direct lensing and photon rings emissions, we analyze that the profile of BH contains the dark interior region and bright photon ring. However, their details depends upon the emissions, generally, direct emission plays significant role in the total observed luminosity, while lensing ring has a small contribution and the photon ring makes a negligible contribution, as usual, the latter can be ignored safely. Moreover, we also consider the static and infalling accretion matters and found that the location of the photon sphere is almost the same for both cases. However, the specific intensity which is observed from BH profile found to be darker for infalling accretion case due to the Doppler effect of the infalling motion as compared to the static one.

Abstract Thanks for the releasing image of supermassive black holes (BHs) by the event horizon telescope (EHT) at the heart of the M87 galaxy. After the discovery of this mysterious object, scientists paid attention to exploring the BH shadow features under different gravitational backgrounds. In this scenario, we study the light rings and observational properties of BH shadow surrounded by different accretion flow models and then investigate the effect of model parameters on the observational display and space-time structure of BHs in the framework of our considering system. Under the incompatible configuration of the emission profiles, the images of BHs comprise that the observed luminosity is mainly determined by direct emission, while the lensing ring will provide a small contribution of the total observed flux and the photon ring makes a negligible contribution due to its exponential narrowness. More importantly, the observed regions and specific intensities of all emission profiles are changed correspondingly under variations of parameters. For optically thin accreting matters, we analyze the profile and specific intensity of the shadows with static and infalling accretions models, respectively. We find that with an infalling motion the interior region of the shadows will be darker than the static case, due to the Doppler effect of the infalling movement. Finally, it is concluded that these findings support the fact that the change of BH state parameters will change the way of space-time geometry, thus affecting the BH shadow dynamics.

Abstract The idea of hybrid metric-Palatini $$f({\mathcal {X}})$$ f ( X ) gravity (HMPG) is a blend of Einstein Hilbert (EH) action having non-linear function f(R) and linear scalar curvature R by Palatini gravity. The goal of this paper is to investigate the warm inflationary model (WIM) via standard and irreversible thermodynamical approach in $$f({\mathcal {X}})$$ f ( X ) gravity. We start our work by obtaining the field equations (FEs) for HMPG and then investigate the cosmic inflation in $$f({\mathcal {X}})$$ f ( X ) theory of gravity by looking at cosmic parameters such as slow-roll parameters, spectral index $$(n_s)$$ ( n s ) , running of spectral index $$(\alpha _s)$$ ( α s ) and tensor-to-scalar ratio (r). Next, the early universe is considered as an open system. The thermodynamics and dynamical equations in $$f({\mathcal {X}})$$ f ( X ) gravity are applied to interacting cosmic fluid, which leads us to adapt the basic formalism of WIM. This analysis is done using Higgs Potential (HP). Numerical results of the thermodynamical equations such as scale factor (a(t)), scalar-field energy density $$(\rho _\varphi )$$ ( ρ φ ) and radiation energy density $$(\rho _\gamma )$$ ( ρ γ ) , number of scalar-field particles $$(n_\varphi )$$ ( n φ ) and temperature $$({\mathcal {T}})$$ ( T ) are derived and presented graphically using slow-roll approach and defining several dimensionless variables. From obtained results, we calculate cosmic parameters. In the end, we constraint the model parameters, and compare our calculated results to the Planck-2018 data.

Objective:Since breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancer types among women, it is very important for nurses to assess symptom-management and self-efficacy of patients during chemotherapy treatment. This study was carried out to examine the validity and reliability of the symptom-management self-efficacy scale for BC related to chemotherapy.Methods:The study sample of this methodological research consisted of 248 women receiving chemotherapy treatment due to breast cancer in a public hospital in İstanbul between November 2017 ans March 2018. Translation-back translation method was used to assess the language validity of the scale. Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin and Bartlett’s tests were applied to evaluate the sampling adequacy and the suitability of the data for factor analysis.Results:The content validity of the Turkish form was 0.912; Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.905. The factor loads of all the items belonging to the scale were above 0.40, and explained variance for the scale was as follows; 16,284 for the problem-solving sub-dimension; 13,517 for the sub-dimension of managing problems in emotional and interpersonal relationships, and total explained variance of the scale was found to be 46,944. For this reason, no items were removed from the scale and the scale was accepted as having 3 sub-dimensions as it was in the original.Conclusion:Findings obtained from this study showed that the Turkish version of the scale was valid and reliable and could be used in research and clinical practice in Turkey.

