Search

We analyze the computational reproducibility of more than 1,000 empirical answers to 6 research questions in finance provided by 168 research teams. Running the researchers' code on the same raw data regenerates exactly the same results only 52% of the time. Reproducibility is higher for researchers with better coding skills and those exerting more effort. It is lower for more technical research questions, more complex code, and results lying in the tails of the distribution. Researchers exhibit overconfidence when assessing the reproducibility of their own research. We provide guidelines for finance researchers and discuss implementable reproducibility policies for academic journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, university innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems (UIEEs) have emerged across the globe. We consider the managerial and policy implications of UIEEs and provide a rationale for our special issue on this topic. We also present a summary of the papers contained in the special issue, highlighting research questions, theories, data and methods, and principal findings and conclusions. We conclude by outlining a research agenda on UIEEs, focusing on multilevel research on agents, institutions, and regions across context, process, and impact of such ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces computer vision models for image analysis in advertising research. It reviews the literature in social science and computer science and identifies three categories and nine types of image analysis. The study uses these categories and types as a framework to select 12 computer vision models and compare them on their capability, accuracy, availability, and usability. Nine models are single-functional models, and three are multi-functional models; all 12 have been used in advertising research. The study also demonstrates how two models are used to classify a sample of image ads and assess the aesthetic scores of these ads to answer the research question about the relationship between content categories and aesthetic scores in image ads. It outlines several key steps for the use of computer vision models in advertising research and proposes future research directions. The study can serve as a guide to advertising researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's "war for talent," effectively managing the salesperson lifecycle is more crucial than ever. This process, which encompasses hiring, onboarding, managing, developing, retaining, and terminating salespeople, is fraught with many challenges that have been neglected by academic research. This special issue helps to close the prevailing research gaps through six high-quality articles about salesperson lifecycle management, answering important research questions related to the stages of hiring, onboarding, managing, and retaining. In addition, this editorial outlines key managerial challenges and emerging research priorities, laying the foundation for future research on salesperson lifecycle management. It also presents the results of a survey conducted with sales managers, confirming the challenges they face and the importance of the proposed research priorities. Future articles can draw on these statistics to find and motivate research topics worthy of investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomistic simulations often rely on interatomic potentials to access greater time and length scales than those accessible to first-principles methods, such as density functional theory. However, since a parameterized potential typically cannot reproduce the true potential energy surface of a given system, we should expect a decrease in accuracy and increase in error in quantities of interest calculated from these simulations. Quantifying the uncertainty on the outputs of atomistic simulations is thus an important, necessary step so that there is confidence in the results and available metrics to explore improvements in said simulations. Here, we address this research question by forming ensembles of atomic cluster expansion potentials, and using conformal prediction with ab initio training data to provide meaningful, calibrated error bars on several quantities of interest for silicon: the bulk modulus, elastic constants, relaxed vacancy formation energy, and the vacancy migration barrier. We evaluate the effects on uncertainty bounds using a range of different potentials and training sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking back at 50 years of Journal of Consumer Research methods and interviewing some of the field's most respected methodologists, this article seeks to craft a core set of best practices for scholars in consumer research. From perennial issues like conceptual validity to emerging issues like data integrity and replicability, the advice offered by our experts can help scholars improve the way they approach their research questions, provide empirical evidence that instills confidence, use new tools to make research more inclusive or descriptive of the "real world," and seek to become thought leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an e-hailing taxi operation, we analyse a driver's profit-maximising reactive strategy (to either accept or refuse a ride request) in response to the ride request broadcast by the platform. We analyse four operating modes, each of which is a combination of either of two reactive strategies: no refusal and refusal based on proximity, and either of two broadcasting methods. In an operating mode, our objective is to evaluate the expected total profit in a shift. We adopt a two-stage methodology to answer the research questions. In the first stage, we develop an agent-based simulation model to capture the effect of multiple taxis on driver's reactive strategy. Using real trip data, we find that a driver could follow a strategy of refusal based on proximity and earn approximately 25% more than the baseline no refusal strategy. In the second stage, we develop an approximate analytical model for a single taxi operation and compare the performance against the agent-based simulation model. We develop closed-form expressions of the expected total profit for each operating mode and topology of the service region. We find that our approximate analytical model provides an upper bound, and the profit deviation lies within 20% of the agent-based simulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the lay appeal of the Net Promoter Score (NPS) is undeniable, scholars have noted concerns over its use based on conceptual and empirical grounds. We address these concerns through an examination of three research questions: (1) To what extent do NPS responses correspond to actual word-of-mouth behaviors? (2) Do NPS responses exhibit measurement invariance across key demographic groupings? (3) How well does NPS perform (as opposed to customer satisfaction scores) as a predictor of financial performance? Study results show that NPS scores correspond to reported word-of-mouth exposure for most, but not all, product categories; NPS responses are invariant across demographic groupings; and that when examined separately, both customer satisfaction and NPS are significant predictors of differences in financial performance, but customer satisfaction explains slightly more variance. We discuss the managerial and theoretical implications arising from these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by two research questions: 1) What emerges as important in the reciprocal relationship between the pedagogical and architectural spaces in the design of a new school? 2) What has a significant influence on the design process of school architecture? This paper examines the taken-for-granted in school architecture when a new school is envisioned and designed. Through observations of a design process, four themes are identified where the reciprocal relationship between the pedagogical and architectural spaces is present: location, learning, communication and previous experiences. To demonstrate the significant influence on the design process, four so-called transactants are identified: 1) the signal value, i.e. the non-verbal message that the pedagogical and architecture relation provide, 2) vibrant learning environment, i.e. the pedagogical actions that are made possible in the architectural space, 3) words as space signifies, i.e. how a word incorporates associated behaviours and actions and 4) tacit professional knowledge which is based on previous experiences and leads the person in evaluating the design. Various experiences, the use and societal concerns in school architecture are further discussed in relation to designing new schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the abilities of language models are thoroughly evaluated in areas like general domains and biomedicine, academic chemistry remains less explored. Chemical QA tools also play a crucial role in both education and research by effectively translating complex chemical information into an understandable format. Addressing this gap, we introduce ScholarChemQA, a large-scale QA dataset constructed from chemical papers. Specifically, the questions are from paper titles with a question mark, and the multi-choice answers are reasoned out based on the corresponding abstracts. This dataset reflects typical real-world challenges, including an imbalanced data distribution and a substantial amount of unlabeled data that can be potentially useful. Correspondingly, we introduce a ChemMatch model, specifically designed to effectively answer chemical questions by fully leveraging our collected data. Experiments show that Large Language Models (LLMs) still have significant room for improvement in the field of chemistry. Moreover, ChemMatch significantly outperforms recent similar-scale baselines: https://github.com/iriscxy/chemmatch. Question Answering (QA) models have emerged as crucial tools for acquiring knowledge and evaluating domain-specific abilities, however, the domain of chemical QA remains underexplored. Here, the authors report ScholarChemQA as a large-scale QA dataset and introduce a ChemMatch model for effectively answering chemical questions and acquiring chemical-related knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nPLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARYDrawing on constructivist approaches, this article contributes to the debate on ideological discourses of (anti-)corruption. The text is inspired by the research of Blendi Kajsiu and focuses on the ideological discourses contained in textual production at different levels of Czech politics – party election manifestos, government policy statements and official governmental anti-corruption strategies. The aim of the analysis is to identify similarities and differences in how political actors formulate their ideas about (anti-)corruption in the electoral process, after gaining executive power and finally in the formulation of the foundations of anti-corruption policies contained in governmental anti-corruption strategies. Thus, the main research question asks whether there is consistency in the discourses carried by a given actor before the elections and after gaining a share of executive power. In the text, we argue that when governments are formed by parties reproducing a centrist or neoliberal discourse, they usually carry this discourse from their election manifestos into the government’s declaration and also into the government’s official anti-corruption strategy. On the contrary, in the case of populist discourse, this transfer has not happened even once, and populist discourse thus appears primarily as a strategy designed to appeal to the electorate.This study examines the various anti-corruption policies formulated by Czech political actors. Despite the common belief that anti-corruption policies are in principle non-ideological and based on expertise, this study aims to underline their deeply ideological nature. The study thus helps policymakers and researchers to understand why these anti-corruption policies often fail, which could be a first step towards their reformulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has sped up the trend of the transformation of the world into the bipolar world of the Cold War, this time centered on Washington and Beijing.11 Serhii Plokhy, The Russo-Ukrainian War. The Return of History (W. W. Norton & Company 2023). Amid the war, Ukraine faces the dilemma of how to maintain the strategic balance with China and the U.S. while harmonizing with the EU approach. This article aims to examine the evolution of Sino-Ukrainian relations over a 32-year history of development and addresses two research questions: what internal and external factors have been critical in influencing bilateral relations during this historical period and how these factors have led both countries’ decision-makers to transition from high-level strategic interactions to those predominantly based on trade, resulting in the current de facto political disregard of Ukraine by China. This academic research provides valuable insights for both academic and policymaking communities into the behavior and diplomatic outcomes between Ukraine and China, demonstrating how geopolitical shifts and internal political dynamics have influenced the trajectory of their bilateral relationship. It elucidates the current stance and future developments of their relations. Additionally, it serves as a case study for smaller countries, particularly other post-Soviet states, in navigating their engagements with China in a changing geopolitical landscape.Serhii Plokhy, The Russo-Ukrainian War. The Return of History (W. W. Norton & Company 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necessary actions should be taken to ensure stock market efficiency; thus, financial innovation-based criteria that affect stock market efficiency should be improved. However, simultaneously improving all criteria is difficult; therefore, performing priority analysis is important for carrying out this process effectively and efficiently. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the financial innovation-based characteristics of stock market efficiency. This study's main research question within this framework is identifying which factors should be prioritized to improve the stock market. In this scope, we created a novel fuzzy decision-making model consisting of two stages. First, selected criteria for the financial innovation-based characteristics of stock market efficiency are weighted. In this process, quantum spherical fuzzy sets based on DEMATEL are considered. In the second stage, selected economies are ranked using the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach. This study's main contribution is that the DEMATEL technique in calculating criterion weights in the decision-making analysis process provides some advantages. With the help of this situation, the causal directions between these items can be considered; thus, it is possible to determine the most accurate strategies. The findings demonstrate that providing tax advantages is the most important factor in ensuring stock market efficiency. Moreover, the excellence of the financial system is critical in ensuring stock market efficiency. In this context, it is possible to provide tax advantages, especially for long-term investments. Thus, long-term investments can be increased, significantly increasing the market's stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I examine the emergence of digital nomads as the 'new creative class' in urban marketing strategies that highlight these workers' technological proficiency and hypermobility and blur the lines between work, leisure and travel in a globalized digital context. I explore the evolution of neoliberal urban marketing strategies and entrepreneurial urbanism—where cities compete to attract this mobile, knowledge and tech‐savvy workforce, challenging traditional workspaces and altering the socio‐economic landscape of cities. First, I review the widely criticized concepts of 'creative class' and 'creative cities'. I then examine the literature on digital nomadism and the need for a spatial and urban studies perspective. Finally, I propose new critical research questions around the sociospatial impact of digital nomad politics in cities. In summary, this article posits that digital nomadism is an aspirational rhetorical concept based on technological skills and global mobility, representing a new strategy in urban marketing and competition and a new challenge for urban scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clinical medicine is becoming more complex and increasingly requires a team-based approach to deliver healthcare needs. This dispersion of cognitive reasoning across individuals, teams and systems (termed "distributed cognition") means that our understanding of cognitive