The two-dimensional radiating mixed convective flowing in a nanofluid, together with the non-Darcy penetrable material over an inclined wavy surface is examined. The conversion from the wavy surface into a smooth surface is performed, via coordinate transformation. The early stage of a mathematical formulation is converted into a group of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), where these ODEs are resolved applying the bvp4c coding via MATLAB. The comparison of the current findings with the previously published studies proved that the current results are quite consistent, and the numerical bvp4c method is acceptable. The influence of relevant factors on nondimensional fluid flowing areas, heat and mass transmission rates is investigated and listed in the table as shown. The wavy surface and tendency angle have an effect of reducing the temperature and concentration in assisting flow. Additionally, the opposite direction is noted for opposing flow occurrences.

Abstract Solar radiation, which is emitted by the sun, is required to properly operate photovoltaic cells and solar water pumps (SWP). A parabolic trough surface collector (PTSC) installation model was created to investigate the efficacy of SWP. The thermal transfer performance in SWP is evaluated thru the presence of warmth radiation and heat cause besides viscid dissipation. This evaluation is performed by measuring the thermal transmission proportion of the selected warmth transmission liquid in the PTSC, known as a hybrid nano-fluid. Entropy analysis of Oldroyd-B hybrid nano-fluid via modified Buongiorno's model was also tested. The functions of regulating parameters are quantitatively observed by using the Keller-box approach in MATLAB coding. Short terms define various parameters for tables in velocity, shear pressure and temperature, gravity, and Nusselt numbers. In the condition of thermal radiation and thermal conductivity at room temperature, the competence of SWP is proven to be enhanced. Unlike basic nano-fluids, hybrid nano-fluids are an excellent source of heat transfer. Additionally, with at least 22.56% and 35.01% magnitude, the thermal efficiency of AA7075–Ti–6Al–4 V/EO is higher than AA7075–EO.

Heparan sulfates are long and complex polysaccharides that mediate a large number of biological processes at the cell surface. Here, the authors provide structural and functional insights into the human EXT1-EXT2 complex that carries out the polymerization of heparan sulfate chains.

Abstract It is well known that solar energy is the main source of thermal energy coming from the sun responsible for huge operations in engineering studies. It can be seen in the technology of photovoltaic cells, solar streetlights, solar energy plates, and solar water pumping. This study is for investigating solar radiation as well as a method to improve the performance of the solar water pump (SWP) with the use of solar radiation along with nanotechnology. The thermal transfer performance of the pump is checked for the case of many impacts including heat radiations and variable thermal conductivity. An Oldroyd‐B nanofluid with entropy production analysis has been scrutinized as a working coolant liquid in the system. Graphene oxide (GO) and Cu nanoparticles have been employed in engine oil (EO) as the base liquid. It is noticed that the heat transfer performance of SWP increases in the case of amplification in thermal radiation and temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity characteristics. In comparison to low thermal conductivity nanofluid, high thermal conductivity nanofluid provides the best capability for heat transmission. The thermal efficiency of the used (GO/EG) nanofluid has been enhanced by between 7.70% and 26.68% than (Cu/EO) nanofluid.

A new predictive frequency management system is designed for multi-area microgrids (MGs). The uncertainties are online modeled by a deep learned type-2 (T2) fuzzy-logic system (FLS) and singular-value decomposition (SVD) approach. The predictive controller is designed based on the SVD-T2FLS model. The robustness against perturbations is ensured by the adaptive learning laws and adaptive compensators. The learning rules are extracted from stability and robustness investigation. The effect of demand response (DR), multiple load changes, high dynamic perturbations and variation of wind speed and solar energies are studied. The simulations on two case study systems and comparisons with other fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs), demonstrate that the suggested approach is well effective and results in good regulation accuracy.