biases and errors must expand beyond traditional "in-the-head" individual mental models and focus on a broader "out-in-the-world" context instead. To our knowledge, no qualitative studies thus far have examined cognitive biases in clinical settings from a team-based sociocultural perspective. Our study therefore seeks to explore how cognitive biases and errors among emergency physicians (EPs) arise due to sociocultural influences and lapses in team cognition. Methodology: Our study team comprised four EPs of different seniorities from three different institutions and local and international academics who provided qualitative methodological guidance. We adopted a constructivist paradigm and employed a reflexive thematic analysis approach which acknowledged our researcher reflexivity. We conducted seven focus group discussions with 25 EPs who were purposively sampled for maximum variation. Our research question was: How do sociocultural factors lead to cognitive biases and medical errors among EPs? Results: Our themes coalesce around sociocultural pressures related to team psychology. In theme one, the EP is compelled by sociocultural pressures to blindly trust colleagues. In the second, the EP is obliged by cultural norms to be "nice" and neatly summarise cases into illness scripts during handovers. In the last, the EP is under immense pressure to follow conventional wisdom, comply with clinical protocols and not challenge inpatient specialists. Conclusion: Cognitive biases and errors in clinical decision-making can arise due to lapses in distributed team cognition. Although this study focuses on emergency medicine, these pitfalls in team-based cognition are relevant across the entire continuum of care and across all specialties of medicine. The hyperacute nature of emergency medicine merely exacerbates and condenses these into a compressed timeframe. Indeed, similar relays are run every day in every discipline of medicine, with the same unified goal of doing the best for our patients while not committing cognitive errors and dropping the baton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much marketing research focuses on what individual consumers need or want for consumption and how they satisfy these needs or wants themselves. However, consumers often give up money, time, or preferences to help others address their consumption needs and wants across the customer journey. The authors introduce the unifying construct of "consumption sacrifice," defined as the willing and intentional act of incurring a cost to the self—in money, time, or preferences—when making a consumption decision, with expected direct benefits to one's partner. The authors offer examples of consumption sacrifices along the customer journey and suggest that this construct offers a new lens through which to examine the existing literature on choices involving others. The authors put forward the view that sacrifices are often invisible to recipients—and thus underrecognized and underappreciated—failing to achieve their full potential. At the same time, different sacrifice motives (partner‐focused, relationship‐focused, self‐focused) may affect the extent to which actors care about making sacrifices visible to recipients. Finally, the authors propose future research questions, including what leads consumers to perform more visible sacrifices, what drives the invisibility of sacrifices among recipients, and what are the consequences of performing and receiving invisible sacrifices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we argue for a deeper integration of visual media into the study of political polarization, suggesting that visual content serves as both a driver and reflection of ideological, affective, and perceived divides in society. We propose that analyzing visual elements such as political figures, symbols, and aesthetics can enrich our understanding of how polarized attitudes evolve and are reinforced across digital platforms. We highlight recent advances in computational methods that make it possible to study visual content at scale, allowing for new insights into the role of visuals in amplifying intergroup biases and societal divides. This framework underscores the value of multimodal approaches in political communication research and identifies key research questions to more fully capture the complex dynamics of polarization in today's media ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nearly 50 years ago, Durkin (1978–1979) conducted a seminal observation study on reading comprehension teaching in Grades 3 through 6. She reported that teachers rarely taught reading comprehension (less than 1% of instructional time). Since then, we have gained substantial knowledge about teaching reading comprehension. We aimed to comprehensively review direct observation studies of reading instruction to understand the extent to which recommended comprehension practices are implemented in schools. Method: A systematic search of the extant literature identified 66 observation studies of reading comprehension instruction for children in K–12 schools, including a total of 1,784 teachers. We employed a mixed-method systematic review to address the research questions. Results: Integrated analyses revealed that reading comprehension instruction infrequently aligned with research-based practices. Findings revealed that, on average, 23% of instructional time during reading/language arts instruction was dedicated to reading comprehension. Like Durkin's study (1978–1979), the results indicated that teachers spent much of this time engaging in initiation-response-evaluation conversation patterns rather engaging students in extensive discussion of text or teaching knowledge or practices (e.g. text structure, reading comprehension strategies) that support reading comprehension. However, analyses suggested that studies conducted after 2000 reported more research-based reading comprehension practices than earlier studies. Conclusions: These findings suggest a substantial gap persists between the reading comprehension practices identified as research-based and those observed in typical practice. There is a need for renewed efforts to prioritize reading comprehension instruction in policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the importance of weaker and no ties for political-information diffusion was established, previous research did not focus on their primary role in mobilization into low-cost political activities. This study examines online mobilization strategies that increase e-petition signing in semi-authoritarian regimes. The research question is approached by assessing mobilization carried out on Twitter, where communication takes place via weaker ties or no ties, and the Russian social networking service VKontakte, characterized by comparatively stronger ties. To examine how the benefits of participation affect the effectiveness of different mobilization steps, participation on the two biggest e-petitioning platforms in Russia, the Russian public initiative and Change.org, is compared. The significance of the information, persuasion and support effects on the petition signing is tested through linear regression and Bayesian network analyses. The results show that irrespective of the benefits of participation, information-sharing is the most important step for online recruitment into low-cost political activities. Meanwhile, persuasion and social support have no direct impact on e-petition signing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A memorable visitor experience is crucial for developing a destination brand and attracting visitors to a heritage destination. Understanding visitors' sentiments is important to enhance their experiences. To answer the research question: how effectively does Bangladesh manage its heritage attractions as tourism experiences? This research has analyzed heritage visitors' sentiments based on online reviews datasets collected from TripAdvisor pages of 5 archeological sites in Bangladesh. This paper has identified eight dimensions associated with heritage visitors' experiences. The findings will help heritage authorities design and implement visitor experience management strategies and deliver memorable visitor experiences. Finally, this paper has discussed practical implications and provided some recommendations to the heritage authorities in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. This publication aims to provide guidelines of the knowledge required and the potential research to be conducted in order to understand the mode of action of antimethanogenic feed additives (AMFA). In the first part of the paper, we classify AMFA into 4 categories according to their mode of action: (1) lowering dihydrogen (H 2) production; (2) inhibiting methanogens; (3) promoting alternative H 2 -incorporating pathways; and (4) oxidizing methane (CH 4). The second part of the paper presents questions that guide the research to identify the mode of action of an AMFA on the rumen CH 4 production from 5 different perspectives: (1) microbiology; (2) cell and molecular biochemistry; (3) microbial ecology; (4) animal metabolism; and (5) cross-cutting aspects. Recommendations are provided to address various research questions within each perspective, along with examples of how aspects of the mode of action of AMFA have been elucidated before. In summary, this paper offers timely and comprehensive guidelines to better understand and reveal the mode of action of current and emerging AMFA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grounded in the long tradition of embracing the global in communication and media studies and inspired by feminist standpoint epistemology, we argue that global communication can function as an epistemological standpoint. After summarizing the diverse and rich tradition of understanding the global in communication and media studies and beyond, we theorize that a global communication standpoint is characterized by a combination of four aspects that can be embraced across the discipline: contextualization, historical rootedness, attention to power, and engagement with issues of relationality and comparison. First, we offer examples of the four elements based on existing scholarship. Second, we analyze how these four elements can be embraced in pedagogy. Finally, we survey recent job market dynamics to analyze the definition of the global by professional practice. We conclude by arguing that the embracement of global communication as a standpoint can benefit research across our discipline, regardless of research questions, methods, contexts, or scholars' identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification, a fundamental data analytics task, has widespread applications across various academic disciplines, such as marketing, finance, sociology, psychology, education, and public health. Its versatility enables researchers to explore diverse research questions and extract valuable insights from data. Therefore, it is crucial to extend familiarity with classification methods to non-STEM students, who will encounter such problems in their professional careers. To address this need, this article presents a data science course for non-STEM students on classification methods. The course's difficulty level is influenced by factors such as students' backgrounds and the prerequisites and requirements set by the offering department. The suggested course framework begins with data preparation and provides students with a comprehensive toolbox comprising methodical techniques and software tools for classification. This course guides students toward discovering new knowledge and insights about classification and interpretation. The teaching approach emphasizes the dynamic process involved in classification, encompassing grasping the analytical task, understanding terms and concepts, visualizing the classification, analyzing data, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions. This course also combines project-based learning, open discussions, and even competitions among class participants. Incorporating practical projects that involve interaction and decision-making within a quantitative course can be highly beneficial. for this article are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service-learning (SL) represents one of the actions for community engagement institutionalisation and a way to achieve the teaching and learning objectives of the university and answer local organisations' needs identified by the community. Studies on the benefits and impacts of service-learning experiences among community partners (rather than students) are rare, especially in higher education and European settings. This study therefore drew on semi-structured interviews with community partners in higher education in three European countries – Italy, Spain, and Slovakia to explore their motivations to join, experiences of, and perspectives on service-learning effects (including organisational empowerment, reciprocity, and civic responsibility). This paper contributes to developing understandings of specific aspects of community partners' service-learning experiences by exploring the role of reciprocity, how it is oriented and how it relates to the perceived impact of service-learning on community partners' organisations, their motivations to join SL, and the organisational empowerment that SL can underpin. Consideration is also given to the space allowed to promote a sense of civic responsibility within the experience. Five research questions were posited: 1: How do community partners perceive reciprocity? Does this perception change over time? 2: What are the perceived SL effects for community partners? 3: What are the community partners' motivations for joining SL? 4: What are the effects of SL on community partners' organisational empowerment? 5: To what extent do community partners perceive that SL can promote civic responsibility among university students? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulpitis may be pain free or alternatively characterized by mild to severe pain and associated symptoms. Evidence has recently emerged that patients presenting with carious pulp exposure range of symptoms can be treated effectively with pulpotomy. Objective: The current systematic review aimed to answer the following research question: "In patients with deep caries lesions in permanent teeth associated with no symptoms, reversible pulpitis or signs and symptoms indicative of irreversible pulpitis (P), is partial pulpotomy (I) as effective as full pulpotomy (C), in terms of a combination of patient and clinical reported outcomes (O), with "tooth survival" as the most critical outcome? Methods: The systematic literature search was conducted in the following electronic databases: OVID, Scopus, PubMed (Including MEDLINE), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) supplemented with Grey literature and hand searching of relevant journals. The English language clinical trials comparing the patient and clinical reported outcomes between partial and full/complete were included. After a structured literature search, two authors independently performed study selection, extracted data and performed a risk of bias assessment; a third reviewer resolved disagreements. As there were only two studies with different exclusion criteria, no meta‐analysis was performed and the quality of evidence was assessed by the GRADE approach. Results: After study selection a total of two randomised clinical trials with a total of 156 teeth were included both for the management of teeth with irreversible pulpitis. There were no studies for asymptomatic teeth or teeth with reversible pulpitis. A "Low" risk of bias was noted for both studies with a high level of overall evidence. A meta‐analysis was not carried out due to differences in inclusion criteria between the studies related principally to caries depth. Both studies reported a high rate of clinical success for pulpotomy with a pooled unadjusted success rate for full pulpotomy of 90% and 83% partial pulpotomy of at 1‐year; however, no significant difference between the treatments was noted in either study. There was significantly reduced postoperative pain reported in the full pulpotomy group over 1‐week compared with the partial pulpotomy in one but not in the other study. Discussion: Pulpotomy as a definitive treatment modality is as effective in managing teeth exhibiting signs and symptoms indicative of irreversible pulpitis and challenges the established protocols to manage this condition. Although based on only two RCTs with a limited number of patients, no difference was shown in terms of clinical or radiographic outcome or postoperative pain between groups. Further well designed randomised clinical trials of longer duration are required in this area to improve the evidence available. Conclusion: There is no