Objective:This study was conducted to investigate empathic tendencies and attitudes toward people with disabilities in healthy developing children and the relationship between their parents’ empathic tendencies.Methods:Fifty-fourth grade primary school students and their parents were included in this study. KA-SI Empathic Tendency Scale-Child Form (KA-SI), Chedoke-Mcmaster Attitudes Towards Children with Handicaps Scale and Empathetic Tendency Scale (ETS) for parents were used.Results:When the total scores were considered, there was a moderate correlation between children's empathic tendencies and attitudes towards the disabled (r=0.594; p0.05, respectively). Parents with a college degree had a higher level of empathy in their children (p

Objective: To find the changing radiological pattern of COVID-19 on HRCT chest in vaccinated patients. Study Design: Observational, cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Sialkot Pakistan, from Jan to Feb 2022. Methodology: All patients referred for High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest were included. All participants underwent HRCT chest after recording the demographic data. Computed tomography (CT) images were reviewed by an experienced radiologist for pulmonary involvement and determining the computed tomography severity score, which ranged from 0-40 points. Results: A total of 90 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 35.8±13.2 years. The number of partially vaccinated, fully vaccinated patients, and those with booster doses were 10(11.1%), 62(68.9%) and 18(20%), respectively. Patients with normal or non-specific findings on HRCT were 74(82.2%), and those with findings suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonitis were 16 (17.8%). The mean CT severity score among positive cases was 4.69±8.01, while the most frequent pulmonary finding was ground glass opacities found in 11(68.8%) cases. Conclusion: Vaccination reduces the frequency and severity of pulmonary involvement in cases with breakthrough COVID-19 though the presentation of the disease and pattern of the pulmonary involvement does not show much change.

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serum Cystatin C for early detection of kidney damage taking albumin Creatinine Ratio as a reference standard among people of Bahawalpur having diabetes mellitus type 2. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The Study was conducted at the Department of Pathology in collaboration with th th Kidney Center, Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan from 27 August 2021 to 26 February 2022. Methods: There was a total of 200 patients having diabetes mellitus type 2 with GFR between 60-90ml/min with an age range from 40-60 years were selected. Study participants with a history of steroid intake, hypothyroidism, chronic liver disease, AIDS, and hypertension were not included in the study. For assessment of diagnostic accuracy of Cystatin C to evaluate the renal damages in early stages, microalbuminuria was evaluated. As per the guidelines provided by the respective manufacturers, individuals exhibiting two albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) levels exceeding 30 mg/g were classified as having diabetic nephropathy (DN). Results: The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of serum Cystatin C for the early detection of kidney damage, with albumin-to-creatinine ratio used as the reference standard among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, were 90.98%, 78.21%, 86.72%, 84.72%, and 86.0%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this investigation indicate that serum cystatin C (CysC) exhibits a considerable level of diagnostic accuracy in the early detection of kidney damage among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, utilizing the albumin-to-creatinine ratio as a reference standard. How to cite this: Sajid I, Saeed R, Goheer A, Asghar S, Saqib S, Bashir F. Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum Cystatin C for Early Detection of Kidney Damage in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Life and Science. 2024; 5(1): 41-47. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.559

Objective: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) may cause severe respiratory disease, glomerular dysfunction and acute tubular necrosis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, lymphopenia and increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) associated with poor prognosis. We investigated the effects of these mediators on the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Materials and Methods: Patients with severe pneumonia with the diagnosis COVID-19 were included in the retrospective study. Three subgroups were created: Group 1: patients who developed AKI at admission or at follow-up to the intensive care unit (ICU), group 2: those without AKI, group 3: Patients who developed AKI on the basis of chronic kidney disease. Demographic data, comorbidities, lactate, D-dimer, CRP, LDH, NLR, PLR, mortality were recorded and compared. Results: Two hundred fifty six patients were evaluated. Group 2 D-dimer levels before ICU were significantly lower than those in group 3. Group 2 last day D-dimer levels were significantly lower than those of group 3 and group 1. Admission LDH values were higher in the group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. Last day LDH values were higher in the group 1 than in group 2. NLR values were higher in group 3 than in group 2 on the 6th day. Last day PLR values were lower in the group 1 than in group 2. No significant difference was present between the groups in terms of D-dimer, LDH, NLR, PLR levels at the other time points. Conclusion: The contribution of laboratory findings in determining the risk of AKI has not been clarified.