consistent difference in patient‐reported pain between partial and full pulpotomy at day 7 postoperatively and the clinical success rate was similar after 1 year for both treatment modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public discourse is rich in meaning, reflecting consensus, dissent, and change. Yet, very little public discourse on the humanitarian sector has been authored by aid workers themselves. We conducted a thematic analysis of the 'Secret Aid Worker' (SAW) series, published in The Guardian newspaper between 2015 and 2018, the only corpus of data on humanitarian life experiences publicly accessible through mainstream media. Our research questions were twofold: how did authors frame their work and appraise humanitarian structures?; and how did they reflect and amplify humanitarian issues of the time? The main themes included: personal challenges of humanitarian life; characterisation of stakeholders; and systemic issues within the humanitarian sector. The SAW narratives reveal a powerful discourse of discontent. They planted seeds of change regarding shifting power, coloniality and racism, sexual abuse, and duty of care. We argue that such public discourse has symbolic power, calling for greater accountability, equity, and justice in remaking the future of the humanitarian sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Stented radical cystectomies had higher major complications (P = 0.04); • Stentless radical cystectomy was noninferior in UIAS rate; • Stentless radical cystectomy was noninferior in UIAL rate; • Stentless radical cystectomy was noninferior in UTI rate. To systematically compare the evidence about surgical outcomes, postoperative complications, and sequelae of Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion with or without stent placement. A literature search was performed through PubMed, Scopus®, and Web of Science up to December 2023 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD 42023492384), and the research question was formulated according to the PICOs model. Three comparative studies were identified, 2 randomized and 1 prospective coming from a randomized cohort. The stent group showed higher odds of postoperative major complications (OR 3.00 – 95%CI 1.06; 8.52; P = 0.04) than the stentless group. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding 30-day readmission (P = 0.06), postoperative uretero-ileal anastomotis stricture (UIAS) (P = 0.09), postoperative uretero-ileal anastomotis leak (UIAL) (P = 0.20), postoperative urinary tract infections (UTIs) (P = 0.08), and postoperative ureteral obstruction (P = 0.35). No statistically significant difference between the 2 groups was found regarding UIAS management in terms of ureteral reimplantation (P = 0.28) or dilatation (P = 0.36). Our pooled data analysis shows no statistically significant difference between stentless and stented urinary diversion after radical cystectomy. Stentless could be a reasonable choice when performing diversion during radical cystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the process and findings of a cooperative inquiry exploring the experience of the authentic self —a prominent theoretical construct in humanistic psychology and diverse spiritual traditions. Despite theoretical prominence and emergent psychological research interest, there has been little qualitative research into the authentic self as it is experientially encountered and lived. The present study addresses this gap in the literature using an experiential and participatory research approach. Seven co-inquirers joined in nine cycles of action and reflection over the course of 6 months to inquire, "What is my (the) experience of my (the) authentic self?" In collaboration with the co-inquirers, the initiating coresearcher generated six themes using thematic analysis in response to this primary research question: (a) presence and flow, (b) somatic awareness and vitality, (c) expression of truth, (d) multidimensionality and integration, (e) values and impulses, and (f) dynamism and relationality. In addition, the transformative and practical outcomes of the inquiry are discussed. Finally, several implications of these outcomes and suggestions for future research are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides an overview of the inaugural edition of the Festival for Architecture Schools of Tomorrow (FAST), held in Timișoara in 2023, with particular emphasis on its section dedicated to #activation. The authors' involvement is presented in their roles as members of the research team of teachers, as well as coordinators and participants in the applied study. The final proposal, enriched by contributions from tutors and students representing all five faculties of architecture nationwide, encapsulates key themes such as rethinking resource utilization, fostering community resilience, prioritizing health, promoting inclusiveness, designing for climate adaptation. The intended purpose of the paper is to highlight the necessity of integrating sustainability principles into the educational curriculum, celebrating encounters, collaboration and shared values in the co-creation process of an architectural object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To ensure that research on kidney stones provides meaningful impact for the kidney stone community, patients and caregivers should be engaged as stakeholders in clinical trial design, starting at study inception. This project aimed to elicit, refine, and prioritize research ideas from kidney stone stakeholders to develop a patient-centered research agenda for clinical trials. Materials and Methods: The Kidney Stone Engagement Core, a group of patients, caregivers, advocates, clinicians, and researchers, executed an iterative process of surveys and focus groups to elicit and refine research themes, which were then translated into research questions. A separate group of patients, caregivers, and clinicians prioritized these questions through parallel modified Delphi and crowdsourced digital platforms. A research agenda was developed by the Kidney Stone Engagement Core based on the highest rated questions during a hybrid virtual/in-person capstone session. Results: A total of 70 individuals (57 patients and caregivers, 13 researchers and clinicians) participated in the elicitation, 20 individuals (15 patients and caregivers, 5 researchers and clinicians) participated in refinement, and an additional 80 individuals (81 patients and caregivers, 9 researchers and clinicians) participated in prioritization. Key novel themes emerged from elicitation and refinement: ureteral stents, genetic evaluation, shared surgical decision-making, key subgroups, cumulative disease burden, genetic evaluation, and psychosocial support. Stakeholders generated 6 proposed trials from these themes focused on surveillance, surgical intervention, and medical prevention. Conclusions: Patients and caregivers valued comparative effectiveness kidney stone research that focused on individualized care, shared decision-making, and improvement of patient-reported experiences. This process provided actionable recommendations for future patient-centered clinical trials within kidney stone disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence suggests that the artwork of an experienced artist is usually more expensive than that of a beginner. Additionally, the artwork of a man is often more expensive than that of a woman, and a painting is typically more expensive than graphics. However, this research aims to contrast the influence of the author's age and sex on the price with the influence of the artwork's material and technique. This idea is based on Roland Barthes' famous philosophical doctrine about the death of the author, which appeared in 1968 and remains relevant today. In our article, this doctrine is tested for the art market. The research question posed is whether the author's influence dies in relation to their artwork after its creation or whether the artwork begins to live its own life without the author. To answer this question, a study was conducted comparing the impact on auction prices of the artist's biography and the characteristics of the artwork. The artist's biography inevitably determines their creativity and affects their art, while the characteristics of the artwork are not directly related to the personality of the author but are important from a consumption standpoint. Several dozen features were identified and divided into author and artwork characteristics. For author characteristics, demographic features such as sex and nationality were used, as well as biographical features such as education and migration. Artwork characteristics included size, material, technique, provenance, author's signature and frame, mentions in scientific literature, etc. By applying hedonic regression on a unique collected dataset of more than 15,000 artworks by the most expensive authors sold at world-famous auction houses such as Sotheby's and Christie's, it was determined which characteristics have the greatest influence on price and which specific features are most important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a high interest in art's change potential towards sustainability. Yet, there is still a lot unknown about this change potential, including from the perspective of artists themselves. The research questions, thus, are: Do artists who create climate-related art have goals and target audiences regarding their climate-related work? If so, which goals and audiences do they aim for, and why? 30 interviews with artists having been born or living in the United Kingdom, United States of America or Germany were conducted and analyzed. A framework of eco-social change was applied to the interview transcripts, and artists' goals and audiences were analyzed through thematic analysis. The research finds that artists have a desire for societal impact and wider audiences, but some also have narrower audiences and smaller changes in mind. Moreover, some artists engage in an impact reflexivity about not only the potential but also the limits of their practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to determine the factors that enable entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and the significant role of education and training in enhancing opportunity recognition. Design/methodology/approach: This paper follows a systematic literature review method to answer the research questions. A systematic literature review allows us to determine the work carried out to date, how it was done, assess literature and report all relevant research. The authors have used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analysis procedure. Findings: The findings of this study showed that prior knowledge, social networks, external environment, entrepreneurial alertness, creativity, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial passion are the main factors that play a role in the opportunity recognition process. The authors were also able to establish the importance of education and training in enhancing opportunity recognition. Experiential learning is at the forefront of education methods used to improve prior knowledge and experience that directly impact the ability to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities. Practical implications: The paper provides human resource development practitioners and entrepreneurship educators with factors that determine entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. It pinpoints the factors that can be exploited in enhancing employees and novice entrepreneurs' ability to recognize viable entrepreneurial opportunities. Originality/value: Opportunity recognition is recognized as the first step in the entrepreneurship process. Therefore, it is crucial for entrepreneurs to have the ability to recognize opportunities that are viable. Understanding the factors that contribute to a successful opportunity recognition is important. In addition, the role of education and training in opportunity recognition and enhancing entrepreneurial opportunity recognition cannot be overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The static and dynamic characteristics of the spindle system significantly influence machining accuracy and efficiency. High static and dynamic stiffnesses and thermal stability are required for high-precision and high-efficiency machining. The dynamics of spindle systems are affected by centrifugal forces and thermal expansion in response to spindle rotation. A noncontact electromagnetic loading (EML) system has great potential for measuring spindle characteristics under rotational conditions. This study presents a state-of-the-art design and performance of the EML system, which is an improvement on the system used in previous studies. Detailed experimental design and signal processing are shown for static and dynamic performance measurements, including advanced hardware-in-the-loop simulation of the intermittent milling process using the developed EML system. Some of the representative results of each test are presented, and future research questions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Modeling multi-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) time-series is a challenging tasks, even for the most recent deep learning approaches. Particularly, in this work, we targeted our efforts to the high-fidelity reconstruction of this type of data, as this is of key relevance for several applications such as classification, anomaly detection, automatic labeling, and brain-computer interfaces. Methods: We analyzed the most recent works finding that high-fidelity reconstruction is seriously challenged by the complex dynamics of the EEG signals and the large inter-subject variability. So far, previous works provided good results in either high-fidelity reconstruction of single-channel signals, or poor-quality reconstruction of multi-channel datasets. Therefore, in this paper, we present a novel deep learning model, called hvEEGNet, designed as a hierarchical variational autoencoder and trained with a new loss function. We tested it on the benchmark Dataset 2a (including 22-channel EEG data from 9 subjects). Results: We show that it is able to reconstruct all EEG channels with high-fidelity, fastly (in a few tens of epochs), and with high consistency across different subjects. We also investigated the relationship between reconstruction fidelity and the training duration and, using hvEEGNet as an anomaly detector, we spotted some data in the benchmark dataset that are corrupted and never highlighted before. Discussion: Thus, hvEEGNet could be very useful in several applications where automatic labeling of large EEG dataset is needed and time-consuming. At the same time, this work opens new fundamental research questions about (1) the effectiveness of deep learning models training (for EEG data) and (2) the need for a systematic characterization of the input EEG data to ensure robust modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many good reasons to improve the anatomy of a distal radius fracture, such as early return to function and avoidance of sigmoid notch incongruity or ulnocarpal impaction. It is often feared by patients, and portrayed by some authors of scientific articles and medicolegal reports, that a fracture of the distal radius has a propensity to cause symptomatic osteoarthritis. This article examines some of the current evidence and shares the authors' experience. Critical questions are asked to direct our observations and guide future research questions. We propose that both clinical experience and a literature analysis do not support the commonly held assumption that untreated distal radial fractures lead to symptomatic osteoarthritis. Level of evidence: V [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the roles of collaboration and challenging assumptions as key mechanisms for generating and developing research agendas in Peace Science. Successfully challenging assumptions requires that we identify meaningful differences from reality, show that retaining an assumption is problematic, and that the change has effects on outcomes we care about. Working with collaborators has important effects on our ability to question assumptions as we ask research questions, build theory, and create data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides a critical assessment of knowledge regarding the occurrence and behaviour of volatile, low molecular weight amines, particularly methylamines and quaternary amines, in marine aquatic systems. It provides an up-to-date evaluation of their presence within marine ecosystems, the processes likely to control their flux across the sea-air interface, and analytical techniques associated with their measurement. Interest in the occurrence and cycling of these groups of compounds in seawater