Abstract The study of hydromagnetic mixed convection flow of viscoelastic fluid caused by a vertical stretched surface is presented in this paper. According to this theory, the stretching velocity varies as a power function of the displacement from the slot. The conservation of energy equation includes thermal radiation and viscous dissipation to support the mechanical operations of the heat transfer mechanism. Through the use of an adequate and sufficient similarity transformation for a nonlinearly stretching sheet, the boundary layer equations governing the flow issue are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations. The Keller box technique is then used to numerically solve the altered equations. To comprehend the physical circumstances of stretching sheets for variations of the governing parameters, numerical simulations are made. The influence and characteristic behaviours of physical parameters were portrayed graphically for the velocity field and temperature distributions. The research shows that the impact of the applied magnetic parameter is to improve the distribution of the viscoelastic fluid temperature and reduce the temperature gradient at the border. Temperature distribution and the associated thermal layer are shown to have improved because of radiative and viscous dissipation characteristics. Radiation causes additional heat to be produced in liquid, raising the fluid's temperature. It was also found that higher velocities are noticed in viscoelastic fluid as compared with Newtonian fluid (i.e., when K = 0).

Abstract In solar heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), communications are designed to create new 3D mathematical models that address the flow of rotating Sutterby hybrid nanofluids exposed to slippery and expandable seats. The heat transmission investigation included effects such as copper and graphene oxide nanoparticles, as well as thermal radiative fluxing. The activation energy effect was used to investigate mass transfer with fluid concentration. The boundary constraints utilized were Maxwell speed and Smoluchowksi temperature slippage. With the utilization of fitting changes, partial differential equations (PDEs) for impetus, energy, and concentricity can be decreased to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To address dimensionless ODEs, MATLAB’s Keller box numerical technique was employed. Graphene oxide Copper/engine oil (GO-Cu/EO) is taken into consideration to address the performance analysis of the current study. Physical attributes, for example, surface drag coefficient, heat move, and mass exchange are mathematically processed and shown as tables and figures when numerous diverse factors are varied. The temperature field is enhanced by an increase in the volume fraction of copper and graphene oxide nanoparticles, while the mass fraction field is enhanced by an increase in activation energy.

This research concentrates on using neural networks in the modelling and prediction of macroeconomic variables in specific. Macroeconomic predictors are particularly interested in neural networks because of their capacity to predict any linear or non-linear connection with a decent degree of precision. Two macroeconomic variables have been used for projecting: gross domestic product (volume, NGDPD) and total investment (NID NGDP) over the time period of 2013–2023. Moving averages, exponential smoothing, Brown’s single-parameter linear, exponential smoothing, Brown’s second-order exponential smoothing, Holt’s two-parameter linear exponential smoothing, and decomposition techniques are used as analytical tools. The research focuses on the usefulness of the artificial neural network model for predicting economic determinants in the long run and compares the ANN’s findings with the Conventional Time - Series data sets (Smoothing & Decomposition Techniques). To emphasise the point, a scientific illustration is used to forecast Pakistan’s two crucial macroeconomic indicators. Based on the empirical results, ANN can play a vital role in forecasting the macroeconomic fundamentals of Pakistan if compare to Exponential smoothing techniques.

The current study empirically investigated the implementation of relational e-HRM practices in banks and examined their relationship with the overall organizational performance of the banks in Lahore during COVID-19 pandemic. It also highlighted the issues that managers face during the implementation of relational e-HRM practices. The mixed method approach was adopted to conduct this cross-sectional study. Commercial banks with their head offices in Lahore were chosen and 171 branches were selected randomly. The purposive sampling technique was used to collect qualitative data and semi-structured interviews of sixteen (16) branch managers were carried out online. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically while covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) was used to understand the effect of e-HRM practices on organizational performance. Most of the banks were found to have implemented all the relational e-HRM practices except e-selection which was implemented only in two branches. Relational e-HRM practices showed a positive effect on the overall performance of banks during COVID-19 pandemic. Centralized decision- making, limited autonomy of bank branches, presence of senior, computer illiterate employees, and inadequate financial resources were found to obstruct the implementation of e-HRM practices. The current research added to the e-HRM literature and examined the association between relational e-HRM practices and overall organizational performance in the context of banks operating in Lahore which apparently was never done before. Only the top commercial banks operating in Lahore, one of the largest metropolitans in Pakistan, were included in this study. The generalizability of findings may be enhanced with further studies.