has increased within the last 10–15 years, due to their potential role in climate regulation. As such, the need for wider measurements and mechanistic studies to elucidate their role within biological communities and, more widely, the nitrogen cycle and marine ecosystem models, is apparent. Finally, we make recommendations on what research questions are most suitable for future studies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although the topic of inclusion has become a hot and unavoidable issue for organizations, research on how this topic is being addressed in companies is still almost nonexistent. How do HR managers promote workplace inclusion? The objective of this study is to answer this research question. Design/methodology/approach: The results are based on evidence that emerged during in-depth interviews conducted with 16 human resources professionals from the world of large-scale retail trade, as well as from the analysis of documents and reports produced by the companies in which the interviewed professionals work. Findings: The findings reveal that the promotion of corporate inclusion is not only aimed at satisfying the need for belongingness and uniqueness. It is also aimed at satisfying two other types of human needs, namely, the human need to share and the human need to be impactful. In addition, the results reveal that HR professionals promote workplace inclusion through six initiatives that can be traced to two main ways in which inclusion is conceived. Originality/value: Even though there is an extensive number of studies aimed at defining and measuring the construct of workplace inclusion, progress has not been made in understanding how HR professionals promote inclusion. This study covers this literature gap by bringing to light the existence of two main meanings associated by HR professionals to workplace inclusion: extensive inclusiveness and narrow inclusiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate whether mainland Chinese audit firms' entry into the H-share market to provide audit services affects their mainland audit pricing. Design/methodology/approach: Using data on A-share listed companies in China from 2008 to 2018, a difference-in-differences model to test the research question is designed. Robustness tests are conducted to rule out alternative explanations and additional tests to shed light on the extent and inner workings of the main effect. Findings: The entry of mainland audit firms into the H-share audit market leads to a significant decrease in mainland audit pricing. Moreover, this main effect is (i) growing with the importance of H-share audit services to mainland auditors, (ii) stronger for mainland auditors with lower industry specialisation and shorter tenures, (iii) partially mediated by audit efficiency and (iv) greater when mainland clients have higher bargaining power. Furthermore, mainland auditors' entry into the H-share audit market does not result in significant deterioration in their mainland audit quality, and significantly increases their market share in the mainland audit market. Originality/value: This study provides new empirical evidence of the relationship between audit firms' development strategy for internationalisation and audit pricing, extends the literature on auditing issues in emerging markets and should be of potential interest to regulators and investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the factors of implementing istibdal waqf and generating cash waqf funds through istibdal in Penang. This study was based on the previous problem statements, stating that waqf property could not be developed due to lack of cash funds. This has allowed the study to explore the factors for implementing istibdal waqf property and the extent to which the istibdal method can generate cash waqf funds in Penang. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopted a qualitative method by conducting semi-structured interviews to achieve its research goals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to comprehensively understand the current practice on istibdal cases in Penang State Islamic Religious Council (MAINPP) through official institutions concerned with waqf management practices in Penang. This research relied on purposive sampling to select the informants. It is a sampling strategy to select the informants in advance based on the research question. To achieve the purpose of this study, two officers from MAINPP were selected based on their working experience and specialisation criteria. As a result, several themes were successfully defined from the interview data before being analysed based on the content analysis method. Findings: The results present three istibdal implementation processes outlined by MAINPP, namely, the istibdal implementation process for waqf land involved in the acquisition by state authorities (PBN), non-productive waqf land and istibdal applications from certain parties. The results also reveal two factors in implementing istibdal in Penang: the acquisition of waqf land by PBN and the application of istibdal for cemeteries by the Islamic Centre of Universiti Sains Malaysia. From the point of cash fund generation, no case of istibdal implementation records the generation of cash funds to MAINPP. Thus, this study ends with proposals for improving the process and implementing istibdal in Penang to generate cash funds to help MAINPP manage waqf properties. Research limitations/implications: The study only focused on implementing factors and generating cash waqf funds through istibdal in Penang. At the same time, it can be expanded to other states like Terengganu, Johor and Kelantan. This study only interviewed officers who manage matters related to the affairs of waqf properties. Therefore, it is believed that the study can be extended to other respondents, such as experts in cash fund generation investments and others. Practical implications: This study proposed improvements to the policy and practice of istibdal waqf property to MAINPP after the shortcomings were identified throughout this study. If improved, these proposals will significantly impact the waqf properties involved in implementing istibdal, where it can generate cash and ensure the constant economic value of waqf properties. Social implications: This study has great implications for society through the development of a cash waqf fund that can provide great benefits to the needy, in addition to increasing funds for the welfare expenditure of Muslims through rental income, investment and development. Progress and significant impact on waqf property can provide a high indicator of the efficiency of an organisation in managing waqf property. This can attract the interest of the public, especially the wealthy, to always fulfil welfare through the waqf mechanism and share the wealth with the needy. Originality/value: This study contributes to comprehensive field data on the implementation of istibdal in Penang. The data analysis results are significant to be used by the waqf property management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study answers two research questions: (1) How do 12- and 13-year-old students respond to metacognitive questions posed during a complex task in mathematics or in science and (2) Do these responses differ by discipline? Content analysis was applied to responses collected from 92 students from a French-speaking Belgian school. The results showed that students are able to respond to metacognitive questions. However, the responses were not clear and were simplistic when they talked about their strategies. The difficulties students faced in developing their responses were identical in both disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An open research question lies in how machine learning (ML) can accelerate the design optimization of chemical processes which are at very early experimental development stage with limited data availability. As an example, this article investigates the design of an intensified microwave‐assisted ammonia production reactor with 46 experimental data. We present an integrated approach of neural networks and synthetic minority oversampling technique to quantify the nonlinear input‐output relationships of this process. For ammonia concentration predictions at discrete operating conditions, the approach demonstrates 96.1% average accuracy over other ML methods (e.g., support vector regression 84.2%). The approach has also been applied for continuous optimization, identifying the optimal synthesis conditions at 597.37 K, 0.55MPa with feed flow rate of 1.67 ×10−3 m3/s kg and hydrogen to nitrogen ratio of 1 which is consistent with experimental observations. The data‐driven model enables to integrate this reactor with existing ammonia production infrastructure and benchmark with conventional techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified travelers' mental states related to key travel attributes at different stages of travel. Specifically, this study addresses three research foci: (1) the major topics discussed by online travel community members regarding European and Asian destinations; (2) the members' future and past time orientations; and (3) the emotions associated with the topics discussed. To answer our research questions, we conducted topic modeling and language analysis to measure travelers' temporal orientations (i.e., past and future orientations) and emotional states (i.e., positive and negative sentiments) as expressed on Reddit. We compared comments on the 20 most salient topics related to European and Asian destinations by topic weight, and classified the discussed topics on the basis of topic sentiment and temporal orientation. Our results identify the key travel attributes shared in the online sphere, where online travel community members express varying sentiments toward past and future experiences and events. The findings will benefit diverse travel industry stakeholders as well as researchers interested in online discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the learning trajectory of five US humanities teachers when navigating learning to teach the difficult history of school desegregation within a context of a six-month inquiry-based professional development. The research questions were: What do teachers frame as problems when teaching difficult histories? How do they reconceptualize and resolve the problems in a teacher community? The primary data included video recordings of small group discussions, where each teacher contributed lesson ideas for feedback from fellow teachers. Analysis drew from three modes of belonging, in conjunction with four dimensions of historical inquiry. The findings revealed that teachers often identified problems in teaching school desegregation by emphasizing issues related to teaching perspectives. However, through collaborative interactions with their colleagues, they were able to resolve these challenges. This was achieved by clarifying teaching goals, renegotiating the meanings of learning tasks, and selecting appropriate resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1940's, job evaluation methods are being used to establish the relative value of jobs within organizations in order to determine salaries. Job evaluation methods have been studied, but there has not been much systematic reflection on the research conducted so far. This scoping review of 199 articles demonstrates that topics changed over decades, starting with methodological questions in the 1940's, reflecting a start-up period. Historic overviews on wage policies appeared in the 1960's, and the topic of gender wage inequality in the 1980's. Guidelines were published in the 1990's. From 2000 onwards, the main topic was adapting job evaluation methods to specific contexts. Research declined since 2010. There was hardly any research on appending changes in job evaluation methods and criteria. Given the ever-changing nature of work and the upcoming demographic changes, we recommend to revive scientific research on job evaluation and propose an agenda with research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of increasingly assertive behaviour in international trade policy, various scholars seem to agree on the presence of a 'geoeconomic turn' in European Union (EU) trade policy. Whilst various aspects of this turn have been studied, the way in which the EU's trade institution might have adapted to this new context remains unclear. Therefore, this article addresses the following research question: how has the Directorate‐General for Trade (DG Trade) adapted to the geoeconomic turn in international trade policy? Using an innovative historical institutionalist framework and directed content analysis, the article analyses EU official documents and 14 interviews with EU officials. We find that, despite apparent continuity, under President von der Leyen, a gradual process of institutional adaptation through different forms of layering and conversion has taken place within DG Trade, increasing the EU's geoeconomic capacities and geoeconomic thinking inside the EU's trade machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically examines the predictive relationship between Institutional Autonomy (IA) and Academic Freedom (AF) whilst controlling for the mediating effect of corporate governance (CG) amongst selected higher education institutions in Ghana. It also looks at the difference between females and males and their perceptions of the predictive relationship under the study. Using the explanatory research design, structured questionnaires were administered to 128 teaching and non-teaching staff of selected higher education institutions in Ghana. Structured equation modeling (SEM) via Smart PLS 4.0 was used for analyzing the research questions. The study finds that institutional autonomy is statistically significant in predicting academic freedom and corporate governance effectively mediates the predictive relationship between institutional autonomy and academic freedom. In order to create a viable environment for academic work and ingenuity to thrive, the management of higher education institutions should allow autonomy in areas such as organization, academics, finance and staffing in order to improve academic freedom. This study is founded on the theories of the academic oligarchy model, the stakeholder theory and the gender schema theory the study elucidates how corporate governance significantly mediates the predictive relationship between institutional autonomy and academic freedom within the context of higher education in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractForgiveness is a process in which individuals may experience different emotions, motivations, and interpretations in response to an interpersonal offense. This process seeks to promote personal and social well-being as its ultimate goal. The present study explores the main difficulties that people over 65 years old face in this process. We used the life story technique as primary research material to address our research question: What difficulties do older adults face in the process of forgiving? Thematic content analysis allowed identifying a set of meanings from the data. Our participants (N = 20) report five main difficulties in the process of forgiving: self-conflicts; avoidance of the painful experience by being purely conceptual; overwhelming vulnerability; assignment of forgiveness responsibility to an Other; avoidance by suppression of the painful experience. We explore—through the theory of the dialogical self—the way in which these difficulties imply the experience of forgiving. The difficulties experienced underscore the importance of exploring facilitative therapeutic strategies to assist individuals over 65 years old who are willing to forgive those who have offended them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractResults from a study using Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) in the United States with a primarily Catholic population show that there are indeed two discernible forms of religiosity (i.e., intrinsic and extrinsic), and both constructs were shown to be independent from spirituality. After demonstrating discriminant validity between these three exogenous constructs, intrinsic religiosity was shown to negatively influence materialism, while extrinsic religiosity was shown to positively influence materialism and community connectedness. Spirituality negatively influenced materialism and positively influenced life satisfaction. Finally, materialism negatively influenced community connectedness but not life satisfaction while the latter two constructs were shown to be strongly positively correlated. Implications for understanding human values, the theoretical and practical implications, as well as future research questions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]